Bruce J. Tromberg

Last updated
Bruce Tromberg
Bruce J. Tromberg.jpg
Born
Bruce Jason Tromberg
Education Vanderbilt University (BS)
University of Tennessee, Knoxville (MS, PhD)
Scientific career
Fields Photochemistry
Institutions University of California, Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute,National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering
Doctoral advisor Tuan Vo-Dinh
Website https://www.nibib.nih.gov/about-nibib/staff/bruce-j-tromberg

Bruce J. Tromberg is an American photochemist and a leading researcher in the field of biophotonics. He is the director of the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB) within the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Before joining NIH, he was Professor of Biomedical Engineering at The Henry Samueli School of Engineering and of Surgery at the School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine. He was the principal investigator of the Laser Microbeam and Medical Program (LAMMP), and the Director of the Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic at Irvine. [1] [2] He was a co-leader of the Onco-imaging and Biotechnology Program of the NCI Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center at Irvine. [1] [3]

Contents

Tromberg is actively engaged in translational research, developing biophotonics technologies while working closely with clinicians and patients to explore their possible clinical application [4] in areas such as breast cancer, [5] [6] heart disease [7] [8] and obesity. [9] He is considered "a pioneer in biophotonics through the continuous development of advanced technologies in diffuse optical spectroscopy and multi-modal imaging." [10] He received the 2015 Michael S. Feld Biophotonics Award "as an advocate for and leader of the Biophotonics Community and for pioneering the development and clinical application of spatially and temporally modulated light imaging." [11]

Education

Tromberg received a B.A., in Chemistry from Vanderbilt University in 1979, and a M.S.(1983) and Ph.D.(1988) in Chemistry, working with Tuan Vo-Dinh at the University of Tennessee. [12] He worked at Oak Ridge National Laboratory as a predoctoral fellow from 1986 to 1988. [3] [13]

Career

Tromberg worked with Michael W. Berns [12] as a Hewitt Foundation postdoctoral fellow at the Beckman Laser Institute from 1988–1989, and joined the faculty of the University of California, Irvine in 1990. [13] He has held a number of positions at Irvine during his career. Ongoing appointments include Director of the Laser Microbeam and Medical Program (LAMMP), beginning with its formation in 1997; [14] [15] Professor in the Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Surgery, as of July 2002; Director of the Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, as of October 2003; [13] [2] and Co-Leader of the Onco-Imaging and Spectroscopy Program of the Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, as of 2004. [13] Tromberg has supervised the research of at least 8 postdoctoral fellows and 17 Ph.D. students. [12] He has published more than 400 publications and holds at least 17 patents. [16]

As of 2011, Tromberg was one of the ten top researchers to be funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in the field of optical coherence tomography (OCT). [17] Tromberg is principal investigator of The Laser Microbeam and Medical Program (LAMMP) at the Beckman Laser Institute (BLI), which received funding as a NIH Biomedical Technology Resource Center as part of a multi-year program beginning in 1997. [14] [15] He has chaired NIH workshops on imaging related topics [18] [19] [20] [21] and has been on the advisory council on optical technologies for the US Public Health Service. [22]

Tromberg has been a member of the International Society for Optical Engineering (SPIE) Publications Committee for a number of years. He became a member of the editorial board of SPIE's Journal of Biomedical Optics when it was founded in 1996, and served as its editor-in-chief from 1999 to 2010. [23] [24] He also served as an editor of the journal Optical Engineering . [25] He served on the SPIE Board of Directors from 2003 to 2006. [13]

Tromberg is a fellow of the Optical Society of America (OSA), and has served as a co-chair at OSA meetings related to biomedical optics. [26] He has been active both as a contributor to and a guest editor of the journals Applied Optics and Lasers in Medicine and Surgery. [27]

Tromberg was selected as director of the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB) within the National Institutes of Health (NIH) on September 6, 2018, and sworn in on January 7, 2019.

Research

Tromberg has used non-linear optical microscopy for high resolution functional mapping of physiological processes in living cells and tissues, and ultrafast laser techniques for the multi-dimensional visualization of cell and tissue physiology. [28] Tromberg's research interests include studying the optical transport properties of both normal and malignant tissues, developing optical techniques for use in tissue monitoring, detection of physiological changes, and photodynamic therapy. [23] Tromberg is interested in developing non-invasive methods for in vivo monitoring and imaging using non-linear optical microscopy and diffuse optical spectroscopy. [29] He is a specialist in the interaction of laser radiation with tissue, and has developed diagnostic techniques to analyze the effects of laser energy on tissue. [30] Tromberg has been the principal investigator on a number of major projects relating to breast cancer, which have been supported by the National Institutes of Health [31] the U.S. Army, [32] the California Breast Cancer Research Program, [33] and the National Science Foundation, among others. [34]

Tromberg and others in his laboratory have developed new methods for broadband diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS) [35] [36] including diffuse optical spectroscopic imaging (DOSI); [37] [38] spatial frequency domain imaging (SFDI); [38] and a type of optical tomography combining techniques for second harmonic generation tomography (SHG) and two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF). [39] [40]

In broadband diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS), frequency-domain photon migration (FDPM) and time-independent near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy are combined to measure absorption and scattering in thick tissue. [41] [36] Observations of the optical properties of absorption and scattering from FDPM are then analyzed and used to display images of hemoglobin, oxygen, blood volume, water and fat content, and cellular structure of the tissues examined. [41]

Tromberg has developed broadband diffuse optical spectroscopic imaging (DOSI), used to measure the magnitude of light scattering and absorption in thick tissues, and is using this method for in vivo functional imaging to detect and monitor cancer. [38] [28] For DOSI, near-infrared light shines onto tissue and the amount of light that is reflected back is measured. The technique can be used to create images of tissue as deep as several centimeters below the skin's surface, detecting signs of metabolic activity such as blood flow, oxygenation, fat content, water content, and fluid build-up. Changes can be viewed in real time, instantaneously, without disturbing the tissue. This allows researchers to better understand and monitor changes in tissue growth and in response to treatment. [38] [42]

SFDI is similar, using near infrared light to detect and measure oxygen saturation, water, and fat content. The information is used to describe tissue at multiple depths, to map an entire area such as a tumor, and to monitor changes. [38]

In multiphoton microscopy, Tromberg has developed a noninvasive technique combining two photon excited fluorescence microscopy (TPEF) and second-harmonic generation (SHG), taking measurements at different wavelengths and creating a three-dimensional representation of unstained in vivo thick tissue. [39] [40]

Publications

His publications include peer-reviewed papers, conference papers, book chapters, and patents. Among his most important papers are:

Awards and honors

Related Research Articles

The term biophotonics denotes a combination of biology and photonics, with photonics being the science and technology of generation, manipulation, and detection of photons, quantum units of light. Photonics is related to electronics and photons. Photons play a central role in information technologies, such as fiber optics, the way electrons do in electronics.

Medical optical imaging is the use of light as an investigational imaging technique for medical applications, pioneered by American Physical Chemist Britton Chance. Examples include optical microscopy, spectroscopy, endoscopy, scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, laser Doppler imaging, and optical coherence tomography. Because light is an electromagnetic wave, similar phenomena occur in X-rays, microwaves, and radio waves.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Optical tomography</span>

Optical tomography is a form of computed tomography that creates a digital volumetric model of an object by reconstructing images made from light transmitted and scattered through an object. Optical tomography is used mostly in medical imaging research. Optical tomography in industry is used as a sensor of thickness and internal structure of semiconductors.

Robert Alfano is an Italian-American experimental physicist. He is a Distinguished Professor of Science and Engineering at the City College and the Graduate School of the City University of New York, where he is also the founding director of the Institute for Ultrafast Spectroscopy and Lasers (1982). He is a pioneer in the fields of Biomedical Imaging and Spectroscopy, Ultrafast lasers and optics, tunable lasers, semiconductor materials and devices, optical materials, biophysics, nonlinear optics and photonics; he has also worked extensively in nanotechnology and coherent backscattering. His discovery of the white-light supercontinuum laser is at the root of optical coherence tomography, which is breaking barriers in ophthalmology, cardiology, and oral cancer detection among other applications. He initiated the field known now as Optical Biopsy

The Beckman Laser Institute is an interdisciplinary research center for the development of optical technologies and their use in biology and medicine. Located on the campus of the University of California, Irvine in Irvine, California, an independent nonprofit corporation was created in 1982, under the leadership of Michael W. Berns, and the actual facility opened on June 4, 1986. It is one of a number of institutions focused on translational research, connecting research and medical applications. Researchers at the institute have developed laser techniques for the manipulation of structures within a living cell, and applied them medically in treatment of skin conditions, stroke, and cancer, among others.

Petra Elfrida Erna Beate Wilder-Smith is a professor and director of dentistry at the Beckman Laser Institute at the University of California, Irvine, and a fellow of the Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of California, Irvine. She is a visiting professor at Aachen University (Germany); and a visiting lecturer at Loma Linda University. Wilder-Smith specializes in the use of light and optics in tracking and treating oral cancer. She has developed innovative noninvasive laser technology used to examine and treat mouth lesions.

Lihong V. Wang is the Bren Professor of Medical Engineering and Electrical Engineering at the Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering at California Institute of Technology and was formerly the Gene K. Beare Distinguished Professorship of Biomedical Engineering at Washington University in St. Louis. Wang is known for his contributions to the field of Photoacoustic imaging technologies. Wang was elected as the member of National Academy of Engineering (NAE) in 2018.

Michael W. Berns was an American biologist who was a professor of surgery and cell biology at the University of California, Irvine (UCI), and an adjunct professor of bioengineering at the University of California, San Diego. Berns was a founder of the first Laser Microbeam Program (LAMP), the Beckman Laser Institute, the UCI Center for Biomedical Engineering, and the UCI Photonics Incubator.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stephen Boppart</span> American bioengineer and academic

Stephen A. Boppart is a principal investigator at the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, where he holds an Abel Bliss Professorship in engineering. He is a faculty member in the departments of electrical and computer engineering, bioengineering, and internal medicine. His research focus is biophotonics, where he has pioneered new optical imaging technologies in the fields of optical coherence tomography, multi-photon microscopy, and computational imaging.

Elizabeth M. C. Hillman is a British-born academic who is Professor of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology at Columbia University. She was awarded the 2011 Adolph Lomb Medal from The Optical Society and the 2018 SPIE Biophotonics Technology Innovator Award.

Time-domain diffuse optics or time-resolved functional near-infrared spectroscopy is a branch of functional near-Infrared spectroscopy which deals with light propagation in diffusive media. There are three main approaches to diffuse optics namely continuous wave (CW), frequency domain (FD) and time-domain (TD). Biological tissue in the range of red to near-infrared wavelengths are transparent to light and can be used to probe deep layers of the tissue thus enabling various in vivo applications and clinical trials.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anita Mahadevan-Jansen</span> Biomedical engineer

Anita Mahadevan-Jansen is a Professor of Biomedical Engineering and holds the Orrin H. Ingram Chair in Biomedical Engineering at Vanderbilt University. Her research considers the development of optical techniques for clinical diagnosis and surgical guidance, particularly using Raman and fluorescence spectroscopy. She serves on the Board of Directors of SPIE, and is a Fellow of SPIE, The Optical Society, Society for Applied Spectroscopy, and the American Society for Lasers in Medicine and Surgery. She was elected to serve as the 2020 Vice President of SPIE. With her election, Mahadevan-Jansen joined the SPIE presidential chain and served as President-Elect in 2021 and the Society's President in 2022.

Laura Marcu is an American scientist and a professor of biomedical engineering and neurological surgery at the University of California, Davis. She is also a Fellow of numerous professional societies: the Biomedical Engineering Society, SPIE, The Optical Society and the National Academy of Inventors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Christine P. Hendon</span> American electrical engineer and computer scientist

Christine P. Hendon is an electrical engineer and computer scientist and an associate professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering at Columbia University in New York City. Hendon is a pioneer in medical imaging. She develops biomedical optics technologies, using optical coherence tomography and near infrared spectroscopy systems, that enable physicians to perform guided interventional procedures and allow for structure-function dissection of human tissues and organs. Her advances in imaging technologies have led to improved diagnostic abilities and treatments for cardiac arrhythmias as well as breast cancer and preterm birth. She has been recognized for her development of optical imaging catheters for cardiac wall imaging by Forbes 30 under 30, the MIT Technology Review’s 35 Innovators Under 35, and by President Obama with the Presidential Early Career Awards in 2017.

Diffuse optical mammography, or simply optical mammography, is an emerging imaging technique that enables the investigation of the breast composition through spectral analysis. It combines in a single non-invasive tool the capability to implement breast cancer risk assessment, lesion characterization, therapy monitoring and prediction of therapy outcome. It is an application of diffuse optics, which studies light propagation in strongly diffusive media, such as biological tissues, working in the red and near-infrared spectral range, between 600 and 1100 nm.

Stefan Andersson-Engels is a Swedish biophysicist specializing in the field of biophotonics. He is professor at University College Cork and the deputy director of the Irish Photonics Integration Center (IPIC) within the Science Foundation Ireland. Before joining University College Cork, he was Professor of Biomedical Engineering at Lund University. He has co-founded 3 biophotonics companies Spectracure, Lumito, BioPixS. He also co-founded biannual biophotonics summer school.

Katarina Svanberg is a Swedish physician who is Professor and Chief Consultant of Oncology at the Skåne University Hospital. Her research considers the use of fluorescence-based tumour imaging and photodynamic therapy. She served as President of SPIE in 2011 and was awarded the SPIE Gold Medal in 2017.

Paras Nath Prasad is an Indian chemist. He is the SUNY Distinguished Professor at the University at Buffalo and holds a tenured faculty appointment in the department of Chemistry. In addition, he also holds non-tenured appointments in Physics, Medicine, and Electrical Engineering at the University at Buffalo and serves as the Executive Director of the Institute for Lasers, Photonics and Biophotonics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Igor Meglinski</span> British Biomedical Engineer, Quantum Biophotonics and Optical Physicist

Igor Meglinski is a British, New Zealand and Finnish scientist serving as a principal investigator at the College of Engineering & Physical Sciences at Aston University, where he is a Professor in Quantum Biophotonics and Biomedical Engineering. He is a Faculty member in the School of Engineering and Technology at the Department of Mechanical, Biomedical & Design Engineering, and is also associated with the Aston Institute of Photonic Technologies (AIPT) and Aston Research Centre for Health in Ageing (ARCHA).

Paola Taroni is an Italian engineer and physicist at the Polytechnic University of Milan. Her research considers the development of optical approaches for cancer diagnoses. She has held various leadership positions

References

  1. 1 2 "BLI Profiles: Bruce J. Tromberg". Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic. Archived from the original on 13 September 2017. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
  2. 1 2 Wolfson, Wendy (March 29, 2017). "Beckman Laser Institute celebrates 30 years of invention: Technologies outdoing Hollywood's imaginings". UCI Applied Innovation. Retrieved 23 May 2017.[ permanent dead link ]
  3. 1 2 "Bruce Tromberg". University of California, Irvine. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
  4. ↑ "New Photonics West Translational Research program advances technologies for healthcare". SPIE. 20 January 2014. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
  5. ↑ Cruz, Sherri (November 29, 2013). "Beckman's portable laser breast scanner detects cancer and guides treatment". Oregon County Register. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
  6. ↑ Goode, Barbara; Overton, Gail; Wallace, John; Holton, Conard (2013). "PHOTONICS WEST PREVIEW: Bigger than ever, SPIE Photonics West 2014 offers technologies, products, and new opportunities across the spectrum". Laser Focus World. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
  7. ↑ Nelson, Amy (31 July 2012). "New research on non-invasive heart and cancer imaging reported in Journal of Biomedical Optics". SPIE. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
  8. ↑ Crouzet, Christian; Wilson, Robert H.; Bazrafkan, Afsheen; Farahabadi, Maryam H.; Lee, Donald; Alcocer, Juan; Tromberg, Bruce J.; Choi, Bernard; Akbari, Yama (20 October 2016). "Cerebral blood flow is decoupled from blood pressure and linked to EEG bursting after resuscitation from cardiac arrest". Biomedical Optics Express. 7 (11): 4660–4673. doi:10.1364/BOE.7.004660. PMC   5119605 . PMID   27896005.
  9. ↑ "NIBIB-funded team develops a new way to image fat metabolism". National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering. July 7, 2016. Archived from the original on 13 May 2017. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
  10. 1 2 Spitzer, Anna Lynn (December 21, 2015). "Tromberg Elected OSA Fellow". UCI Samueli School of Engineering.
  11. 1 2 "Michael S. Feld Biophotonics Award". The Optical Society. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
  12. 1 2 3 "Bruce J. Tromberg". BME Tree. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "B.J. Tromberg, curriculum vitae 11/11/08" (PDF). Beckman Laser Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 October 2017. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
  14. 1 2 "University of California Irvine Receives NIH Grant for A Laser Microbeam Biotechnology Resource". Optical Coherence Tomography News. September 14, 2011. Archived from the original on 27 January 2018. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
  15. 1 2 Tromberg, Bruce J. "A Laser Microbeam Biotechnology Resource". Grantome. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
  16. ↑ "Bruce Tromberg". UCI Samueli School of Engineering. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
  17. ↑ "Optical Coherence Tomography Used $500M of Federally Funded Research Over The Past Decade: How was it Used, What was Accomplished, and What's to Come?". Optical Coherence Tomography News. July 16, 2011. Archived from the original on 25 June 2017. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
  18. ↑ Nelson, Amy (6 October 2009). "New biophotonics techniques hold promise but need translation, say researchers at NIH-SPIE 'Bench to Bedside' workshop". SPIE. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
  19. ↑ Gandjbakhche, Amir (6 August 2012). "Special Section Guest Editorial: Optical Diagnostic and Biophotonic Methods from Bench to Bedside" (PDF). Journal of Biomedical Optics. 17 (8): 081401–1. Bibcode:2012JBO....17h1401G. doi: 10.1117/1.JBO.17.8.081401 . PMID   23224162.
  20. ↑ Nelson, Amy (16 September 2011). "Biophotonic technologies on fast path from bench to bedside, NIH workshop hears". SPIE. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
  21. ↑ "SPIE/NIH Workshop 2015: Biophotonics from Bench to Bedside". SPIE. 2015. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
  22. ↑ "Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service National Institutes of Health National Advisory Council for Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering" (PDF). National Institutes of Health. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
  23. 1 2 "Appointment to Editor of the Journal of Biomedical Optics". OE Reports (185). 1999. Archived from the original on 7 September 2006. Retrieved 10 May 2017.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  24. ↑ Wang, Lihong V. (2010). "From the New Editor-in-Chief". Journal of Biomedical Optics. 15 (1): 010101–010101–1. Bibcode:2010JBO....15a0101W. doi: 10.1117/1.3276692 .
  25. ↑ "SPIE Thanks Journal Editors". SPIE Professional January. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
  26. ↑ Hebden, Jeremy C.; Boas, David A.; George, John S.; Durkin, Anthony J. (1 June 2003). "Topics in biomedical optics: introduction". Applied Optics. 42 (16): 2869. Bibcode:2003ApOpt..42.2869H. doi:10.1364/AO.42.002869.
  27. ↑ "Advisory Boards". Open Photonics. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
  28. 1 2 3 "IPC2011 General Program Information". Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering. 2011.{{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  29. ↑ "Biographical Sketch" (PDF). Beckman Laser Institute. Retrieved 23 May 2017.[ permanent dead link ]
  30. ↑ Jacques, Steven L. (10 May 2013). "Optical properties of biological tissues: a review". Physics in Medicine and Biology. 58 (11): R37–R61. Bibcode:2013PMB....58R..37J. doi:10.1088/0031-9155/58/11/R37. PMID   23666068. S2CID   34276272.
  31. ↑ National Institutes of Health 4/1/99-4/31/03, Laser Microbeam Biotechnology Resource
  32. ↑ U.S. Army, (BC972457), 9/30/98-10/30/01, Measurements of Breast Tissue Optical Properties
  33. ↑ California Breast Cancer Research Program, 07/01/00 – 06/30/03, Non-Invasive Optical Characterization of Breast Physiology
  34. ↑ National Science Foundation, 2/1/00-2/1/02, Fiber Optics Confocal Module for Biomedical Application (SBIR - Intelligent Optical Systems), and similar earlier grants
  35. ↑ Chung, So Hyun (January 2012). "Diffuse Optical Technology: A Portable and Simple Method for Noninvasive Tissue Pathophysiology". PET Clinics. 7 (1): 127–131. doi:10.1016/j.cpet.2011.12.008. PMC   3645943 . PMID   23658534.
  36. 1 2 Tromberg, Bruce J. "Broadband Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy". Grantome. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
  37. ↑ Tromberg, Bruce; Cerussi, Albert; Chung, So-Hyun; Tanamai, Wendy; Durkin, Amanda (2011). "Broadband Diffuse Optical Spectroscopic Imaging". Handbook of Biomedical Optics. pp. 181–194. doi:10.1201/b10951-12. ISBN   978-1-4200-9036-9.
  38. 1 2 3 4 5 Dougherty, Elizabeth (April 24, 2017). "Wearable Windows into Breast Tumors". BU Today. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
  39. 1 2 Chen, Xiyi; Nadiarynkh, Oleg; Plotnikov, Sergey; Campagnola, Paul J (8 March 2012). "Second harmonic generation microscopy for quantitative analysis of collagen fibrillar structure". Nature Protocols. 7 (4): 654–669. doi:10.1038/nprot.2012.009. PMC   4337962 . PMID   22402635.
  40. 1 2 Zoumi, A.; Yeh, A.; Tromberg, B. J. (12 August 2002). "Imaging cells and extracellular matrix in vivo by using second-harmonic generation and two-photon excited fluorescence". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 99 (17): 11014–11019. Bibcode:2002PNAS...9911014Z. doi: 10.1073/pnas.172368799 . PMC   123202 . PMID   12177437.
  41. 1 2 Tromberg, Bruce J.; Shah, Natasha; Lanning, Ryan; Cerussi, Albert; Espinoza, Jennifer; Pham, Tuan; Svaasand, Lars; Butler, John (January 2000). "Non-Invasive In Vivo Characterization of Breast Tumors Using Photon Migration Spectroscopy". Neoplasia. 2 (1–2): 26–40. doi:10.1038/sj.neo.7900082. PMC   1531865 . PMID   10933066.
  42. ↑ Cerussi, A. E.; Tanamai, V. W.; Hsiang, D.; Butler, J.; Mehta, R. S.; Tromberg, B. J. (17 October 2011). "Diffuse optical spectroscopic imaging correlates with final pathological response in breast cancer neoadjuvant chemotherapy". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 369 (1955): 4512–4530. Bibcode:2011RSPTA.369.4512C. doi:10.1098/rsta.2011.0279. PMC   3263790 . PMID   22006904.
  43. ↑ "77 Members of the Optical Society are Elected as Newest Class of Fellows". 23 November 2015. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
  44. ↑ "The Optical Society Bestows Fifteen Prestigious Awards for 2015". The Optical Society. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
  45. ↑ "56 New SPIE Fellows Elected". SPIE Professional. April 2007. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
  46. ↑ "AIMBE Honors Bruce J. Tromberg". Beckman Laser Institute. Archived from the original on 11 September 2015. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
  47. ↑ "Lasers in Medicine & Biology". Gordon Research Conferences. Archived from the original on 22 September 2015. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.