CEDU

Last updated

CEDU Educational Services Inc.
CEDU Logo.jpg
Address
CEDU
3500 Seymour Road

Running Springs
,
San Bernardino
,
California
92382

United States
Coordinates 34°11′24″N117°05′42″W / 34.190°N 117.095°W / 34.190; -117.095
Information
Type Private therapeutic boarding schools group home
Motto"See Yourself As You Are and Do Something About It"
Opened1967
FounderMerle Wasserman
Closed2005
Accreditation Western Association of Schools and Colleges

CEDU Educational Services, Inc., known simply as CEDU (pronounced see-doo), was a company founded in 1967 by Mel Wasserman and associated with the troubled teen industry. The company owned and operated several therapeutic boarding schools licensed as group homes, wilderness therapy programs, [1] and behavior modification programs in California and Idaho. The company's schools have faced numerous allegations of abuse. [2] [3] CEDU went out of business in 2005, amid lawsuits and state regulatory crackdowns. [4] [5]

Contents

Origins

CEDU originates from Synanon, [6] [7] a cult founded in Santa Monica, California in 1958 by Charles E. Dederich. [8] Mel Wasserman, the founder of CEDU, was a former Synanon member. [9] According to Maia Szalavitz, author of Help at Any Cost: How the Troubled-Teen Industry Cons Parents and Hurts Kids , "Synanon sold itself as a cure for hardcore heroin addicts who could help each other by 'breaking' new initiates with isolation, humiliation, hard labor, and sleep deprivation." [10] The troubled teen industry has continued to be associated with Synanon and the various CEDU spin-offs. [11] Former students have made the assertion that CEDU was an acronym for Charles E. Dederich University, [12] while CEDU marketing materials claim, this stood for "See Yourself As You Are and Do Something About It". [13]

Program

The average time a child spent at a CEDU program before graduating was 2+1⁄2 years. Teenagers were often held beyond their 18th birthday with conservatorship or extended custody, until they completed the full program. [14] The programs were year-round. CEDU had its own language, derived from Synanon. Three times a week, for 3–4 hours, teenagers would attend "raps," pseudo psychology group sessions led by untrained staff [15] based on Synanon's "the game." [16] Children and staff were incentivized to "indict" residents for minor rule infractions, previous traumas, and "disclosures" or items individuals were ashamed of, in the name of emotional growth. This is commonly referred to as attack therapy, where screaming, swearing, and humiliation is appropriate and expected. At night there would be Group touching, called "smooshing", consisted of hand holding, spooning, snuggling, caressing, sitting on laps, petting hair, was expected of both teenagers and staff. It was common for staff to engage in this form of touch with teenagers. [17] [18]

In addition to raps, in order to advance in the CEDU program, a resident would have to earn the privilege to participate in a workshop known as a "propheet" every three months. [19] The propheets were based on Synanon's "trip", and would last from 24 hours to several days at a time. The propheets were led by unlicensed staff along with teenagers at an advanced stage of the program, known as "upper school". They employed sleep-deprivation, humiliation, exposure to large variations in temperature, guided imagery, loud and repetitive music, regression therapy, physical reenactments of trauma, and forced emoting. The propheets were based on the book The Prophet by Kahlil Gibran as well as the writings of Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau.[ citation needed ] Each used "tools" from the historic literature, that were later used as stepping stones in the program that teenagers were expected to act upon in everyday life. There were seven propheets (Truth, [20] Children's, [21] Brother's Keeper, [22] Dreams, [23] I Want To Live, [24] Values, [25] and Imagine [26] ), and two workshops (I and Me, [27] and Summit [28] )

During intake, which occurred upon a teenager's arrival to a CEDU program, they were strip searched by staff and upper school residents, were placed in generic clothing after their belongings were taken away, and made to sign a contract consenting to CEDU's agreements. The three most emphasized agreements were no sex, no drugs, and no violence, yet there were agreements for every part of life, including timed showers, the way hair was worn, and the way people must speak. Violators would be sent to the Ascent Wilderness Program located in Ruby Ridge, Idaho, which was CEDU's version of a six-week boot camp, or placed on a "restriction", which included emotional growth writing assignments, manual labor, isolation, "bans" or forbidding a teenager to speak to, look at, or be acknowledged by peers, and sometimes "bans" from singing, smiling, reading, learning, drawing, and being touched.

To graduate from Cedu High School the students were required to complete 232 units. Diplomas were accredited by the Western Association of School and Colleges. [29] There were even restrictions on clothing items allowed at CEDU. Brand names, rock star imagery, and major league sports team logos were banned. [30]

History

Original CEDU period (1967–1985)

CEDU was founded by Merle "Mel" Wassermann. Wasserman had been a furniture salesman and had been involved with sponsoring people undertaking the Synanon program. [9] CEDU was initially based in Reche Canyon and was operating out of a ranch. In 1968, there were 28 people living on the ranch under the guidance of Wassermann, ranging from 13 to 24 years old. However, despite the fact that they were working on the ranch, they were not receiving any payment for their labor. [31] CEDU had been given non-profit status.

In September 1968, CEDU faced a setback when county planners denied their ranch a permit for public use. This decision meant that the program would have to find a new location to continue its operations. [32]

In 1969, CEDU bought a town house in San Bernardino and was also operating a gasoline station in Loma Linda. [33] Contemporaneous newspaper reporting cited allegations of "sex orgies" and "brainwashing", claims that were at the time rebutted at length by CEDU. [34] CEDU was later accused by a critic of telling problematic students that they may end up at California Youth Authority, Juvenile Hall or Patton state hospital if they left prior to completing the program. [35] Cedu moved into the town house property in Running Springs that had previously owned by Walter Houston and turned it into the Running Springs campus. [36] [37] [38]

In a 1973 news article titled "Center a beacon light leading addicts out of world of drugs", it was reported that students were being assigned jobs such as construction, kitchen duties, landscaping, and plumbing. [39] Including digging out tree stumps. [40]

Expansion (1982–1990)

In 1982, a small group of staff and residents known as the "original seven" left the Running Springs, California campus for Bonners Ferry, Idaho, to open Rocky Mountain Academy (RMA). RMA's curriculum and philosophy were identical to the original school, CEDU Running Springs. [41] In 1989, CEDU expanded tuition sources to allow payment from school districts and insurance companies, and started an endowment fund to allow scholarships. On rare occasions, staff and students were transferred between schools. The staff generally transferred campuses for promotions, while students were transferred because the staff felt a "fresh start" was the best (and usually last) option for the student. Rocky Mountain Academy was one of the largest employers in Boundary County, Idaho during the period, diversifying its timber and agriculture economy.

In the 1990s, CEDU expanded with the opening of three programs: CEDU Middle School, a program for 12-14 year-olds on the CEDU Running Springs, CA, campus; [42] [43] when Cedu middle school first opened in 1994, the age group was 9+1⁄2 to 13+1⁄2. [44] Ascent, a 41-day wilderness camp in Ruby Ridge, Idaho, where many children were sent prior to enrollment before a second CEDU program, [45] and where participant's age varied, ranging from 13 to 20 years old; [44] Northwest Academy, a therapeutic boarding school founded in 1994 for 13-17 year olds located in the state of Idaho near the Selkirk mountains; [46] and Boulder Creek Academy, a therapeutic boarding school, which was established in 1993. [47] cedu also ran another program called Hilltop that was established in 1984. [48] it's age ranged from 17+1⁄2 to 27+1⁄2. [49]

CEDU Education - Brown Schools (1998–2005)

CEDU Education was sold to Brown Schools in 1998. [50]

Closure

Brown Schools operated 11 boarding schools and educational facilities in California, Idaho, Texas, Vermont, and Florida. Upon closure, several CEDU employees reported to Lake Arrowhead Mountain News that pending litigation against CEDU for abuse and violation of rights as well as citations against the schools contributed to the downfall. [51] In March 2005, Brown Schools declared bankruptcy. The same year, Universal Health Services bid $13.5 million for the Brown School properties in bankruptcy. [52]

During the closure, a group of parents paid for 12 of the students to receive two of the emotional growth workshops [53]

Idaho Educational Services

Universal Health Services Inc., [54] a public company focused on hospitals and behavioral health centers, subsequently reopened three of the former CEDU facilities: Boulder Creek Academy (located on the former Rocky Mountain Academy property), Northwest Academy, and Ascent Wilderness Program, whose name they later changed to Caribou Ridge Intervention. These operate under the new name of Idaho Educational Services. Each program is overseen by individual directors.

In the news

December 12, 1985 - Rescue teams search for five girls who went missing in a snowstorm during a survival course run by CEDU in the Joshua Tree National Park. [55] The girls were found by a US Marine Corps helicopter safe after a 3-day search, unaware that anyone had been searching for them. [56]

January 16, 1993 - John Christopher Inman goes missing from Cedu High School. [57]

June 26, 1994 - Blake Wade Pursley goes missing from Cedu High School He was last seen about 8 p.m. going out to the barn to check the animals. [58] [59] [60]

July 15, 1994 - A male client from Texas hanged himself with a belt from a pipe of an overhead sprinkler system in one of the dormitories of Lower Camelot at Rocky Mountain Academy in Bonners Ferry, Idaho. [61] [62]

July 28, 1994 - It is revealed that a former CEDU employee and white separatist planned to kidnap students attending Rocky Mountain Academy for ransom, including the children of celebrities Barbara Walters and Clint Eastwood. The employee, who was a friend of Randy Weaver, was fired after federal agents discovered the plot. [63]

June 27, 1996 - John C. D'Abreo files a lawsuit against CEDU in Monterey County, claiming he was physically and emotionally abused at Ascent and Northwest Academy. [64]

November 1996 - Former Rocky Mountain Academy staff and owner of Boundarylines Crisis Intervention Richard "Rowdy" Armstrong is accused of drugging, raping and sodomizing former Rocky Mountain Academy staff and Boundarylines Crisis Intervention co-worker Twila Stephenson. [65]

January 1997 - Five people are injured in a riot at Northwest Academy in Ruby Ridge, Idaho. [66]

March 31, 1998 - Marsha and Ronald Accomazzo file a lawsuit against CEDU. Their son was enrolled at Ascent and Rocky Mountain Academy, and injured in the Northwest Academy riot. [67]

March 31, 1998 - Nancy Dark makes allegations leading to charges against CEDU. [68] Her son was enrolled at Boulder Creek Academy, Ascent, and the Northwest Academy, and injured in the Northwest Academy riot. [69]

April 1, 1998 - CEDU is sued for fraud, racketeering, and battery. [70]

April 5, 2000 - Dianne and Robert Reibstein file a lawsuit against CEDU for neglect and abuse. [71] Their son was at Ascent and Rocky Mountain Academy. [72]

October 8, 2002 - an article titled "Hilfiger CEO Helps Kids" is published by Forbes . It goes into detail how the CEO Joel Horowitz with his friends founded the Friends of CEDU Foundation. [73]

October 13, 2002 - An article titled "When Rich Kids Go Bad" is published by Forbes magazine. Leigh Horowitz, along with several other anonymous CEDU clients, are interviewed. [74]

January 14, 2004 - An article about Boulder Creek Academy titled "The Last Resort" is published by the Chicago Tribune. Several CEDU clients and parents are interviewed. [75]

February 8, 2004 - Daniel Ted Yuen goes missing from CEDU. The missing person case is still open in 2018. [76]

May 26, 2020 - Adam Eget, an actor and comedian known for his work with Norm Macdonald, talks about his experiences with CEDU on The Joe Rogan Experience podcast. [77] Eget describes CEDU as an abusive cult, and talks about multiple examples of child endangerment he saw as a client attending a CEDU School.

September 14, 2020 - This Is Paris , a documentary that covers the time Paris Hilton spent at CEDU School, Ascent Wilderness Program, Cascade School, and Provo Canyon School, premieres on YouTube. [78]

January 17, 2021 - The Los Angeles Times publishes an article where CEDU client Rachel Uchitel describes allegedly having to dig a grave with a spoon and then being forced to lay in it. [79]

April 23, 2022 - Rich & Shameless kicks off episode one of their first season with an exposé on Girls Gone Wild founder Joe Francis. Dead, Insane, or in Jail [80] [81] author Zack Bonnie is interviewed about the time they spent together at Rocky Mountain Academy in the late 1980s. [82]

October 31, 2022 - Los Angeles Magazine published David Safran's article “Why Are Police Stifling the Investigation Into 3 Teens Who Vanished From a Controversial Residential Treatment Facility?” The article addresses the disappearance of John Inman, Blake Pursley, and Daniel Yuen who vanished from CEDU School's campus in Running Springs, California in 1993, 1994, and 2004. [83]

March 1, 2023 - Los Angeles Magazine published a second David Safran article “Suspect No. 1: Inside Daniel Yuen’s Missing Person Case,” which does a deep dive into his disappearance from CEDU School's campus in Running Springs, California on February 8, 2004. [84]

March 14, 2023 - Paris: The Memoir, an autobiography by Paris Hilton that exposes the time she spent trapped in the troubled teen industry including being sent to CEDU School, Ascent Wilderness Program, Cascade School, and Provo Canyon School from the summer of 1997 to January 1999 is published. [85]

Notable alumni

former Staff members

Rudy Bentz [88] - headteacher of hidden lake academy [89] and Academy at swift river.

Michael Allgood [88] headmaster of cascade school. [90]

See also

Related Research Articles

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References

  1. ↑ "The ASCENT Therapeutic Wilderness Program". January 20, 1997. Archived from the original on January 20, 1997. Retrieved April 17, 2022.
  2. ↑ Matt Novak (September 29, 2014). "The Man Who Fought the Synanon Cult and Won". Longform. Archived from the original on January 28, 2015. Retrieved January 24, 2015.
  3. ↑ "Synanon's Sober Utopia: How a Drug Rehab Program Became a Violent Cult". April 15, 2014. Archived from the original on December 7, 2017. Retrieved December 7, 2017.
  4. ↑ Hawkins, Eric (June 8, 2020). "California School For 'Troubled Teens' Had Roots In A Notorious, Militant Cult". Oxygen True Crime . NBCUniversal. Archived from the original on February 10, 2023. Retrieved February 10, 2023.
  5. ↑ Hansen, Dan; Drumheller, Susan (March 26, 2005). "CEDU shutting down". The Spokesman-Review . Spokane, Washington. Archived from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved February 10, 2023.
  6. ↑ Bloch, Josh (June 2, 2020). "Lots of Tough and Almost No Love". The Lost Kids (Podcast). Universal Content Productions (UCP). Archived from the original on January 15, 2022. Retrieved March 26, 2023.
  7. 1 2 Rosman, Katherine (August 9, 2021). "This Is Rachel Uchitel, Representing Herself (Published 2021)". The New York Times. Retrieved August 12, 2023. But her parents divorced, sending her to CEDU in Running Springs, Calif., a boarding school with ties to the Synanon cult.
  8. ↑ Gelder, Lawrence Van (March 4, 1997). "Charles Dederich, 83, Synanon Founder, Dies". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331. Archived from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved March 17, 2016.
  9. 1 2 3 Heller, Matthew (February 18, 2001). "Death and Denial at Herbalife". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on July 9, 2022. Retrieved May 13, 2023. Mel Wasserman, a Palm Springs furniture store owner who had sponsored recovering addicts at Synanon, a drug rehab program, at its facility in Santa Monica.
  10. ↑ Szalavitz, Maia (February 16, 2006). Help at Any Cost: How the Troubled-Teen Industry Cons Parents and Hurts Kids. Riverhead Books.
  11. ↑ Rosen, Kenneth (January 12, 2021). Troubled: The Failed Promise of America's Behavioral Treatment Programs. Little A.
  12. ↑ Gilpin, Elizabeth (2021). Stolen: A Memoir. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN   978-1538735442.
  13. ↑ "About CEDU - Our History, The CEDU Story". February 4, 2001. Archived from the original on February 4, 2001. Retrieved July 30, 2023.
  14. ↑ Woodbury, Denise M. "News & Views, 6/1995 - Losing Control? Maybe Not!". strugglingteens.com. Archived from the original on August 15, 2022. Retrieved March 19, 2023. A guardianship grants to the guardian those powers and responsibilities a parent would have for a minor child. In effect, it is a court order extending custody beyond the child's majority.
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  17. ↑ "12 Ways Teen Treatment Has Changed Since Paris Hilton Went to CEDU". All Kinds of Therapy. August 27, 2020. Archived from the original on March 20, 2023. Retrieved March 20, 2023. 2. Smooshing was the practice of laying on one another and often included males and females, and often mixed staff with students. This was not required. However, Now, this would be a reportable offense to the licensing department in the state that the treatment program or therapist is licensed. While the intentions of the practice were reportedly to provide connection and attachment to participants, the long-time abandonment of this downright creepy practice is a very good thing.
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  19. ↑ "Cedu offers hope to young, hard-core addicts - 1972-12-14". Corvallis Gazette-Times. December 14, 1972. p. 34. Archived from the original on August 12, 2023. Retrieved August 12, 2023.
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  21. ↑ "Children's Propheet Script". Archived from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved January 9, 2022.
  22. ↑ "Brother's Keeper Propheet Script". Archived from the original on January 9, 2022. Retrieved January 9, 2022.
  23. ↑ "Dreams Script". Archived from the original on January 9, 2022. Retrieved January 9, 2022.
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  25. ↑ "Values Script". Archived from the original on January 9, 2022. Retrieved January 9, 2022.
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  28. ↑ "Summit Workshop Script". Archived from the original on January 9, 2022. Retrieved January 9, 2022.
  29. ↑ Caring for kids with special needs : residential programs for children and adolescents (2nd ed.). Peterson's Guides. 1994. p. 266. ISBN   9781560792994. To graduate, a student must complete 232 units of credit. These must include the following: 40 units of English, 30 units of social science, 20 units of mathematics, 20 units of science, 20 units of physical education, 10 units of fine arts or foreign language, 5 units of health, 85 units of electives, and 2 units of computer science. Graduates receive a diploma accredited by WASC.
  30. ↑ Mike, Davison (2007). An Invitation to Personal Peace;Guidelines To Help You Move Further Along Your Path. 1st World Publishing. ISBN   9781421899428. One of the first things that occurred when students were admitted to the school was that all brand name vanity clothes were confiscated by the staff and given to the parents to take home. Items such as jackets depicting gang symbols, Clothing picturing famous rock stars, even clothing with major league sports team logos or player's names and numbers on them were taken away.
  31. ↑ Pasik, Herb (July 12, 1968). "Cedu....an experiment in youth work". Redlands Daily Facts. p. 3. Archived from the original on March 25, 2023. Retrieved March 24, 2023.
  32. ↑ Shoemaker, Marjie (September 25, 1968). "Riverside County Planners Deny Cedu Ranch Permit". The San Bernardino County Sun. p. 20. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved March 24, 2023.
  33. ↑ Shoemaker, Marjie (April 9, 1969). "Clipped From The San Bernardino County Sun". The San Bernardino County Sun. p. 25. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved March 12, 2023.
  34. ↑ Green, Tom (November 30, 1969). "Clipped From The San Bernardino County Sun". The San Bernardino County Sun. p. 14. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved March 12, 2023.
  35. ↑ Green, Tom (November 30, 1969). "Critics assert Cedu destroying teenagers - Part 2 - 1969-11-30". The San Bernardino County Sun. p. 18. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved March 12, 2023.
  36. ↑ Katz, Jesse (November 25, 1991). "Selznick's Mountain Retreat Burns : Fire: Renowned for parties in Hollywood's Golden Age, the late producer's mansion is destroyed when fireplace flames eat through mortar". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on August 12, 2023. Retrieved August 12, 2023. Just down the road, Oscar-winning actor Walter Huston had built a palatial home of his own in the early 1930s--now a boarding school for troubled teen-agers, according to Robinson's book and residents.
  37. ↑ Sichel, Jared (January 28, 2015). "The rebirth of Running Springs". Jewish Journal. Archived from the original on August 12, 2023. Retrieved August 12, 2023.
  38. ↑ Davidson, Mike (2007). An Invitation to Personal Peace;Guidelines To Help You Move Further Along Your Path. 1st World Publishing. ISBN   9781421899428. Eventually, he discovered an old abandoned hunting lodge that once belonged to the Hollywood producer, John Hunston's grandfather.
  39. ↑ Sitomer, Curtis (August 5, 1973). "Center a beacon light leading addicts out of world of drugs". The Columbian. p. 4. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved March 22, 2023.
  40. ↑ "'The Lost Kids' Podcast Explores Missing Teen Daniel Yeun and 'Tough Love' Boarding Schools". Inside Edition. June 9, 2020. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved August 12, 2023. Students were given only limited schooling, with the majority of their time spent in the sessions and performing chores and manual labor such as digging out tree stumps.
  41. ↑ National Directory of Alcoholism Treatment Programs. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. 1981. Archived from the original on March 26, 2023. Retrieved June 5, 2022.
  42. ↑ "CEDU Middle School". January 20, 1998. Archived from the original on January 20, 1998. Retrieved July 30, 2023.
  43. ↑ "CEDU Middle School - Introduction". January 5, 2002. Archived from the original on January 5, 2002. Retrieved July 30, 2023.
  44. 1 2 Caring for kids with special needs : residential programs for children and adolescents (2nd ed.). Peterson's Guides. 1994. p. 264. ISBN   9781560792994.
  45. ↑ "Extreme Sports". www.cedu-ascent.com. Archived from the original on July 30, 2023. Retrieved July 30, 2023.
  46. ↑ "Boarding School for Troubled Teenagers-Northwest Academy". August 1, 2001. Archived from the original on August 1, 2001. Retrieved July 30, 2023.
  47. ↑ Peterson's guide to private secondary schools, 1996-97 (17th ed.). Peterson's Guides. 1996. p. 1182. ISBN   1560795867.
  48. ↑ Caring for kids with special needs : residential programs for children and adolescents (2nd ed.). Peterson's Guides. 1994. p. 280. ISBN   9781560792994. The Hilltop community was established in 1984 as an adjunct to CEDU school.
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  53. ↑ Neufield, Michael (April 6, 2005). "Workshops Slated For 12 Former CEDU Students". Mountain News. Archived from the original on March 25, 2023. Retrieved March 25, 2023.
  54. ↑ "Universal Health Services Inc". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
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  74. ↑ Brown, Erika (October 13, 2002). "When Rich Kids Go Bad". Forbes. Archived from the original on January 7, 2022. Retrieved January 7, 2022.
  75. ↑ Rubin, Bonnie Miller (January 14, 2004). "The Last Resort". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on January 7, 2022. Retrieved January 7, 2022.
  76. ↑ "New clues emerge 15 years after teen's disappearance: 'We just want to know he's safe,' family says". ABC News. Archived from the original on March 1, 2023. Retrieved March 25, 2023.
  77. ↑ Adam Eget Survived Three Years in an Abusive Cult. YouTube . Archived from the original on December 11, 2021.
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  81. ↑ Bonnie, Zack (February 26, 2018). Dead, Insane, or in Jail: Overwritten. Not With The Program. ISBN   978-0996337830.
  82. ↑ "Girls Gone Wild Exposed". Rich & Shameless. April 23, 2022. Archived from the original on March 19, 2023. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
  83. ↑ Safran, David (October 31, 2022). "Why Are Police Stifling the Investigation Into 3 Teens Who Vanished From a Controversial Residential Treatment Facility?". Lamag - Culture, Food, Fashion, News & Los Angeles. Los Angeles Magazine. Archived from the original on March 19, 2023. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
  84. ↑ Safran, David (March 1, 2023). "Suspect No. 1: Inside Daniel Yuen's Missing Person Case". Lamag - Culture, Food, Fashion, News & Los Angeles. Los Angeles Magazine. ISSN   1522-9149. Archived from the original on March 19, 2023. Retrieved March 19, 2023.
  85. ↑ Hilton, Paris (March 14, 2023). Paris: The Memoir. HarperCollins. ISBN   9780008524463.
  86. ↑ Roberts, Sam (May 13, 2022). "Val Broeksmit, 46, Who Blew the Whistle on Deutsche Bank, Dies (Published 2022)". The New York Times . OCLC   1645522 . Retrieved August 12, 2023. Val was expelled from the Dublin School in New Hampshire for various infractions when he was 13, but he managed to get through Rocky Mountain Academy, a school for troubled teenagers in northern Idaho, and graduated from Albright College in Reading, Pa., in 1999.
  87. ↑ Dunphey, Kyle (March 17, 2023). "In new book, Paris Hilton recalls abuse at the hands of former Provo Canyon School staff". Deseret News. Archived from the original on August 30, 2023. Retrieved August 12, 2023. The Provo Canyon School wasn't Hilton's first experience at a treatment center. In "Paris," she recalls first being sent to the now defunct CEDU, a boarding school in California; Ascent, a wilderness treatment program in Montana; then The Cascade School, also in California.
  88. 1 2 Marcus, Dave (2005). What it takes to pull me through: why teenagers get in trouble-- and how four of them got out. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 328. ISBN   978-0-618-14545-4. I constructed my own based on interviews with Lon Woodbury and former staff of CEDU, including Rudy and Jill Bentz; Michael Allgood; and Linda Houghton, who developed CEDU'S parent program.
  89. ↑ Peterson's private secondary schools, 1998-99 (19th ed.). Princeton, New Jersey: Peterson's. 1998. p. 1274. ISBN   9781560799726. OCLC   5164250814.
  90. ↑ Peterson's guide to private secondary schools, 1996-97 (17th ed.). Peterson's. 1996. p. 572. ISBN   9781560795865.
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