CPA3

Last updated
CPA3
Identifiers
Aliases CPA3 , MC-CPA, carboxypeptidase A3
External IDs OMIM: 114851; MGI: 88479; HomoloGene: 122138; GeneCards: CPA3; OMA:CPA3 - orthologs
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

1359

12873

Ensembl

ENSG00000163751

ENSMUSG00000001865

UniProt

P15088

P15089

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_001870

NM_007753

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001861

NP_031779

Location (UCSC) Chr 3: 148.87 – 148.9 Mb Chr 3: 20.27 – 20.3 Mb
PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Carboxypeptidase A3 (mast cell carboxypeptidase A), also known as CPA3, is an enzyme which in humans is encoded by the CPA3 gene. [5] [6] The "CPA3" gene expression has only been detected in mast cells and mast-cell-like lines, and CPA3 is located in secretory granules. CPA3 is one of 8-9 members of the A/B subfamily that includes the well-studied pancreatic enzymes carboxypeptidase A1 (CPA1), carboxypeptidase A2 (CPA2), and carboxypeptidase B. This subfamily includes 6 carboxypeptidase A-like enzymes, numbered 1-6. The enzyme now called CPA3 was originally named mast cell carboxypeptidase A, and another protein was initially called CPA3. [7] A gene nomenclature committee renamed mast cell carboxypeptidase A as CPA3, and the original CPA3 reported by Huang et al. became CPA4 to reflect the order of their discovery.

Contents

Structure

Gene

The "CPA3" gene is a 32kb-gene located at chromosome 3q24, consisting of 11 exons.

Protein

CPA3 shares significant homology with the CPA subfamily of metalloprecarboxypeptidases and all the residues essential for the coordination of the Zn2+ active site, substrate peptide anchoring, and CP activity are preserved in the putative CPA3 protein. It resembles pancreatic CPA1 in cleaving C-terminal aromatic and aliphatic amino acid residues.CPA3 contains an N-terminal sequence of 16 amino acids and a pro-peptide between the NH2-terminal signal peptide sequence and COOH-terminal CP moiety. [8] [7]

Function

CPA3 has a pH optimum in the neutral to basic range. CPA3 functions together with endopeptidases secreted from mast cells such as chymases and tryptases to degrade proteins and peptides, including the apolipoprotein B component of LDL particles and angiotensin I. [9] [10] Upon mast cell activation and degranulation, CPA3, the chymases, and tryptases are released in complexes with heparin proteoglycan. The parasitic nematode Ascaris produces CPA3 inhibitors, which increase its survival during infection. This finding implies that CPA3 might be involved in host defense against certain parasites. [11] CPA3 is also reported to have an important role in the protection towards snake venom toxins and vasoconstricting peptide endothelin 1(ET1). [12] [13]

Clinical significance

CPA3 provides protection from ET-1-induced damage, suggesting CPA3 could have a role in regulating sepsis. The involvement of CPA3 in autoimmune disease models makes it a potential diagnostic parameter of related diseases. [14] The significantly increased concentration of CPA3 in drug-induced anaphylaxis also implies that CPA3 could serve as a diagnostic parameter and detection of it could improve the forensic identification. [15] A new mast cell subtype reported to appear in mucosa is implicated in allergic inflammation and these mast cells have high levels of CPA3. The highly upregulated transcript of CPA3 is readily detected in luminal brushings and biopsies, making it a useful biomarker of allergic inflammation. [16] [17]

Interactions

CPA3 has been known to interact with:

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mast cell</span> Cell found in connective tissue

A mast cell is a resident cell of connective tissue that contains many granules rich in histamine and heparin. Specifically, it is a type of granulocyte derived from the myeloid stem cell that is a part of the immune and neuroimmune systems. Mast cells were discovered by Paul Ehrlich in 1877. Although best known for their role in allergy and anaphylaxis, mast cells play an important protective role as well, being intimately involved in wound healing, angiogenesis, immune tolerance, defense against pathogens, and vascular permeability in brain tumors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tryptase</span> Class of enzymes

Tryptase is the most abundant secretory granule-derived serine proteinase contained in mast cells and has been used as a marker for mast cell activation. Club cells contain tryptase, which is believed to be responsible for cleaving the hemagglutinin surface protein of influenza A virus, thereby activating it and causing the symptoms of flu.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cathepsin C</span> Human protease (enzyme)

Cathepsin C (CTSC) also known as dipeptidyl peptidase I (DPP-I) is a lysosomal exo-cysteine protease belonging to the peptidase C1 protein family, a subgroup of the cysteine cathepsins. In humans, it is encoded by the CTSC gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cathepsin G</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Cathepsin G is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CTSG gene. It is one of the three serine proteases of the chymotrypsin family that are stored in the azurophil granules, and also a member of the peptidase S1 protein family. Cathepsin G plays an important role in eliminating intracellular pathogens and breaking down tissues at inflammatory sites, as well as in anti-inflammatory response.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">C5a receptor</span> Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens

The C5a receptor also known as complement component 5a receptor 1 (C5AR1) or CD88 is a G protein-coupled receptor for C5a. It functions as a complement receptor. C5a receptor 1 modulates inflammatory responses, obesity, development and cancers. From a signaling transduction perspective, C5a receptor 1 activation is implicated in β-arrestin2 recruitment via Rab5a, coupling of Gαi proteins, ERK1/2 phosphorylation, calcium mobilization and Rho activation leading to downstream functions, such as secretion of cytokines, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CD59</span> Mammalian protein found in humans

CD59 glycoprotein, also known as MAC-inhibitory protein (MAC-IP), membrane inhibitor of reactive lysis (MIRL), or protectin, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CD59 gene. It is an LU domain and belongs to the LY6/uPAR/alpha-neurotoxin protein family.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carboxypeptidase E</span> Enzyme found in humans

Carboxypeptidase E (CPE), also known as carboxypeptidase H (CPH) and enkephalin convertase, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CPE gene. This enzyme catalyzes the release of C-terminal arginine or lysine residues from polypeptides.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Interleukin 8 receptor, alpha</span> Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens

Interleukin 8 receptor, alpha is a chemokine receptor. This name and the corresponding gene symbol IL8RA have been replaced by the HGNC approved name C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 1 and the approved symbol CXCR1. It has also been designated as CD181. The IUPHAR Committee on Receptor Nomenclature and Drug Classification use the HGNC recommended name, CXCR1.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">TPSAB1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Tryptase alpha-1 and tryptase beta-1 are enzymes that in humans are encoded by the same TPSAB1 gene. Beta tryptases appear to be the main isoenzymes expressed in mast cells; whereas in basophils, alpha tryptases predominate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Formyl peptide receptor 2</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

N-formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) is a G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) located on the surface of many cell types of various animal species. The human receptor protein is encoded by the FPR2 gene and is activated to regulate cell function by binding any one of a wide variety of ligands including not only certain N-Formylmethionine-containing oligopeptides such as N-Formylmethionine-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) but also the polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolite of arachidonic acid, lipoxin A4 (LXA4). Because of its interaction with lipoxin A4, FPR2 is also commonly named the ALX/FPR2 or just ALX receptor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Formyl peptide receptor 3</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

N-formyl peptide receptor 3 (FPR3) is a receptor protein that in humans is encoded by the FPR3 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">VIPR1</span> Protein-coding gene in humans

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor 1 also known as VPAC1, is a protein, that in humans is encoded by the VIPR1 gene. VPAC1 is expressed in the brain (cerebral cortex, hippocampus, amygdala), lung, prostate, peripheral blood leukocytes, liver, small intestine, heart, spleen, placenta, kidney, thymus and testis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Azurocidin 1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Azurocidin also known as cationic antimicrobial protein CAP37 or heparin-binding protein (HBP) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AZU1 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">PRB1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Basic salivary proline-rich protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PRB1 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SYTL4</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Synaptotagmin-like protein 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SYTL4 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NLN (gene)</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Neurolysin, mitochondrial is a protein that in humans is encoded by the NLN gene. It is a 78-kDa enzyme, widely distributed in mammalian tissues and found in various subcellular locations that vary with cell type. Neurolysin exemplifies the ability of neuropeptidases to target various cleavage site sequences by hydrolyzing them in vitro, and metabolism of neurotensin is the most important role of neurolysin in vivo. Neurolysin has also been implicated in pain control, blood pressure regulation, sepsis, reproduction, cancer biology pathogenesis of stroke, and glucose metabolism.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">GZMK</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Granzyme K (GrK) is a protein that is encoded by the GZMK gene on chromosome 5 in humans. Granzymes are a family of serine proteases which have various intracellular and extracellular roles. GrK is found in granules of natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), and is traditionally described as being cytotoxic towards targeted foreign, infected, or cancerous cells. NK cells and CTLs can induce apoptosis through the granule secretory pathway, which involves the secretion of granzymes along with perforin at immunological synapses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">TPSB2</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Tryptase beta-2, also known as tryptase II, is a proteolytic enzyme that in humans is encoded by the TPSB2 gene.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carboxypeptidase A6</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Carboxypeptidase A6 (CPA6) is a metallocarboxypeptidase enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CPA6 gene. It is highly expressed in the adult mouse olfactory bulb and is broadly expressed in the embryonic brain and other tissues.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Formyl peptide receptor 1</span> Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Formyl peptide receptor 1 is a cell surface receptor protein that in humans is encoded by the formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1) gene. This gene encodes a G protein-coupled receptor cell surface protein that binds and is activated by N-Formylmethionine-containing oligopeptides, particularly N-Formylmethionine-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP). FPR1 is prominently expressed by mammalian phagocytic and blood leukocyte cells where it functions to mediate these cells' responses to the N-formylmethionine-containing oligopeptides which are released by invading microorganisms and injured tissues. FPR1 directs these cells to sites of invading pathogens or disrupted tissues and then stimulates these cells to kill the pathogens or to remove tissue debris; as such, it is an important component of the innate immune system that operates in host defense and damage control.

References

  1. 1 2 3 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000163751 – Ensembl, May 2017
  2. 1 2 3 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000001865 – Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ↑ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ↑ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. ↑ [0.0https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=1359 "Entrez Gene: CPA3 carboxypeptidase A3 (mast cell)"].{{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  6. ↑ Reynolds DS, Gurley DS, Austen KF (January 1992). "Cloning and characterization of the novel gene for mast cell carboxypeptidase A". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 89 (1): 273–82. doi:10.1172/JCI115571. PMC   442845 . PMID   1729276.
  7. 1 2 Huang H, Reed CP, Zhang JS, Shridhar V, Wang L, Smith DI (June 1999). "Carboxypeptidase A3 (CPA3): a novel gene highly induced by histone deacetylase inhibitors during differentiation of prostate epithelial cancer cells". Cancer Research. 59 (12): 2981–8. PMID   10383164.
  8. ↑ von Heijne G (July 1985). "Signal sequences. The limits of variation". Journal of Molecular Biology. 184 (1): 99–105. doi:10.1016/0022-2836(85)90046-4. PMID   4032478.
  9. ↑ Kokkonen JO, Vartiainen M, Kovanen PT (December 1986). "Low density lipoprotein degradation by secretory granules of rat mast cells. Sequential degradation of apolipoprotein B by granule chymase and carboxypeptidase A". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 261 (34): 16067–72. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)66677-3 . PMID   3536921.
  10. ↑ Lundequist A, Tchougounova E, Abrink M, Pejler G (July 2004). "Cooperation between mast cell carboxypeptidase A and the chymase mouse mast cell protease 4 in the formation and degradation of angiotensin II". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (31): 32339–44. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M405576200 . PMID   15173164.
  11. ↑ Sanglas L, Aviles FX, Huber R, Gomis-Rüth FX, Arolas JL (February 2009). "Mammalian metallopeptidase inhibition at the defense barrier of Ascaris parasite". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106 (6): 1743–7. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.1743S. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0812623106 . PMC   2644108 . PMID   19179285.
  12. ↑ Metz M, Piliponsky AM, Chen CC, Lammel V, Abrink M, Pejler G, Tsai M, Galli SJ (July 2006). "Mast cells can enhance resistance to snake and honeybee venoms". Science. 313 (5786): 526–30. Bibcode:2006Sci...313..526M. doi:10.1126/science.1128877. PMID   16873664. S2CID   30725308.
  13. ↑ Maurer M, Wedemeyer J, Metz M, Piliponsky AM, Weller K, Chatterjea D, Clouthier DE, Yanagisawa MM, Tsai M, Galli SJ (November 2004). "Mast cells promote homeostasis by limiting endothelin-1-induced toxicity". Nature. 432 (7016): 512–6. Bibcode:2004Natur.432..512M. doi:10.1038/nature03085. PMID   15543132. S2CID   4426921.
  14. ↑ Benoist C, Mathis D (19 December 2002). "Mast cells in autoimmune disease". Nature. 420 (6917): 875–8. Bibcode:2002Natur.420..875B. doi:10.1038/nature01324. PMID   12490961. S2CID   4391692.
  15. ↑ Guo XJ, Wang YY, Zhang HY, Jin QQ, Gao CR (December 2015). "Mast cell tryptase and carboxypeptidase A expression in body fluid and gastrointestinal tract associated with drug-related fatal anaphylaxis". World Journal of Gastroenterology. 21 (47): 13288–93. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i47.13288 . PMC   4679760 . PMID   26715811.
  16. ↑ Dougherty RH, Sidhu SS, Raman K, Solon M, Solberg OD, Caughey GH, Woodruff PG, Fahy JV (May 2010). "Accumulation of intraepithelial mast cells with a unique protease phenotype in T(H)2-high asthma". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 125 (5): 1046–1053.e8. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2010.03.003. PMC   2918406 . PMID   20451039.
  17. ↑ Takabayashi T, Kato A, Peters AT, Suh LA, Carter R, Norton J, Grammer LC, Tan BK, Chandra RK, Conley DB, Kern RC, Fujieda S, Schleimer RP (August 2012). "Glandular mast cells with distinct phenotype are highly elevated in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 130 (2): 410–20.e5. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2012.02.046. PMC   3408832 . PMID   22534535.
  18. ↑ Schwartz LB, Riedel C, Schratz JJ, Austen KF (March 1982). "Localization of carboxypeptidase A to the macromolecular heparin proteoglycan-protein complex in secretory granules of rat serosal mast cells". Journal of Immunology. 128 (3): 1128–33. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.128.3.1128 . PMID   6799569. S2CID   28893073.
  19. ↑ Ryan CA (September 1971). "Inhibition of carboxypeptidase A by a naturally occurring polypeptide from potatoes". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 44 (5): 1265–70. doi:10.1016/s0006-291x(71)80222-x. PMID   5160409.
  20. ↑ Miller LA, Cochrane DE, Feldberg RS, Carraway RE (June 1998). "Inhibition of neurotensin-stimulated mast cell secretion and carboxypeptidase A activity by the peptide inhibitor of carboxypeptidase A and neurotensin-receptor antagonist SR 48692". International Archives of Allergy and Immunology. 116 (2): 147–53. doi:10.1159/000023938. PMID   9652308. S2CID   46753844.
  21. ↑ Normant E, Martres MP, Schwartz JC, Gros C (December 1995). "Purification, cDNA cloning, functional expression, and characterization of a 26-kDa endogenous mammalian carboxypeptidase inhibitor". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 92 (26): 12225–9. Bibcode:1995PNAS...9212225N. doi: 10.1073/pnas.92.26.12225 . PMC   40329 . PMID   8618874.
  22. ↑ Piliponsky AM, Chen CC, Nishimura T, Metz M, Rios EJ, Dobner PR, Wada E, Wada K, Zacharias S, Mohanasundaram UM, Faix JD, Abrink M, Pejler G, Pearl RG, Tsai M, Galli SJ (April 2008). "Neurotensin increases mortality and mast cells reduce neurotensin levels in a mouse model of sepsis". Nature Medicine. 14 (4): 392–8. doi:10.1038/nm1738. PMC   2873870 . PMID   18376408.

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