Caenorhabditis tropicalis

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Caenorhabditis tropicalis
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Nematoda
Class: Chromadorea
Order: Rhabditida
Family: Rhabditidae
Genus: Caenorhabditis
Species:
C. tropicalis
Binomial name
Caenorhabditis tropicalis
Felix, Braendle & Cutter, 2014 [1]
Synonyms

Caenorhabditis sp. 11

Caenorhabditis tropicalis is a species of Caenorhabditis nematodes, belonging to the Elegans super-group and Elegans group within the genus. [2] It is a close relative of C. wallacei.C. tropicalis is collected frequently in tropical South America, Caribbean islands, and various islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans from rotting fruit, flowers and stems. C. tropicalis was referred to as "C. sp. 11" prior to 2014. [1]

Anatomy

The mean body lengths of adult hermaphroditic and adult male C. tropicalis were calculated as 1378.63 μm and 992.85 μm, respectively, making C. tropicalis males and hermaphrodites on average larger than other hermaphroditic species like C. elegans and C. briggsae. [3]

Spicule shape

The spicules of C. tropicalis males consist of a long, slender, pointed, and simple morphology, which is a common feature among Caenorhabditis species outside of the Elegans super-group (with the exception of C. japonica and C. afra). [2]

Reproduction

C. tropicalis demonstrates a hermaphroditic mode of reproduction. [1] Similar to C. elegans and C. briggsae, androdioecious populations of C. tropicalis are made up of protandrous hermaphrodites (XX sex chromosome karyotype) and X0 males. These three species are not each other's closest relatives, supporting the independent evolutionary origins of hermaphroditism and androdioecy. [1] The self-fertile hermaphroditic reproductive strategy of these species is an example of convergent evolution.

Ecology

C. tropicalis was first discovered from La Reunion island in the Indian Ocean in 2008, with subsequent collection in Puerto Rico and Cape Verde Islands in the Atlantic Ocean, French Guiana and Brazil in South America, and Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean. C. tropicalis has only been sampled from tropical regions thus far. [2] It is one of the most commonly-sampled Caenorhabditis species in the Nouragues Nature Reserve of French Guiana, where it has been isolated both in litter samples and from rotting fruits and flowers. [4]

Like other Caenorhabditis species found in the tropical rainforest of French Guiana, C. tropicalis is commonly found among rotting flower substrates. This species demonstrates a preferential association with rotting flowers in earlier stages of decay, indicated by a decrease in association with flowers in later stages of decay. [4]

C. tropicalis has shown inter-species associations with Nematocida major, an intracellular pathogen that has also been observed to associate with C. elegans and C. briggsae, two other hermaphroditic Caenorhabditis nematode species. N. major infections of these nematodes have only been observed in tropical regions even though C. elegans is predominantly found in temperate regions. [5]

Genetics

The genome of C. tropicalis reference strain JU1373 consists of around 79.32 million base pairs and 22,326 protein coding genes. These genome characteristics make it shorter than the C. elegans genome, which consists of around 100.29 million base pairs and 20,326 protein coding genes. [6] Like all known Caenorhabditis species, the genome of C. tropicalis is partitioned into six chromosomes (five autosomes and one "X" sex chromosome).

Outbreeding Depression

Like the other Androdioecious Caenorhabditis species, C. tropicalis demonstrates outbreeding depression mediated by Medea like elements, which can result in lethality in C. tropicalis offspring, which results in smaller population sizes, it is likely due to this why C. tropicalis faces an evolutionary pressure to demonstrate high rates of inbreeding. Crosses between strains of C. tropicalis isolated from different locations resulted in a higher frequency of defective offspring in comparison to crosses between strains of C. tropicalis from the same location. [7] High inbreeding rates in C. tropicalis has subsequently resulted in a significant decrease in genomic diversity in this species compared to other Caenorhabditis nematodes. [8] C. tropicalis, along with C. briggsae and C. elegans, the other two hermaphroditic Caenorhabditis species demonstrate 20-40% smaller genome sizes compared to gonochoristic or male-female Caenorhabditis species. [9]

Related Research Articles

<i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> Free-living species of nematode

Caenorhabditis elegans is a free-living transparent nematode about 1 mm in length that lives in temperate soil environments. It is the type species of its genus. The name is a blend of the Greek caeno- (recent), rhabditis (rod-like) and Latin elegans (elegant). In 1900, Maupas initially named it Rhabditides elegans. Osche placed it in the subgenus Caenorhabditis in 1952, and in 1955, Dougherty raised Caenorhabditis to the status of genus.

Caenorhabditis briggsae is a small nematode, closely related to Caenorhabditis elegans. The differences between the two species are subtle. The male tail in C. briggsae has a slightly different morphology from C. elegans. Other differences include changes in vulval precursor competence and the placement of the excretory duct opening. C. briggsae is frequently used to study the differences between it and the more intimately understood C. elegans, especially at the DNA and protein sequence level. Several mutant strains of C. briggsae have also been isolated that facilitate genetic analysis of this organism. C. briggsae, like C. elegans, is a hermaphrodite. The genome sequence for C. briggsae was determined in 2003.

<i>Caenorhabditis</i> Genus of roundworms

Caenorhabditis is a genus of nematodes which live in bacteria-rich environments like compost piles, decaying dead animals and rotting fruit. The name comes from Greek: caeno- ; rhabditis = rod-like.

Androdioecy is a reproductive system characterized by the coexistence of males and hermaphrodites. Androdioecy is rare in comparison with the other major reproductive systems: dioecy, gynodioecy and hermaphroditism. In animals, androdioecy has been considered a stepping stone in the transition from dioecy to hermaphroditism, and vice versa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SmY RNA</span>

SmY ribonucleic acids are a family of small nuclear RNAs found in some species of nematode worms. They are thought to be involved in mRNA trans-splicing.

Host microbe interactions in <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i>

Caenorhabditis elegans- microbe interactions are defined as any interaction that encompasses the association with microbes that temporarily or permanently live in or on the nematode C. elegans. The microbes can engage in a commensal, mutualistic or pathogenic interaction with the host. These include bacterial, viral, unicellular eukaryotic, and fungal interactions. In nature C. elegans harbours a diverse set of microbes. In contrast, C. elegans strains that are cultivated in laboratories for research purposes have lost the natural associated microbial communities and are commonly maintained on a single bacterial strain, Escherichia coli OP50. However, E. coli OP50 does not allow for reverse genetic screens because RNAi libraries have only been generated in strain HT115. This limits the ability to study bacterial effects on host phenotypes. The host microbe interactions of C. elegans are closely studied because of their orthologs in humans. Therefore, the better we understand the host interactions of C. elegans the better we can understand the host interactions within the human body.

Caenorhabditis plicata is a species of nematodes in the genus Caenorhabditis. It was described on carrion in Germany and is phoretic on carrion visiting beetles.

Caenorhabditis monodelphis is a species of nematodes in the genus Caenorhabditis. It was first collected by J. Raschka in Berlin, Germany in 2001. A second isolate was collected from Norway. It is a free-living species found in galleries inside of the fungus Ganoderma applanatum (Polyporaceae) which grew on the stump of a tree a few centimeters above ground. It is phoretic on beetles of the species Cis castaneus.

Caenorhabditis portoensis is a species of nematode in the genus Caenorhabditis. First wild isolate sample was found on a rotting apple in Portugal.

Caenorhabditis virilis is a species of nematodes in the genus Caenorhabditis. The type isolate JU1528 was collected in an orchard in Orsay, France.

Caenorhabditis nigoni is a male-female species in the Elegans group of the genus Caenorhabditis, first identified and described as "Caenorhabditis species 9" or "C. sp. 9" before being renamed as "C. nigoni". The specific epithet is a tribute to Victor Nigon who first studied Caenorhabditis elegans in the laboratory with Ellsworth Dougherty in the 1940s. Isolates come from the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Kerala, India.

Caenorhabditis doughertyi is a species of nematodes in the genus Caenorhabditis. Prior to 2014, it was referred to as C. sp. 10

Caenorhabditis latens is a species of nematode. Prior to 2014, it was referred to as Caenorhabditis sp. 23. The reference strain VX88 was isolated from soil near a lotus pond, and strain VX85 was isolated from soil under rotten grass in Juifeng Village, Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China.

Caenorhabditis guadeloupensis is a species of nematodes, in the same genus as the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans. This species was collected from rotten Heliconia flowers on the Soufrière Forest trail, in Guadeloupe, France.

Caenorhabditis nouraguensis is a species of nematodes in the genus Caenorhabditis. Prior to 2014, it was referred to as C. sp. 17. The type isolate was collected in Nouragues, French Guiana.

Caenorhabditis yunquensis is a species of nematodes in the genus Caenorhabditis. Prior to 2014, it was referred to as C. sp. 19. The single isolate of this species is from El Yunque, Puerto Rico.

Caenorhabditis macrosperma is a species of nematodes in the genus Caenorhabditis. Prior to 2014, it was referred to as C. sp. 18. The type isolate was collected in Nouragues, French Guiana.

<i>Caenorhabditis sinica</i> Species of roundworm

Caenorhabditis sinica, is a species of Caenorhabditis nematodes, belonging to the Elegans super-group and Elegans group within the genus. It is closely related to several species isolated from the lands adjacent to the Indian and Pacific Oceans, as well as to C. briggsae and C. nigoni. The species was known as “C. sp. 5” prior to 2014. C. sinica is known for having very high genetic diversity in its genome. Like other Caenorhabditis species, C. sinica is a ~1mm long roundworm with a transparent cuticle and that eats bacteria. Wild isolate strains of C. sinica have been collected from various rotting plant tissue substrates in temperate and tropical regions throughout China since its initial isolation in 2005.

Paul W. Sternberg is an American biologist. He does research for WormBase on C. elegans, a model organism.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Félix, Marie-Anne; Braendle, Christian; Cutter, Asher D. (11 April 2014). "A Streamlined System for Species Diagnosis in Caenorhabditis (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) with Name Designations for 15 Distinct Biological Species". PLOS ONE. 9 (4): e94723. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...994723F. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094723 . PMC   3984244 . PMID   24727800.
  2. 1 2 3 Kiontke, Karin C; Félix, Marie-Anne; Ailion, Michael; Rockman, Matthew V; Braendle, Christian; Pénigault, Jean-Baptiste; Fitch, David HA (2011). "A phylogeny and molecular barcodes for Caenorhabditis, with numerous new species from rotting fruits". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 11 (1): 339. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-339 . PMC   3277298 . PMID   22103856. S2CID   3170363.
  3. ↑ Vielle, Anne; Callemeyn-Torre, Nicolas; Gimond, Clotilde; Poullet, Nausicaa; Gray, Jeremy C.; Cutter, Asher D.; Braendle, Christian (November 2016). "Convergent evolution of sperm gigantism and the developmental origins of sperm size variability in Caenorhabditis nematodes" (PDF). Evolution. 70 (11): 2485–2503. doi:10.1111/evo.13043. PMID   27565121. S2CID   16937726.
  4. 1 2 Ferrari, Céline; Salle, Romain; Callemeyn-Torre, Nicolas; Jovelin, Richard; Cutter, Asher D.; Braendle, Christian (December 2017). "Ephemeral-habitat colonization and neotropical species richness of Caenorhabditis nematodes". BMC Ecology. 17 (1): 43. doi: 10.1186/s12898-017-0150-z . PMC   5738176 . PMID   29258487.
  5. ↑ Zhang, Gaotian; Sachse, Martin; Prevost, Marie-Christine; Luallen, Robert J.; Troemel, Emily R.; Félix, Marie-Anne (12 December 2016). "A Large Collection of Novel Nematode-Infecting Microsporidia and Their Diverse Interactions with Caenorhabditis elegans and Other Related Nematodes". PLOS Pathogens. 12 (12): e1006093. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006093 . PMC   5179134 . PMID   27942022.
  6. ↑ Slos, Dieter; Sudhaus, Walter; Stevens, Lewis; Bert, Wim; Blaxter, Mark (23 February 2017). "Caenorhabditis monodelphis sp. n.: defining the stem morphology and genomics of the genus Caenorhabditis" (PDF). BMC Zoology. 2 (1): 4. doi: 10.1186/s40850-017-0013-2 . S2CID   20541147. ProQuest   2348204867.
  7. ↑ Ben-David, Eyal; Pliota, Pinelopi; Widen, Sonya A.; Koreshova, Alevtina; Lemus-Vergara, Tzitziki; Verpukhovskiy, Philipp; Mandali, Sridhar; Braendle, Christian; Burga, Alejandro; Kruglyak, Leonid (March 2021). "Ubiquitous Selfish Toxin-Antidote Elements in Caenorhabditis Species". Current Biology. 31 (5): 990–1001.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.12.013 . PMID   33417886. S2CID   230972352.
  8. ↑ Noble, Luke M; Yuen, John; Stevens, Lewis; Moya, Nicolas; Persaud, Riaad; Moscatelli, Marc; Jackson, Jacqueline L; Zhang, Gaotian; Chitrakar, Rojin; Baugh, L Ryan; Braendle, Christian; Andersen, Erik C; Seidel, Hannah S; Rockman, Matthew V (11 January 2021). "Selfing is the safest sex for Caenorhabditis tropicalis". eLife. 10: e62587. doi: 10.7554/elife.62587 . PMC   7853720 . PMID   33427200.
  9. ↑ Bird, David McK.; Blaxter, Mark L.; McCarter, James P.; Mitreva, Makedonka; Sternberg, Paul W.; Thomas, W. Kelley (December 2005). "A White Paper on Nematode Comparative Genomics". Journal of Nematology. 37 (4): 408–416. PMC   2620993 . PMID   19262884.


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