| Calanus marshallae | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Copepoda |
| Order: | Calanoida |
| Family: | Calanidae |
| Genus: | Calanus |
| Species: | C. marshallae |
| Binomial name | |
| Calanus marshallae | |
Calanus marshallae is a species of copepod which forms part of the zooplankton in the northern Atlantic Ocean and the northern Pacific Ocean.
Several species of copepod in the genus Calanus tend to dominate the zooplankton of the northern oceans; Calanus finmarchicus is the best known species, but historically there was little to distinguish it from other closely related species. Analysis in 1974 by the American marine biologist B.W. Frost of specimens gathered throughout the northern Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, and the Arctic Ocean, showed that there are three species present; C. finmarchicus, C. glacialis and a new species, C. marshallae. Taxonomic markers were found through which these three species could be identified from each other in the field. [2]
In the northern Atlantic, Calanus marshallae has been recorded from Spitsbergen, Saint Lawrence Island, the Chukchi Sea, the Bering Sea, the coasts of Greenland, the Beaufort Sea, Banks Island and the Aleutian Islands. In the northern Pacific, it is known from the Gulf of Alaska, British Columbia and the coasts of Washington and Oregon. It is an open water species, and the nauplius larvae occur at depths of 65 m (200 ft). [3] C. glacialis is mainly found on the shelf that surrounds the Arctic Ocean, C. finmarchicus mainly in the northern Atlantic Ocean and C. marshallae mainly in the Bering Sea and northern Pacific Ocean.
Calanid copepods play a key role in the food web in northern seas, providing a link between the photosynthetically active primary producers and the commercially important fish which feed in these waters. [4]
As they swim vertically, newly moulted females leave a pheromone trail behind them in the water some tens of centimetres long. Males swim mainly horizontally and on encountering a trail they do a little wiggle dance before chasing and homing in on the female. Following the first contact, the female jerks away and the male follows. After several touch/jump sequences, mating occurs. [5]
Copepods are a group of small crustaceans found in nearly every freshwater and saltwater habitat. Some species are planktonic, some are benthic, a number of species have parasitic phases, and some continental species may live in limnoterrestrial habitats and other wet terrestrial places, such as swamps, under leaf fall in wet forests, bogs, springs, ephemeral ponds, puddles, damp moss, or water-filled recesses of plants (phytotelmata) such as bromeliads and pitcher plants. Many live underground in marine and freshwater caves, sinkholes, or stream beds. Copepods are sometimes used as biodiversity indicators.
The North Pacific right whale is a very large, thickset baleen whale species that is extremely rare and endangered.
Calanidae is the largest taxonomic family of calanoid copepods. It includes the genus Calanus, which may be the most abundant metazoan genus on Earth.
Calanus is a genus of marine copepod in the family Calanidae. The genus was split in 1974, with some species being placed in a new genus, Neocalanus. The following species are recognised:
Diel vertical migration (DVM), also known as diurnal vertical migration, is a pattern of movement used by some organisms, such as copepods, living in the ocean and in lakes. The word "diel" comes from Latin: diēs, lit. 'day', and means a 24-hour period. The migration occurs when organisms move up to the uppermost layer of the sea at night and return to the bottom of the daylight zone of the oceans or to the dense, bottom layer of lakes during the day. It is important to the functioning of deep-sea food webs and the biologically driven sequestration of carbon.
Calanus finmarchicus is a species of copepod and a component of the zooplankton, which is found in enormous amounts in the northern Atlantic Ocean.
Chrysaora melanaster, commonly known as the northern sea nettle or brown jellyfish, is a species of jellyfish native to the northern Pacific Ocean and adjacent parts of the Arctic Ocean. It is sometimes referred to as a Pacific sea nettle, but this name is also used for C. fuscescens; the name Japanese sea nettle was also used for this species, but that name now exclusively refers to C. pacifica. Although jellyfish kept in public aquariums sometimes are referred to as C. melanaster, this is the result of the historical naming confusion and these actually are C. pacifica.
Mertensia ovum, also known as the Arctic comb jelly or sea nut, is a cydippid comb jelly or ctenophore first described as Beroe ovum by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1780. It is the only species in the genus Mertensia. Unusually among ctenophores, which normally prefer warmer waters, it is found in the Arctic and adjacent polar seas, mostly in surface waters down to 50 metres (160 ft).
Neocalanus is a genus of marine copepods. They are a dominant component of the open water ecosystems of the northern Pacific Ocean. Neocalanus are large copepods, reaching body lengths of more than 8 mm (0.31 in) in Neocalanus plumchrus.
Calanus hyperboreus is a copepod found in the Arctic and northern Atlantic. It occurs from the surface to depths of 5,000 metres (16,000 ft).
Calanus glacialis is an Arctic copepod found in the north-western Atlantic Ocean, adjoining waters, and the northwestern Pacific and its nearby waters. It ranges from sea level to 1,800 metres (5,900 ft) in depth. Females generally range from about 3.6 to 5.5 millimetres in length, and males generally range from about 3.9 to 5.4 millimetres in length.
Calanus helgolandicus is a copepod found in the Atlantic, from the North Sea south to the western coast of Africa. The female has an average size of about 2.9 millimetres (0.11 in) and the male has an average size of about 2.7 millimetres (0.11 in).
Calanus pacificus is a species of copepod found in the Pacific Ocean. The female has an average length of about 3.1 millimetres (0.12 in), and the male has a value of about 2.9 millimetres (0.11 in).
Metridia longa is a copepod found in the Arctic, the north Atlantic, the Pacific, and surrounding waters. The female has an average length of about 4.2 millimetres (0.17 in), and the males have an average length of about 3.5 millimetres (0.14 in).
Neocalanus plumchrus is a large species of copepod found in the Pacific and Arctic Oceans. It was described in 1921 H. by Marukawa. N. flemingeri was formerly considered as conspecific, likely as a form, until it was split in 1988 by Charles B. Miller.
Metridia pacifica is a copepod found in the north Pacific and surrounding waters.
Pseudocalanus newmani is a copepod found in Arctic and northern Pacific waters. It was described by Frost in 1989. It is found in the Arctic and surrounding waters. There are multiple generations. Unlike some copepods, P. newmani undergoes reverse diel vertical migration, descending during the night, and ascending during the day, although it may undergo normal or no migration at all depending on predation. This copepod is primarily herbivorous.
Rhincalaus nasutus is a copepod in the family Rhincalanidae.
The lipid pump sequesters carbon from the ocean's surface to deeper waters via lipids associated with overwintering vertically migratory zooplankton. Lipids are a class of hydrocarbon rich, nitrogen and phosphorus deficient compounds essential for cellular structures. This lipid carbon enters the deep ocean as carbon dioxide produced by respiration of lipid reserves and as organic matter from the mortality of zooplankton.
Ann Bucklin is Professor Emeritus of Marine Sciences at the University of Connecticut known for her work using molecular tools to study zooplankton. Bucklin was elected a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1995.
| Authority control databases: National |
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