Calpainopathy

Calpainopathy
Other names	LGMDR1, LMGD2A
Calpainopathy overview
Specialty	Neurology, neuromuscular medicine
Symptoms	proximal muscle weakness, scapular winging
Usual onset	2 - 40 years of age
Duration	Long term
Types	Pelvifemoral, scapulohumeral, hyperCKemia, autosomal dominant
Causes	Genetic (inherited or new mutation)
Diagnostic method	Genetic testing
Differential diagnosis	Other LGMD2, facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, dystrophinopathy, Metabolic myopathy [1]
Management	Physical therapy, bracing, orthopedic surgery
Frequency	1-9/100,000

Calpainopathy is the most common type of autosomal recessive limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD). ^[2] It preferentially affects the muscles of the hip girdle and shoulder girdle.

No disease modifying pharmaceuticals have been developed as of 2019, although physical therapy, lifestyle modification, and orthopedic surgery can address symptoms.

Signs and symptoms

Disease severity varies greatly, even between family members with identical mutations. ^[1] Age of onset is highly variable, although symptoms usually appear between 8 and 15 years of age. ^[3] Patients usually lose the ability to ambulate 10 – 20 years after symptoms appear. ^[3] Milder forms present with symptoms other than weakness, such as muscle aches, cramps, or exercise intolerance, and people in this group can retain ambulation beyond age 60. ^[3] Weakness is symmetric, progressive, and proximal (on or close to the torso), usually affecting the hip girdle and shoulder girdle muscles. ^{[1] [3]} Hip weakness can manifest as a waddling gate. ^[1] Shoulder weakness can manifest as winged scapulas. ^[1] Muscle contractures, especially of the Achilles tendon, and scoliosis can also occur. ^[1]

Heart function and intelligence are generally not affected. ^[1] Additionally, the muscles of the face, eye, tongue, and neck are spared. ^[1]

Subtypes

Three subtypes of the autosomal recessive form have been described

• Pelvifemoral (Leyden-Möbius) LGMD: Weakness is first apparent in the pelvic girdle, and later in the shoulder girdle. Onset is early. It is the most frequent subtype. ^[1]
• Scapulohumeral (Erb) LGMD: Weakness is first apparent the shoulder girdle, and later in the pelvic girdle. Onset is later, and symptoms are milder. ^[1]
• HyperCKemia: No symptoms, although serum creatine kinase levels are high. ^[1]

There is a less common, autosomal dominant form, which is milder than the autosomal recessive forms, ranging from no symptoms to wheel chair dependence after age 60. ^[1]

Genetics

Mutation in the gene CAPN3 , which encodes the protein calpain-3 (CAPN3), is the cause of calpainopathy. ^[1] As of 2019, more than 480 CAPN3 mutations have been reported, some of which can be associated with severe or benign disease course. ^[3] Usually, the disease follows an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern, requiring both CAPN3 alleles to be mutated for disease to occur. ^[1] However, there can be CAPN3 mutations that follow an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. ^[1]

Pathophysiology

Diagram of calpainopathy pathophysiology, showing calcium dysregulation to play a central role.

Schematic representation of CAPN3 structure. Regions specific to CAPN3 are shown in blue (NS, IS1, and IS2). Regions shared with similar proteins are protease core domains (PC1 and PC2), a calpain-type β-sandwich domain (CBSW), and a penta E-F hand domain (PEF) that binds four calcium ions.

As of 2019, the pathophysiology is largely not understood, although it is increasingly becoming accepted that calcium dysregulation plays a role. ^[3]

Calpain 3 is unique from other calpain proteases in that it is relatively specific to muscle. ^[4] Calpain 3 is both a protease and a structural protein. ^[4] As a protease, it cleaves proteins of the sarcomere and cytoskeleton, designating them to be degraded by proteasomes, a part of muscle remodeling. ^[4] The structural role of calpain 3 is stabilization of the triad protein complexes. ^[4] A triad protein complex plays a role converting electrical excitation into calcium release, and it is composed of two calcium channels, the ryanodine receptor (RYR1), and the dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR). ^[4]

With calpain 3 mutation, proteins typically found at the triad are reduced, including CaMKII (Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II). ^[4] Decreased CaMKII activity impairs induction of slow oxidative gene expression, which in turn impairs genes involving the mitochondria and lipid metabolism. ^[4]

Diagnosis

Photomicrograph of muscle affected by calpainopathy. Seen in these views are endomysial fibrosis (black asterisks), central nuclei (black arrows), fiber splitting (yellow triangle), necrosis (black triangles), atrophic fibers (yellow arrows), and increased variation in size and shape. Scale bar: 25 μm

Genetic testing is the most definitive test. ^[1]

If genetic testing is not available, a muscle biopsy with protein immunoanalysis can be used. ^[1] Biopsy shows general dystrophic features, such as areas of muscle death, variability in muscle size, nuclei in the center of muscle fibers, and disorganized muscle fibers within muscle cells. ^[3]

Serum creatine kinase, a nonspecific marker of muscle damage, can be elevated early in the disease. ^[3]

Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) can present similarly, although facial weakness and asymetrical weakness is common in FSHD.^{[ citation needed ]}

Management

As of 2019, no disease-modifying pharmaceuticals are known. ^[3]

Both strength and aerobic exercise have shown to be beneficial, ^[3] although strenuous and excessive exercise should be avoided. ^[1]

Physical therapy can address contractures. ^[1]

Orthopedic surgery address foot deformities, scoliosis, Achilles tendon contractures, and winged scapula. Winged scapula can be addressed with either scapulopexy or scapulothoracic fusion. ^[1]

Circumstances to avoid include extremes of body weight, bone fractures, and prolonged immobility. ^[1]

Epidemiology

Prevalence ranges from 1 to 9 cases per 100,000 people. ^[3] LGMDR1 represents 30% of all LGMD cases. ^[3]

History

CAPN3 mutation was the first gene mutation linked to an LGMD. ^[4]

Research directions

Research is being done to identify the proteins cleaved by calpain-3. ^[5]

Gene therapy is being studied to replace the function of the calpain-3. Injection of plasmids containing CAPN3 into mouse models resulted in increased levels of calpain-3. ^[6]

References

1. Angelini, C; Fanin, M; Adam, MP; Ardinger, HH; Pagon, RA; Wallace, SE; Bean, LJH; Stephens, K; Amemiya, A (1993). Calpainopathy in GeneReviews. PMID   20301490.
2. Pollitt, C; Anderson, LV; Pogue, R; Davison, K; Pyle, A; Bushby, KM (April 2001). "The phenotype of calpainopathy: diagnosis based on a multidisciplinary approach". Neuromuscular Disorders. 11 (3): 287–96. doi:10.1016/s0960-8966(00)00197-8. PMID   11297944. S2CID   20081475.
3. Lasa-Elgarresta, J; Mosqueira-Martín, L; Naldaiz-Gastesi, N; Sáenz, A; López de Munain, A; Vallejo-Illarramendi, A (13 September 2019). "Calcium Mechanisms in Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy with CAPN3 Mutations". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 20 (18): 4548. doi: 10.3390/ijms20184548 . PMC   6770289 . PMID   31540302.
4. Dowling, JJ; Weihl, CC; Spencer, MJ (November 2021). "Molecular and cellular basis of genetically inherited skeletal muscle disorders". Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology. 22 (11): 713–732. doi:10.1038/s41580-021-00389-z. PMC   9686310 . PMID   34257452. S2CID   235822532.
5. Levy, Jennifer (21 January 2020). "Dufour Lab to investigate the biological role of calpain 3 in muscle". Coalition to Cure Calpain 3. Archived from the original on 6 May 2020. Retrieved 6 May 2020.
6. Guha, TK; Pichavant, C; Calos, MP (13 December 2019). "Plasmid-Mediated Gene Therapy in Mouse Models of Limb Girdle Muscular Dystrophy". Molecular Therapy: Methods & Clinical Development. 15: 294–304. doi:10.1016/j.omtm.2019.10.002. PMC   6923511 . PMID   31890729.