Canadian mining in Latin America and the Caribbean

Last updated

Canadian mining in Latin America and the Caribbean began in the 20th century. Latin America and the Caribbean's vast resources give the region great geopolitical importance, attracting foreign interest for centuries. [1] From the colonial race of European empires, to the multinationals of today's neoliberal capitalist world, this region continues to draw interest. [1] Canada's involvement in Latin America increased dramatically since 1989 with several landmark negotiations and agreements. [2] By 2009, the Canadian larger-company mineral exploration market in this region was valued at US$1.7 billion. [3]

Contents

Currently, Latin America and the Caribbean are dominated by Canadian companies falling from a 49% to 32% held control over the larger-company mineral exploration market after the global recession of 2008. [3] The Canadian share of the market is roughly US$59 million more than the amount domestic companies planned to spend in this region. [3] Both Mexico and Chile have the most intense focus of Canadian mining companies; however, their interest and involvement in other Latin American countries is prevalent. [3]

Negotiations and agreements in Latin America

Central America and the Caribbean

[4]

Free Trade Agreements (FTAs)

Ongoing FTA negotiations

Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection (FIPAs)

  • Canada - Costa Rica Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection (FIPA) Date: 29 September 1999
  • Canada - El Salvador Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection (FIPA) Date: 31 May 1999
  • Canada - Panama Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection (FIPA) Date: 13 February 1998
  • Canada - Barbados Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection (FIPA) Date: 17 January 1997
  • Canada - Trinidad and Tobago Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection (FIPA) Date: 8 July 1996

Other types of agreements and initiatives

  • Central America Memorandum of Understanding on Trade and Investment (MOUTI) Date: 18 March 1998

South America (with Andean Community)

[4]

Free Trade Agreements (FTAs)

  • Canada - Colombia Free Trade Agreement Date: 15 August 2011
  • Canada - Peru Free Trade Agreement Date: 1 August 2009
  • Canada - Chile Free Trade Agreement Date: 5 July 1997

Ongoing FTA negotiations

  • Canada - Andean Community Countries Free Trade Discussions
  • Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA)

Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection (FIPAs)

  • Canada - Peru Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection (FIPA) Date: 20 June 2007
  • Canada - Uruguay Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection (FIPA) Date: 2 June 1999
  • Canada - Venezuela Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection (FIPA) Date: 28 January 1998
  • Canada - Ecuador Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection (FIPA) Date: 6 June 1997
  • Canada - Argentina Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection (FIPA) Date: 29 April 1993

Other types of agreements and initiatives

  • Andean Community Trade and Investment Cooperation Arrangement (TICA) Date: 31 May 1999
  • Southern Cone Common Market (MERCOSUR) Trade and Investment Cooperation Arrangements (TICA) Date: 16 June 1998

Neo-liberal capitalism

The Canadian governments involvement and the penetration of Canadian capital in the region reflected the neoliberal movement of the 1980s and 1990s. [1] Much of the Latin American economy was dominated by World Bank and IMF forced policies during the debt crisis of the early 1980s. [1] The late 1990s began a shift in political thought in the region moving towards support for more populist, left and centre-left governments, particularly by peasants. [1] Mercosur, an economic agreement between Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay along with associate members Chile and Bolivia in 1994 want to improve development through protecting the free movement of goods between these countries. [5] Such policies as establishing a common external tariff and a common trade policy promote an infant industry argument. [5] The relaunching of Mercosur in the mid 2000s can be seen as a new form of regionalist governance in the Southern Cone. [5] Canada has become at the centre of this conflict and has received much criticism by anti-imperialist struggles protesting for local control over privatized natural resources. [6] [7]

Foreign aid policy shift

Recently, with the Conservative government of Canada, a dramatic shift in foreign aid has occurred towards middle-income countries in Latin America, causing the abandonment of many projects in Africa. Once again, the Conservative government has come under scrutiny for its Foreign Aid Policy as the Canadian International Development Agency has established foreign-aid pilot projects in South America with large mining corporations, to foster economic growth and international trade in Canada. Since the Conservatives came to power in 2006, over $50 million in projects have been approved and many more are under way. NGOs and mining industry critics have been accusing the Conservative government for subsidizing phony "corporate social responsibility" projects that are led by profitable companies with bad intentions. Jamie Kneen of MiningWatch Canada said that "the government is helping the mining industry to put a positive spin on their operations, despite their negative environmental and human-rights records". In contrast, the president of the Canadian Mining Association Pierre Gratton believes "these projects help improve the image of the industry ... because they are meaningful and have value. This is not just PR." [8]

Cultural, health and environmental concerns

The expansion of Canadian mining companies in Latin America and the Caribbean during the 1990s was never paralleled with official Canadian legislation on standards abroad, which has caused much debate on socio-economic change and conflict to numerous rural and indigenous communities. [9] Traditional production methods are often destroyed, and in regions such as Chile, areas with mining activities have the greatest unemployment and poverty rates in the country. [9] Mining can have adverse effects on non-mineral production, such as agriculture when Canadian mining production leads to soil erosion, such as the case in La Libertad, Colombia. [9] In addition, reports of the spills of harmful chemicals, such as cyanide in local water supplies has increased deaths of livestock and skin disorders and infection among children. [10] Increased social disorganization with violent protests, criminal activities and even deaths and group rape have been suspected to be caused by the involvement of some Canadian mining companies. [11] [12] [13] Increased assassinations of activists have shown the political conflicts and related corruption as divisions between anti and pro-mining groups escalate. [6] [7]

Canadian companies

Ascendant Copper

Involvement in Ecuador

  • Protests over the Junín mining project [14]

Barrick Gold

Toronto-based Barrick Gold Corp, the largest gold producer in the world, has been critiqued by NGOs such as the MiningWatch Canada, Greenpeace, and Amnesty International for their environmental degradation and economic and social impacts in Ancash, Condorhuain, Chilecito, Famatina, and Pascua-Lama. [15] [16]

Involvement in Argentina and Chile

(see Greenpeace Protests)

Since Barrick Gold Corp acquired the Pascua Lama open-pit mine site in 1994 which crosses the borders of Argentina and Chile, environmental concerns such as water pollution and glacier relocation. [1] Protesters carrying sign such as "Harper Go Home!" were displayed upon Prime Minister Stephen Harper's visit in July 2007 and show the growing negative opinion of Canadian relations by Latin Americans. [17]

Involvement in Peru

Conquistador Mines Ltd

Involvement in Colombia

  • Bolivar community protests and conflict [18] [19]

Colombia Goldfields and B2Gold

Involvement in Colombia

  • Caldas and Antioquia community protests [19]

Da Capo Resources (today Vista Gold Corporation)

Goldcorp Inc.

Involvement in Guatemala

The indigenous communities of Guatemala have been rife in protest due to the activities of Goldcorp. In a particular case the Maya-Mam in San Miguel Ixtahuacán have experienced an increase in violence, particularly during an event where the government unleashed security forces killing one man and seriously wounding 16 people. [11] Environmental problems such as deforestation through the clear cutting of 20 square km of forest, the contamination of ground and surface water with the excessive use of cyanide and the extensive draining of water. [11] The contamination of water with arsenic, magnesium, cyanide cooper and iron in San Marcos exceeds the already low regulations on water quality in Guatemala. [11] Damage to the structure of homes is increasingly common due to dynamite explosions. [11] Increased skin and respiratory diseases are also a major issue. [11] The Guatemala government suspended operations of the Canadian Goldcorp's Marlin Mine after the demands of the 18 Maya Indigenous communities affected by the environmental degradation of land. [6] Reports from the Latin American Water Tribunal, the International Labour Organization, the Physicians for Human Rights and the University of Michigan have all negative reports on the mining site, which have been dismissed by Goldcorp and the Canadian government. [6]

Involvement in Honduras

Findings of dangerously high levels of heavy metal poisoning in the blood of children and adults according to World Health Organization and CDC standards in the Siria Valley due to open-pit, cyanide leaching. [10] In 2008 Goldcorp halted operations at the San Martin mine. [10] Canadian government and business such as Aura Minerals still cooperate with the Honduran regime with further investments in corrupt mining practices and low-paid sweatshop industry. Reports of death squad killings in Honduras due to mining activities in general have also occurred. [23]

Greystar Resources

Colombia

  • Santander community protests and conflict [24] [25]

HudBay Minerals Inc.

Involvement in Guatemala

Lawsuits against the company have been launched by a group of 11 women from Guatemala with allegations of gang-rape by security personnel, members of the police and military in 2007 after an attempt to clear people from lands near a mining project. [13] In addition a lawsuit for the murder of a man by private security guards hired by HudBays Guatemalan subsidiary company in 2009 was also put forth in Ontario courts. [13] The brutal murder of an indigenous rural worker and the resulting wounding of seven others by a subsidiary of HudBay Minerals Inc. occurred in 2009 after locals gathered to protest a forced eviction were reported by Amnesty International and other Human rights groups. [26]

Manhattan Minerals Corp

Peru

Metallica Resources Inc

Mexico

Skye Resources

Guatemala

South American Silver Corporation

Bolivia

On 11 July 2012, Bolivian president Evo Morales revoked SASC's mining permit by presidential decree. [36]

Bill C-300

The Corporate Accountability of Mining, Oil and Gas Corporations in Developing Countries Act, also known as Bill C-300, was defeated in a vote of 140 to 134 in the House of Commons of Canada in October 2010. [37] The Summary of the bill states:

The purpose of this enactment is to promote environmental best practices and to ensure the protection and promotion of international human rights standards in respect of the mining, oil or gas activities of Canadian corporations in developing countries. It also gives the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Minister of International Trade the responsibility to issue guidelines that articulate corporate accountability standards for mining, oil or gas activities and it requires the Ministers to submit an annual report to both Houses of Parliament on the provisions and operation of this Act." [38]

Mining companies were extremely opposed to the legislation and believed the bill would cost jobs. [37] [39] For example, a mining executive complained that the bill assumed "Canadian mining companies are bad corporate citizens". [37] He insisted that this "could not be further from the truth". An article written by faculty of law professors from both the University of Toronto and Ottawa in the Canadian Globe and Mail argued if standards are being met then the extreme opposition towards Bill C-311 should not have occurred by mining companies. [37]

Greenpeace protests

In March 2011, Greenpeace Argentina led a campaign against Canadian mining giant Barrick Gold in its attempts to block the application of a new law to protect glaciers passed by parliament in Argentina. [16] [40] The law prohibits any poor environmental standards which would damage and contaminate glaciers. [16] [40]

Accumulation by dispossession

David Harvey's idea of accumulation by dispossession is a framework used by some sociologists, economists, and geographers to understand the activities of Canadian mining companies in Latin America. [1] [41] This idea views that western countries use neoliberal capitalist policies to ensure their wealth and influence by dispossessing the public of their wealth or land. [1] This concept sees the constant need to pursue accumulation of wealth to ensure the current economic model as harmful to the environment and societies. [1]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Free Trade Area of the Americas</span> Failed 2005 trade agreement for North and South America

The Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) was a proposed agreement to eliminate or reduce the trade barriers among all countries in the Americas, excluding Cuba. Negotiations to establish the FTAA ended in failure, however, with all parties unable to reach an agreement by the 2005 deadline they had set for themselves.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dominican Republic–Central America Free Trade Agreement</span> Free trade agreement

The Dominican Republic–Central America–United States Free Trade Agreement is a free trade agreement. Originally, the agreement encompassed the United States and the Central American countries of Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua, and was called CAFTA. In 2004, the Dominican Republic joined the negotiations, and the agreement was renamed CAFTA-DR.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Barrick Gold</span> Canadian mining company

Barrick Gold Corporation is a mining company that produces gold and copper with 16 operating sites in 13 countries. It is headquartered in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It has mining operations in Argentina, Canada, Chile, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Dominican Republic, Mali, Papua New Guinea, Saudi Arabia, Tanzania, the United States and Zambia. In 2019, it produced 5.5 million ounces of gold at all-in sustaining costs of $894/ounce and 432 million pounds of copper at all-in sustaining costs of $2.52/pound. As of 31 December 2019, the company had 71 million ounces of proven and probable gold reserves.

Newmont Corporation is an American gold mining company based in Greenwood Village, Colorado. It is the world's largest gold mining corporation. Incorporated in 1921, it owns gold mines in Nevada, Colorado, Ontario, Quebec, Mexico, the Dominican Republic, Australia, Ghana, Argentina, Peru, and Suriname. In addition to gold, Newmont mines copper, silver, zinc and lead.

Goldcorp Inc. was a gold production company headquartered in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The company stood among the largest gold producers in the world, employed about 15,800 people worldwide, engaged in gold mining and related activities including exploration, extraction, processing and reclamation. Goldcorp’s operating assets included eleven mines in North and South America.

The United States–Peru Trade Promotion Agreement is a bilateral free trade agreement, whose objectives are eliminating obstacles to trade, consolidating access to goods and services and fostering private investment in and between the United States and Peru. Besides commercial issues, it incorporates economic, institutional, intellectual property, labor and environmental policies, among others. The agreement was signed on April 12, 2006; ratified by the Peruvian Congress on June 28, 2006; by the U.S. House of Representatives on November 2, 2007, and by the U.S. Senate on December 4, 2007. The Agreement was implemented on February 1, 2009.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Latin America–United States relations</span> Bilateral relations

Historically speaking, bilateral relations between the various countries of Latin America and the United States of America have been multifaceted and complex, at times defined by strong regional cooperation and at others filled with economic and political tension and rivalry. Although relations between the U.S. government and most of Latin America were limited prior to the late 1800s, for most of the past century, the United States has unofficially regarded parts of Latin America as within its sphere of influence, and for much of the Cold War (1947–1991), actively vied with the Soviet Union for influence in the Western Hemisphere.

Pan American Silver Corporation is a mining company based in Canada with operations in Latin America. The company has mines and other projects in Mexico, Peru, Bolivia, and Argentina.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Argentina–Canada relations</span> Bilateral relations

Bilateral relations between the Argentine Republic and Canada have existed for over a century. Both nations are members of the Cairns Group, G20, Organization of American States and the United Nations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mineral industry of Peru</span>

The mineral industry of Peru has played an important role in that nation's history and been integral to the country's economic growth for several decades. The industry has also contributed to environmental degradation and environmental injustice; and is a source of environmental conflicts that shape public debate on good governance and development.

There are different methods by which gold mining companies are ranked. One is by their annual production. Another is by their cash cost per ounce, that is, how much money it costs them to mine the gold. Since gold prices are the same everywhere, companies with lower costs per ounce make more profit. The most common method lists by market capitalization which considers the total value of capital holdings by that company. Also considered when comparing companies is their market capitalization per ounce of gold equivalent which takes the market value and total reserves and resources for each company as well as the price of gold into consideration. The figures for each company can be used to determine the value the stock market gives to each company's reserves on an ounce to ounce basis.

Wheaton Precious Metals Corp. is a Canadian multinational precious metals streaming company. It produces over 26 million ounces and sells over 29 million ounces of silver mined by other companies as a by-product of their main operations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Free trade agreements of Canada</span> Canadas membership in multinational trade pacts

The free trade agreements of Canada represents Canada's cooperation in multinational trade pacts and plays a large role in the Canadian economy. Canada is regularly described as a trading nation, considering its total trade is worth more than two-thirds of its GDP. Of that total trade, roughly 75% is done with countries that are part of free trade agreements with Canada—primarily the United States through the Canada–United States–Mexico Agreement (CUSMA), and its predecessor the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). By the end of 2014, Canadas bilateral trade hit Can$1 trillion for the first time. Canada is a signatory to 15 free trade agreements with 51 different countries.

The Canadian Group of the Canada-China Legislative Association (CCLA) is a non-partisan forum for the discussion of bilateral and multilateral issues facing the two countries. The CCLA was established in 1998 and promotes the exchange of information between Canadian parliamentarians, and the National Peoples' Congress of the People's Republic of China in order to encourage better understanding and closer ties between the two countries. There are annual bilateral meetings every fall, between National People's Congress members and the Canadian federal parliamentarians.

Pueblo Viejo mine is an open-pit gold and silver mine in the Sánchez Ramírez Province of the Dominican Republic where mining operations started in 2012 and expect to cease in 2041. It is the largest gold mine in Latin America and 13th largest gold mine in the world. The mine is run by Pueblo Viejo Dominicana Corporation (PVDC), which is 60% owned by Barrick Gold Corporation and 40% owned by Newmont Corporation.

The Canada–Peru Free Trade Agreement (CPFTA) is a free trade agreement between Peru and Canada. It was signed on 29 May 2008 and entered into force on 1 August 2009.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Canada–Senegal relations</span> Diplomatic relations between Canada and Senegal

Canada–Senegal relations are the diplomatic relations between Canada and Senegal. Both nations are members of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie.

The Canada-China Promotion and Reciprocal Protection of Investments Agreement or Canada China FIPA is a bilateral investment treaty between Canada and China which came into force on 1 October 2014. The Foreign Investment Protection Agreement (FIPA) or Foreign Investment Protection and Promotion Agreement (FIPPA) are Canadian names for BITs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Escobal mine protests</span> Escobal mine protests

The Escobal mine protests are a series of political protests opposing the Escobal mine, a large silver mine developed by Canadian mining company Tahoe Resources in San Rafael Las Flores, Guatemala. Since 2009 various community groups have advocated against the mine, citing risks of environmental damage and the land sovereignty rights of the indigenous Xinca people. These groups have employed nonviolent protest tactics such as blockading mine property and voting in municipal referendums, which found that over 95% of residents in surrounding communities opposed the Escobal mine.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Gordon, Todd; Webber, Jeffrey (2008). "Imperialism and Resistance: Canadian mining companies in Latin America". Third World Quarterly. 29 (1): 63–87. doi:10.1080/01436590701726509. S2CID   154676563.
  2. ↑ Daudelin, Jean (2003). "Foreign Policy at the Fringe Canada and Latin America". International Journal. 58 (4): 637–666. doi:10.2307/40203889. JSTOR   40203889.
  3. 1 2 3 4 "Overview of Trends in Canadian Mineral Exploration". Natural Resources Canada. 2009. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
  4. 1 2 "Negotiations and Agreements, by Category". Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development Canada. 27 May 2013. Archived from the original on 10 January 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
  5. 1 2 3 Phillips, Nicola (2001). "Regionalist governance in the new political economy of development: "relaunching" the Mercosur" (PDF). Third World Quarterly. 22 (4): 565–583. doi:10.1080/01436590120071786. S2CID   53634572.
  6. 1 2 3 4 North, Liisa L.; Henry Heller (January–February 2011). "Bad Neighbors". Canadian Dimension. 45 (1): 19–23.
  7. 1 2 "World Report 2012: Peru". Human Rights Watch. 22 January 2012. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
  8. ↑ Leblanc, Daniel. "CIDA funds seen to be subsidizing mining firms". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
  9. 1 2 3 Clark, Tim (January 2003). Canadian Mining Companies in Latin America: Community Rights and Corporate Responsibility (PDF). Cerlac Colloquia Paper Series. Centre for Research on Latin American and the Caribbean, York University.
  10. 1 2 3 Spring, Karen; Russell, Grahame (9 May 2011). "The Real Cost of Gold in Honduras: Goldcorp and Honduras Regime Cover-up Blood and Urine Testing and Poisoning at San Martin Mine". Honduras: Rights Action. Retrieved 9 May 2011.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Garcia, Rocio; Yagenova, Simona (November 2009). "Indigenous People's Struggles Against Transnational Mining Companies in Guatemala: The Sipakapa People vs GoldCorp Mining Company". Socialism and Democracy. 23 (3): 157–166. doi:10.1080/08854300903208795. S2CID   143942422.
  12. ↑ "Guatemala: Killings must not go unpunished – Media Release". Archived from the original on 17 September 2010.
  13. 1 2 3 Castillo, Moises (29 March 2011). "HudBay to investigate gang rape allegations". CBC News. The Canadian Press.
  14. ↑ Weydt, Lizzy (20 December 2006). "Ecuador: Escalation in the Junín Copper Conflict". Upside Down World. Retrieved 17 July 2014.
  15. ↑ "Transnational Mining Tribunal: The Case of Barrick Gold Corporation in Latin America (Chile, Argentina and Peru)". MiningWatch Canada . 2 December 2006. Archived from the original on 10 January 2014. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
  16. 1 2 3 Blomme, Brian (1 March 2011). "Greenpeace challenged Canadian mining giant Barrick Gold's opposition to glacier protection". Greenpeace Canada. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
  17. ↑ Foot, R. (19 July 2007). "Anti-mine protesters greet Harper on Chile visit". Vancouver Sun.
  18. ↑ Knox, Paul (1 June 2001). "Canada's role in Colombia probed". The Globe and Mail. p. A11.
  19. 1 2 MiningWatch Canada; CENSAT-Agua Viva (September 2009). Land and Conflict Resource Extraction, Human Rights, and Corporate Social Responsibility: Canadian Companies in Colombia (PDF) (Report). Inter Pares. pp. 1–78. ISBN   978-0-9781200-5-4.
  20. ↑ Patterson, K. (1 October 2005). "Open veins: bloody conflicts are erupting around the world over Canadian mining projects". Ottawa Citizen.
  21. ↑ Orellana Aillón, Lorgio (1998). "La Masacre de Navidad. Un fragmento de la violencia estatal y resistencia popular en Bolivia" [The Christmas Slaughter: A fragment of state violence and popular resistance in Bolivia](PDF). Nueva Sociedad (in Spanish). 153: 104–119.
  22. ↑ Roncallo, Alejandra (2006). "Bolivia's Amayapampa and Capasirca Mines: Social Resistance and State Repression". In North, Liisa; Patroni, Viviana; Clark, Timothy David (eds.). Community Rights and Corporate Responsibility. Between The Lines. pp. 63–86. ISBN   978-1-8970-7110-6.
  23. ↑ Spring, Karen; Russell, Grahame (February 2011). "Military Coups, Mining & Canadian Involvement in Honduras". Canadian Dimension. 45 (1): 27–29.
  24. ↑ "Colombia not safe, Foreign Affairs Ministry says". Vancouver Sun. 4 May 2002. p. A2.
  25. ↑ Hylton, Forrest (2006). Evil Hour in Colombia. London: Verso. p. 80. ISBN   978-1-84467-072-7.
  26. ↑ "Rights Action Choc v. HudBay - Wrongful Death Lawsuit Against Canadian Mining Company December 2, 2010". Archived from the original on 26 August 2011.
  27. ↑ Orozco, E. (3 January 2002). "Manhattan Minerals likes prospects in Peru's Tambogrande project: gold and copper mine". National Post. p. FP4.
  28. ↑ "Peruvian farmers try to prevent strip mining". Vancouver Sun. 12 February 2003. p. C2.
  29. ↑ Leger, K. (15 May 2001). "Murder, mayhem and mining: Canadian company caught in fracas over Peruvian plans". National Post. p. C1.
  30. ↑ Riofrio, Francisco Ojeda (2006). "Tambogrande: A Community in Defence of its Rights". In North, Liisa; Patroni, Viviana; Clark, Timothy David (eds.). Community Rights and Corporate Responsibility. Between The Lines. pp. 60–62. ISBN   978-1-8970-7110-6.
  31. ↑ Kozak, R. (4 June 2002). "Manhattan mine scheme rejected: citizens in Peruvian village vote solidly to disallow project". National Post. p. FP10.
  32. ↑ Garcia, Maria Elena; Lucero, Jose Antonio (2004). "Un País sin Indígenas? Rethinking Indigenous Politics in Peru". In Grey Postero, Nancy; Zamosc, Leon (eds.). The Struggle for Indigenous Rights in Latin America. Sussex Academic Press. pp. 158–188. ISBN   978-1-8451-9063-7.
  33. ↑ Leahy, Stephen. "Mexicans Protest Canadian Mining Company". www.banderasnews.com.
  34. ↑ Paley, Dawn (11 January 2007). "This is What Development Looks Like: Part I: Skye Resources and Land Reoccupation in Guatemala". The Dominion. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 17 July 2014.
  35. ↑ Paley, Dawn (11 January 2007). "This is What Development Looks Like: Part II: Canadian Mining Firm Burns Homes". The Dominion. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 17 July 2014.
  36. ↑ Jordan, Pav (12 July 2012). "In Latin America, Nationalism Stumps Canadian Mining Companies". The Globe and Mail.
  37. 1 2 3 4 Simons, Penelope (3 November 2010). "Defeat of responsible mining bill is missed opportunity". The Globe and Mail.
  38. ↑ "Bill - C-300". Parliament of Canada. 2009. Retrieved 10 January 2014.
  39. ↑ Curry, Bill (27 October 2010). "Lobbying blitz helps kill mining ethics bill". The Globe and Mail.
  40. 1 2 Casarino, Marcela. "Greenpeace protesta contra la minera Barrick frente a la embajada de Canadá" [Greenpeace protest against Barrick in front of the Canadian Embassy]. Greenpeace Argentina (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 January 2014.
  41. ↑ Harvey, David (2004). Panitch, Leo; Leys, Colin (eds.). "The 'New' Imperialism: Accumulation by Dispossession". Socialist Register. 40 (40): 64.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.