Carla Gugino

Last updated

Carla Gugino
Carla Gugino 2017 4.jpg
Gugino in 2017
Born (1971-08-29) August 29, 1971 (age 52)
OccupationActress
Years active1988–present
Partner Sebastián Gutiérrez (1996–present)
Relatives Carol Merrill (aunt)

Carla Gugino ( /ɡʊˈn/ guu-JEE-noh; born August 29, 1971) is an American actress. After early roles in the films Troop Beverly Hills (1989), This Boy's Life (1993), Son in Law (1993), and Snake Eyes (1998), Gugino received wider recognition for her starring roles in the Spy Kids trilogy (2001–2003), Sin City (2005), Night at the Museum (2006), American Gangster (2007), Righteous Kill (2008), Race to Witch Mountain (2009), Sally Jupiter in Watchmen (2009), Sucker Punch (2011), Mr. Popper's Penguins (2011), San Andreas (2015), Gerald's Game (2017), and Gunpowder Milkshake (2021).

Contents

Gugino also starred in the crime drama series Karen Sisco (2003), the science fiction series Threshold (2005–2006), the crime drama series Jett (2019), and the supernatural horror miniseries The Haunting of Hill House (2018), The Haunting of Bly Manor (2020), and The Fall of the House of Usher (2023).

Early life

Gugino was born in Sarasota, Florida, to Carl Gugino, an orthodontist of Italian descent, [1] and Susan Gugino, a mother of English and Irish descent [2] described as "Bohemian". [3] Her parents separated when she was two, [4] after which she travelled between her father and half-brother Carl Jr.'s home in Sarasota, and her Paradise, California, home, to which her mother moved her when she was four.

She has said of her upbringing, "I lived in a tepee in Northern California and a van in Big Sur. With my dad, I lived in a beautiful house with a swimming pool and a tennis court and went to Europe for the summers. So I feel like I lived two childhoods." She worked as a teenage fashion model, and took acting classes at the suggestion of her aunt, former Let's Make a Deal spokesmodel Carol Merrill. [3] She eventually came to support herself, and with her parents' support, was legally emancipated by the time she was 16. [1]

Career

Gugino's television work during the late 1980s and early 1990s included appearances on Good Morning, Miss Bliss , Saved by the Bell , Who's the Boss? , ALF , Doogie Howser, M.D. , The Wonder Years , Webster and a recurring role on Falcon Crest . In film, Gugino appeared in the Shelley Long film Troop Beverly Hills (1989), and she co-starred with Pauly Shore in the romantic comedy Son in Law (1993). She appeared in the video to Bon Jovi's 1994 song "Always".

In 1995, Gugino appeared as Nan St. George (later the Duchess of Trevenick) with Greg Wise and James Frain in the BBC miniseries The Buccaneers , an adaptation of Edith Wharton's last novel. She played Ashley Schaeffer, Michael J. Fox's character's love interest, during the first season of the sitcom Spin City in 1996. She played opposite Nicolas Cage in Brian De Palma's Snake Eyes , and in Judas Kiss , which she also co-produced. She appeared as Dr. Gina Simon during the final season of the television medical drama Chicago Hope (1999–2000).

In 2001, she appeared as family matriarch Ingrid Cortez in the first Spy Kids film (as well as the film's two sequels in 2002 and 2003). That same year she appeared as Jet Li's love interest in the martial arts action thriller The One .

She starred in two short-lived TV series: ABC's Elmore Leonard crime drama Karen Sisco in 2003, and CBS' science fiction series Threshold in 2005. That same year, Gugino appeared as Lucille in the feature film adaptation of Frank Miller's graphic novel Sin City . The following year, she appeared in the film Night at the Museum as Ben Stiller's love interest.

Gugino made her Broadway debut in the Roundabout Theatre Company production of Arthur Miller's play, After the Fall opposite Peter Krause. [5] In late 2006, she appeared in an Off-Broadway production of Tennessee Williams' Suddenly Last Summer opposite Blythe Danner. [6]

Gugino appeared as Amanda, Vincent Chase's agent, in a dozen episodes of the cable television series Entourage . [7] Gugino appeared in the May 2007 issue of Allure . [8] That same year she appeared in the action-horror film Rise: Blood Hunter and the feature film American Gangster . The following year, she played the female lead in the thriller Righteous Kill , opposite Robert De Niro and Al Pacino.

From January 17 to February 17, 2009, Gugino starred as Abby in Eugene O'Neill's Desire Under the Elms at the Goodman Theater in Chicago, Illinois. Charles Isherwood of The New York Times praised Gugino's performance, saying, "Ms. Gugino displays a depth and range of expression that I cannot imagine any other actress achieving with such blazing honesty and wrenching truth. She is simply magnificent." [9] During the first three months of 2009, three feature films premiered featuring Gugino: the thriller The Unborn , the film Watchmen , in which she played Sally Jupiter, [10] and the adventure remake Race to Witch Mountain , in which she starred opposite Dwayne Johnson. That April, she received an Outer Critics Circle Award nomination [11] for Outstanding Actress in a Play for her performance in Desire Under the Elms. Later, in November of that year, she played a pornographic actress in the comedy film Women in Trouble , which spawned a sequel in 2010, Elektra Luxx , titled after her character.

In 2011, Gugino appeared as Madame Vera Gorsky in Zack Snyder's action-fantasy film Sucker Punch alongside Abbie Cornish and Emily Browning. Gugino sang a duet with co-star Oscar Isaac, which appeared in the end credits and in the film's soundtrack. She also guest starred on the fourth season of Californication as Abby Rhodes, Hank Moody's attorney and love interest.

Gugino at WonderCon 2015 Carla Gugino (17056173432).jpg
Gugino at WonderCon 2015

In mid-2012, Gugino had a lead role as Susan Berg, a Washington, D.C., investigative reporter, on the USA Network's miniseries Political Animals . In 2015, she had a lead role in the disaster film San Andreas , in which she once again starred opposite Dwayne Johnson.

In 2020, Gugino played Carol in Alice Birch's Anatomy of a Suicide at the Atlantic Theater Company. [5]

Personal life

In 1996, Gugino began a relationship with her collaborator, Sebastián Gutiérrez. [12] [13] [14] Gugino stated in 2009 that they had no plans to marry: "Marriage isn't important for us. We like being boyfriend and girlfriend; there's something sexy and fun about that. We're very much about, 'There’s nothing holding us here other than our desire to be together.'" [12]

Filmography

Film

YearTitleRoleNotes
1989 Troop Beverly Hills Chica Barnfell
1990 Welcome Home, Roxy Carmichael Young Roxy
1992Murder Without Motive: The Edmund Perry StoryAllison ConnorsTelevision film
A Private Matter Mary BethTelevision film
1993 This Boy's Life Norma
Red Hot Valentina
Son in Law Rebecca Warner
1994 Motorcycle Gang Leann MorrisTelevision film
1995 Miami Rhapsody Leslie
1996 Homeward Bound II: Lost in San Francisco DelilahVoice
The War at Home Melissa
Wedding Bell Blues Violet
Michael Bride
1997 Lovelife Amy
1998 Jaded Megan 'Meg' Harris
Snake Eyes Julia Costello
Judas Kiss Coco Chavez
1999Bonne NuitCarol ReevesTelevision film
A Season for Miracles Emilie ThompsonTelevision film
2001 Spy Kids Ingrid Cortez
The Center of the World Jerri
The Jimmy Show Annie O'Brien
The One T.K. / Massie Walsh
She Creature LilyTelevision film
2002 Spy Kids 2: Island of Lost Dreams Ingrid Cortez
2003 The Singing Detective Betty Dark / Hooker
Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over Ingrid Cortez
2005The Life CoachCarla
Sin City Lucille
2006 Even Money Veronica
Night at the Museum Rebecca
2007 The Lookout Janet
Rise: Blood Hunter Eve
American Gangster Laurie Roberts
2008 Righteous Kill Karen Corelli
2009 The Unborn Janet Beldon
SparksRobinShort film
Watchmen Sally Jupiter / Silk Spectre
Race to Witch Mountain Dr. Alex Friedman
The Mighty Macs Cathy Rush
Women in Trouble Elektra Luxx
Under the HoodSally Jupiter / Silk SpectreShort film
ApocryphaWomanShort film
2010 Elektra Luxx Elektra Luxx / CeliaCredited as "Taryn Gugino"
Tell-TaleFemme FataleShort film
Every Day Robin
Faster Cicero
2011 I Melt with You Officer Boyde
Girl Walks into a Bar Francine Driver
HideD.D. WarrenTelevision film
Sucker Punch Dr. Vera Gorski
Mr. Popper's Penguins Amanda
New Year's Eve Spiritual Dr. MorrisetSegment: "Maternity Ward"
2012 Hotel Noir Hanna Click
2013By Virtue FallActress
Man of Steel Kelor [15] Voice
2014 Match Lisa Davis
2015 San Andreas Emma Gaines
2016 Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice ShipVoice
Wolves Jenny Keller
Bling CatherineVoice
2017 The Space Between Us Kendra Wyndham
Gerald's Game Jessie
2018 Elizabeth Harvest Claire
2021 Zack Snyder's Justice League ShipVoice
With/In: Volume 2 WriterSegment: "20 Questions"
Gunpowder Milkshake Madeleine
2024 Orion and the Dark Orion's MomVoice
Lisa Frankenstein Janet Swallows
TBAVeo Veo A FamilySandraShort film; post-production
TBA Heads of State TBAFilming
TBA The Friend TBAFilming

Television

YearTitleRoleNotes
1988 Webster HeatherEpisode: "Homecoming"
Good Morning, Miss Bliss Karen1 episode
Who's the Boss? JaneEpisode: "Prom Night II"
Saved by the Bell KarenEpisode: "Summer Love"
1989 ALF LauraEpisode: "Standing in the Shadows of Love"
1989–1990 Falcon Crest Sydney St. James11 episodes
1990 American Dreamer Young JessicaMiniseries
Ferris Bueller Ann PeysonEpisode: "Stand-In Deliver"
1991 Doogie Howser, M.D. Sara NewmanEpisode: "Planet of the Dateless"
The Wonder Years SandyEpisode: "Triangle"
1992 Quantum Leap Michelle Temple CutterEpisode: "Ghost Ship – August 13, 1956"
Davis Rules Kathi2 episodes
1994 Rebel Highway Leann Morris1 episode
1995 The Buccaneers Nan St. GeorgeMiniseries
1996, 1998 Spin City Ashley SchaefferMain role (13 episodes)
1999Hotel AlexandriaUn­knownMiniseries
1999–2000 Chicago Hope Dr. Gina Simon23 episodes
2003 Karen Sisco Karen SiscoMiniseries
2005–2006 Threshold Dr. Molly Anne Caffrey13 episodes
2007–2010 Entourage Amanda Daniels 12 episodes
2011 Californication Abby Rhodes10 episodes
2012 Justified A.D. Karen GoodallEpisode: "Cut Ties"
Political Animals Susan BergMiniseries
New Girl Emma3 episodes
2015–2016 Wayward Pines Kate Hewson11 episodes
2015 The Brink Joanne "Jo" LarsonMiniseries
2016 Roadies Shelli AndersonMiniseries
2017 Nashville VirginiaEpisode: "If Tomorrow Never Comes"
2018 Robot Chicken Joyce Byers / Meg AltmanVoice, episode: "Mr. Mozzarella's Hamburger Skateboard Depot"
The Haunting of Hill House Olivia CrainMiniseries
2019 Jett Daisy "Jett" KowalskiMiniseries
2020 Manhunt: Deadly Games Kathy Scruggs6 episodes
The Haunting of Bly Manor The Storyteller / Older JamieMiniseries
2021 Midnight Mass JudgeMiniseries
Leopard SkinAlba FontanaMiniseries
2023 The Fall of the House of Usher VernaMiniseries [16]
2024 The Girls on the Bus Grace Gordon GreeneMain role
Key
Denotes works that have not yet been released

Music videos

YearTitleArtist(s)Role
1994"Always" Bon Jovi Herself
2016"Where's the Love?" The Black Eyed Peas (featuring The World)Herself

Accolades

In 2009, Gugino was honored by the National Italian American Foundation (NIAF). During the Foundation's 34th Anniversary Gala in Washington, D.C., she received NIAF's Special Achievement Award for Entertainment, presented by her close friend, actress Connie Britton. [17]

YearAwardCategoryWorkResult
1999 Blockbuster Entertainment Awards Favorite Supporting Actress – Suspense Snake Eyes Nominated
2005 Golden Schmoes Awards Best T&A of the Year Sin City Nominated
2006GoldDerby AwardsBest Ensemble Cast (with cast)Nominated
2007 Capri Hollywood International Film Festival AwardsCapri Italian American AwardWon
Online Film & Television Association AwardsBest Guest Actress in a Comedy Series Entourage Nominated
2008 Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture American Gangster Nominated
2009 Scream Awards Best Supporting Actress Watchmen Nominated
2011 Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Actress – Action Faster Nominated
2015 Los Angeles Independent Film Festival Awards Best ActressTell-TaleNominated
2017Fright Meter Awards Gerald's Game Won
2019 Saturn Awards Best Actress in a Streaming Presentation The Haunting of Hill House Nominated
2024 Critics' Choice Television Awards Best Actress in a Movie/Miniseries The Fall of the House of Usher Nominated
Critics' Choice Super Awards Best Villain in a Series Pending

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Judy Davis</span> Australian film, television, and stage actress (born 1955)

Judith Davis is an Australian actress. In a career spanning over four decades of both screen and stage, she has been commended for her versatility and regarded as one of the finest actresses of her generation. Frequent collaborator Woody Allen described her as "one of the most exciting actresses in the world". Davis has received numerous accolades, including nine AACTA Awards, three Primetime Emmy Awards, two BAFTA Awards, and two Golden Globe Awards, in addition to nominations for two Academy Awards.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blair Brown</span> American actress

Bonnie Blair Brown is an American theater, film and television actress. She has had a number of high-profile roles, including in the play Copenhagen on Broadway, the leading actress in the films Altered States (1980), Continental Divide (1981) and Strapless (1989), as well as a run as the title character in the comedy-drama television series The Days and Nights of Molly Dodd, which ran from 1987 to 1991. Her later roles include Nina Sharp on the Fox television series Fringe and Judy King on the Netflix series Orange Is the New Black.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Miranda Otto</span> Australian actress

Miranda Otto is an Australian actress. She is the daughter of actors Barry and Lindsay Otto and the paternal half-sister of actress Gracie Otto. Otto began her acting career in 1986 at age 18 and appeared in a variety of independent and major studio films in Australia. She made her major film debut in Emma's War in 1987 in which she played a teenager who moves to Australia's bush country during World War II.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Patricia Clarkson</span> American actress

Patricia Davies Clarkson is an American actress. She has starred in numerous leading and supporting roles in a variety of films ranging from independent film features to major film studio productions. Her accolades include a Golden Globe Award and three Primetime Emmy Awards, in addition to nominations for an Academy Award and a Tony Award.

<i>Out of Sight</i> 1998 US crime comedy film by Steven Soderbergh

Out of Sight is a 1998 American crime comedy film directed by Steven Soderbergh and written by Scott Frank, adapted from Elmore Leonard's 1996 novel of the same name. The first of several collaborations between Soderbergh and actor George Clooney, it was released on June 26, 1998.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dianne Wiest</span> American actress (born 1948)

Dianne Evelyn Wiest is an American actress. She has won two Academy Awards for Best Supporting Actress for 1986’s Hannah and Her Sisters and 1994’s Bullets Over Broadway, one Golden Globe Award for Bullets over Broadway, the 1997 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series for Road to Avonlea, and the 2008 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series for In Treatment. In addition, she was nominated for an Academy Award for 1989’s Parenthood.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Katie Finneran</span> American actress (born 1971)

Katie Finneran is an American actress best known for her Tony Award–winning performances in the Broadway play Noises Off in 2002, and the musical Promises, Promises in 2010.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jean Smart</span> American actress (born 1951)

Jean Elizabeth Smart is an American actress. After beginning her career in regional theater in the Pacific Northwest, she appeared on Broadway in 1981 as Marlene Dietrich in the biographical play Piaf. Smart was later cast in a leading role as Charlene Frazier Stillfield on the CBS sitcom Designing Women, in which she starred from 1986 to 1991.

<i>Karen Sisco</i> American crime drama television series

Karen Sisco is an American crime drama television series starring Carla Gugino in the title role. The series was created by novelist Elmore Leonard, based on a character who had appeared in several of his written works, as well as one film adaptation, 1998's Out of Sight. The series debuted on October 1, 2003 on ABC, and was canceled after ten episodes, with Gugino later reprising her role from the series in a 2012 third season episode of Justified.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Niecy Nash</span> American actress and television host (born 1970)

Carol Denise Betts is an American actress and television host. Her acting career began in the late 1990s, with appearances in the films Boys on the Side (1995) and Cookie's Fortune (1999). She garnered recognition for her portrayal of Deputy Raineesha Williams in the comedy series Reno 911!, along with hosting the Style Network show Clean House (2003—2010), for which she won a Daytime Emmy Award.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mare Winningham</span> American actress and singer-songwriter (born 1959)

Mary Megan Winningham, known professionally as Mare Winningham, is an American actress and singer-songwriter. She is the recipient of two Primetime Emmy Awards and has been nominated for an Academy Award, two Golden Globe Awards and two Tony Awards.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Romola Garai</span> British actress

Romola Sadie Garai is a British actress and film director. Known for her extensive work on stage and screen, she often acts in period films. Her early film roles include Nicholas Nickleby (2002), I Capture the Castle (2003), Inside I'm Dancing (2004), and Dirty Dancing: Havana Nights (2004). She has gained prominence for her performances in the critically acclaimed costume dramas such as Vanity Fair (2004), As You Like It (2006), Amazing Grace (2007), Atonement (2007), Glorious 39 (2009), and Suffragette (2015).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kathy Baker</span> American actress (born 1950)

Katherine Whitton Baker is an American actress. Baker began her career in theater and made her screen debut in the 1983 drama film The Right Stuff. She received the National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress and an Independent Spirit Award nomination for her performance in Street Smart (1987). Baker also has appeared in over 50 films, including Jacknife (1989), Edward Scissorhands (1990), The Cider House Rules (1999), Cold Mountain (2003), Nine Lives (2005), The Jane Austen Book Club (2007), Last Chance Harvey (2008), Take Shelter (2011), Saving Mr. Banks (2013), and The Age of Adaline (2015).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rya Kihlstedt</span> American actress

Rya Kihlstedt is an American actress. She starred in the 1997 comedy film Home Alone 3 as Alice Ribbons. The following years she appeared in films Deep Impact (1998), Women in Trouble (2009) and The Atticus Institute (2015). On television, she had a recurring roles as Dr. Michelle Ross in the Showtime crime drama Dexter and as Marilyn Rhodes in the ABC musical drama Nashville. In 2015, she starred in the NBC miniseries Heroes Reborn.

Lisa Emery is an American stage, film, and television actress. Emery is best known for playing Darlene Snell on Netflix series Ozark.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Malin Akerman</span> Swedish and American actress (born 1978)

Malin Maria Akerman is a Swedish and American actress. She first appeared in smaller parts in both Canadian and American productions, including The Utopian Society (2003) and Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle (2004). Following a main role on the HBO mockumentary series The Comeback (2005), Akerman co-starred in the commercially successful romantic comedies The Heartbreak Kid (2007) and 27 Dresses (2008). She gained wider recognition for her role as Silk Spectre II in the 2009 superhero film Watchmen, for which she received a Saturn Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress.

<i>Women in Trouble</i> 2009 film by Sebastian Gutierrez

Women in Trouble is a 2009 American sex comedy film written, produced, and directed by Sebastian Gutierrez and starring Carla Gugino, Connie Britton, Emmanuelle Chriqui, Marley Shelton, Adrianne Palicki, Simon Baker, and Josh Brolin. It was shot in 10 days for $50,000.

<i>Elektra Luxx</i> 2010 film by Sebastian Gutierrez

Elektra Luxx is a 2010 comedy film directed and written by Sebastian Gutierrez featuring Carla Gugino. The film is a sequel to the ensemble comedy Women in Trouble. The film premiered at the South by Southwest Film Festival in 2010, where it was acquired by Sony Pictures, and it was released to the rest of the country on March 11, 2011.

Sebastián Gutiérrez is a Venezuelan film director, screenwriter and film producer. He wrote the screenplays to the films Gothika, Snakes on a Plane, The Eye and The Big Bounce, and wrote and directed two independent ensemble comedies, Women in Trouble and Elektra Luxx.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Uzo Aduba</span> American actress

Uzoamaka Nwanneka "Uzo" Aduba is an American actress. She gained wide recognition for her role as Suzanne "Crazy Eyes" Warren on the Netflix original series Orange Is the New Black (2013–2019), for which she won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series in 2014, an Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 2015, and two SAG Awards for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Comedy Series in 2014 and 2015. She is one of only two actors to win an Emmy Award in both the comedy and drama categories for the same role.

References

  1. 1 2 "Star of the Day – Carla Gugino" Archived October 10, 2010, at the Wayback Machine The Internet Movie Database; Accessed October 12, 2010
  2. Webb Mitovich, Matt. "Threshold Plan Is a Success for Gugino" TVGuide.com; October 21, 2005
  3. 1 2 Deggans, Eric. "Floridian: Take 2, 'Karen Sisco'" Archived December 19, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Saint Petersburg Times ; September 22, 2003
  4. Landua, Peter. "A Woman We Love: Carla Gugino" Archived January 8, 2009, at the Wayback Machine Esquire ; December 31, 2003
  5. 1 2 Soloski, Alexis (February 12, 2020). "Carla Gugino: 'Sexuality is a primal part of who we are but it's been misused'". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved April 2, 2024.
  6. Brantley, Ben (November 16, 2006). "Another Magnolia Blossom at Risk". The New York Times . Archived from the original on July 20, 2008. Retrieved January 20, 2012.
  7. Hochman, David (April 6, 2007). "Agent Provocative: Carla Gugino Teases HBO's Entourage". TV Guide.com. Archived from the original on March 17, 2011.
  8. "Stars line up for naked spread". ContactMusic.com. World Entertainment News Network. April 24, 2007. Archived from the original on June 22, 2015. Retrieved August 3, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  9. Isherwood, Charles (February 4, 2009). "A New Look at an Old Farm Threatened by Heat". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 11, 2021.
  10. Kit, Borys (August 9, 2007). "'Watchmen' adds Gugino as do-gooder". The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 1, 2007.
  11. "Archive 2008–2009". outercritics.org. Outer Critics Circle Awards. Archived from the original on January 2, 2014. Retrieved January 20, 2012.
  12. 1 2 Bartolomeo, Joey (February 11, 2009). "Carla Gugino: The Most Beautiful People Laugh, Love and Have Great Sex" Archived May 30, 2016, at the Wayback Machine . People .
  13. Salto, Stephen (March 10, 2011). "Carla Gugino and Sebastian Gutierrez’s Life of 'Luxx'-ury" Archived May 17, 2014, at the Wayback Machine . IFC.
  14. Kirby, Brandon (September 28, 2012). "Carla Gugino, Kevin Connolly Attend Private Screening for 'Hotel Noir'" Archived October 31, 2018, at the Wayback Machine . The Hollywood Reporter .
  15. Mitchell, Maurice (June 18, 2013). "Every Hidden Easter Egg in MAN OF STEEL – UPDATED [List]". TheGeekTwins.com. Archived from the original on August 6, 2017. Retrieved June 13, 2015.
  16. Doupe, Tyler (August 29, 2022). "Mike Flanagan's 'The Fall of the House of Usher' is officially in Post-Production". Dead Central. Archived from the original on August 29, 2022. Retrieved August 29, 2022.
  17. NIAF 34th Anniversary Gala Review Archived November 3, 2011, at the Wayback Machine ; October 28, 2009; Accessed January 20, 2012.