Centaurus A/M83 Group

Centaurus A/M83 group
Centaurus A/M83 group
	The Centaurus A galaxy is the largest and most massive galaxy in the group
Observation data (Epoch )
Constellation(s)	Hydra, Centaurus, and Virgo
Right ascension	13h 20m
Declination	−44° 58′
Brightest member	Centaurus A
Number of galaxies	44
Other designations
	NGC 5128 Group, Centaurus A Group, LGG 344
	See also: Galaxy group, Galaxy cluster, List of galaxy groups and clusters

Last updated March 06, 2023

The Centaurus A/M83 Group is a complex group of galaxies in the constellations Hydra, Centaurus, and Virgo. The group may be roughly divided into two subgroups. The Cen A Subgroup, at a distance of 11.9 Mly (3.66 Mpc), is centered on Centaurus A, a nearby radio galaxy.^[3] The M83 Subgroup, at a distance of 14.9 Mly (4.56 Mpc), is centered on the Messier 83 (M83), a face-on spiral galaxy.^[3]

This group is sometimes identified as one group^[4]^[5] and sometimes identified as two groups.^[6] Hence, some references will refer to two objects named the Centaurus A Group and the M83 Group. However, the galaxies around Centaurus A and the galaxies around M83 are physically close to each other, and both subgroups appear not to be moving relative to each other.^[3]

The Centaurus A/M83 Group is part of the Virgo Supercluster, the local supercluster of which the Local Group is an outlying member.

Members

Member identification

The galaxies NGC 5011B and NGC 5011C are imaged against a starry foreground. Potw1253a.png — The galaxies NGC 5011B and NGC 5011C are imaged against a starry foreground.

The brightest group members were frequently identified in early galaxy group identification surveys.^[4]^[5] However, many of the dwarf galaxies in the group were only identified in more intensive studies. One of the first of these identified 145 faint objects on optical images from the UK Schmidt Telescope and followed these up in hydrogen line emission with the Parkes Radio Telescope and in the hydrogen-alpha spectral line with the Siding Spring 2.3 m Telescope. This identified 20 dwarf galaxies as members of the group.^[8] The HIPASS survey, which was a blind radio survey for hydrogen spectral line emission, found five uncatalogued galaxies in the group and also identified five previously-catalogued galaxies as members.^[9] An additional dwarf galaxy was identified as a group member in the HIDEEP survey, which was a more intensive radio survey for hydrogen emission within a smaller region of the sky.^[10] Several optical surveys later identified 20 more candidate objects to the group.^[11]^[12]^[13] In 2007, the Cen A group membership of NGC 5011C was established. ^[14] While this galaxy is a well-known stellar system listed with a NGC number, its true identity remained hidden because of coordinate confusion and wrong redshifts in the literature. From 2015 to 2017 a full optical survey was conducted using the Dark Energy Camera, covering 550 square degrees in the sky and doubling the number of known dwarf galaxies in this group.^[15]^[16] Another deep but spatially limited survey around Centaurus A revealed numerous new dwarfs.^[17]

The dwarf spheroidal galaxies of the Centaurus A group have been studied and have been found to have old, metal-poor stellar populations similar to those in the Local Group, and follow a similar metallicity–luminosity relation. One dwarf galaxy, KK98 203 (LEDA 166167), has an extended ring of Hα emission.^[18]

Member list

The table below lists galaxies that have been identified as associated with the Centaurus A/M83 Group by I. D. Karachentsev and collaborators.^[3]^[13] Note that Karachentsev divides this group into two subgroups centered on Centaurus A and Messier 83.

**Members of the Centaurus A Subgroup**
Name	Type ^[2]	R.A. (J2000)^[2]	Dec. (J2000)^[2]	Redshift (km/s)^[2]	Apparent Magnitude ^[2]
Cen 7	Sph	13^h 11^m 13.8^s	−38° 53′ 56″		17.3
Cen N		13^h 48^m 09.1^s	−47° 33′ 54″		17.5
Centaurus A (NGC 5128)	S0 pec	13^h 25^m 27.6^s	−43° 01′ 09″	547 ± 5	7.8
Centaurus A-dE1	dSph	13^h 12^m 45.2^s	−41° 49′ 57″		19.3
Centaurus A-dE3	dE	13^h 46^m 00.8^s	−36° 19′ 44″		17.1
HIPASS J1337-39	Im	13^h 37^m 25.3^s	−39° 53′ 48″	492 ± 4	16.5
HIPASS J1348-37		13^h 48^m 47.0^s	−37° 58′ 29″	581 ± 8	16.9
HIPASS J1351-47		13^h 51^m 12.0^s	−46° 58′ 12.9″	529 ± 6
KKs 51	E/Sph	12^h 44^m 21.5^s	−42° 56′ 23″		16.7
KKs 55	Sph	13^h 22^m 12.8^s	−42° 43′ 41″		18.5
KKs 57	Sph	13^h 41^m 38.1^s	−42° 34′ 55″		18.1
LEDA 166152	dI	13^h 05^m 02.1^s	−40° 04′ 58″	617 ± 4	16.3
LEDA 166167	dI/dSph	13^h 27^m 27.8^s	−45° 21′ 10″		18
LEDA 166172	dSph	13^h 43^m 36.0^s	−43° 46′ 11″		18.5
LEDA 166175	dSph	13^h 46^m 16.8^s	−45° 41′ 05″		19.2
LEDA 166179	dSph	13^h 48^m 46.4^s	−46° 59′ 46″		18
NGC 4945	SB(s)cd	13^h 05^m 27.5^s	−49° 28′ 06″	563 ± 3	9.3
NGC 5102	SA0	13^h 21^m 57.6^s	−36° 37′ 49″	468 ± 2	10.4
NGC 5206	SB(r)0	13^h 33^m 44.0^s	−48° 09′ 04″	571 ± 10	11.6
NGC 5237	I0	13^h 37^m 39.0^s	−42° 50′ 49″	361 ± 4	13.2
PGC 45104	IABm	13^h 03^m 33.6^s	−46° 35′ 06″
PGC 45717	I0 pec	13^h 10^m 32.9^s	−46° 59′ 27.3″	1853 ± 32	13.3
PGC 45916	dE	13^h 13^m 09.1^s	−44° 53′ 24″	784 ± 31	14.1
PGC 46663	IBm	13^h 21^m 47.4^s	−45° 03′ 42″	741	16.1
PGC 46680	Im	13^h 22^m 02.0^s	−42° 32′ 07″		16.6
PGC 47171	IABm	13^h 27^m 37.4^s	−41° 28′ 50″	516 ± 3	12.9
PGC 48515	dE	13^h 42^m 05.6^s	−45° 12′ 18″		17.6
PGC 48738	IB(s)m	13^h 45^m 00.5^s	−41° 51′ 40″	545 ± 2	14.0
PGC 49615	dS0/Im	13^h 57^m 01.4^s	−35° 19′ 59″	561 ± 32	14.8

**Members of the M83 Subgroup**
Name	Type ^[2]	R.A. (J2000)^[2]	Dec. (J2000)^[2]	Redshift (km/s)^[2]	Apparent Magnitude ^[2]
AM 1321-304	dIm	13^h 24^m 36.2^s	−30° 58′ 19″	487 ± 1	16.7
Centaurus A-dE2	dE/Im	13^h 21^m 32.4^s	−31° 53′ 11″		17.6
Centaurus A-dE4	dSph	13^h 46^m 40.4^s	−29° 58′ 41″		19.
HIDEEP J1336-3321		13^h 36^m 56.1^s	−33° 21′ 23″	591	17.3
IC 4247	S	13^h 26^m 44.4^s	−30° 21′ 45″	274 ± 65	14.4
IC 4316	IBm pec	13^h 40^m 18.4^s	−28° 53′ 32″	674 ± 53	15.0
KK 208	dI	13^h 36^m 35.5^s	−29° 34′ 17″	381	14.3
LEDA 166163	dI	13^h 21^m 08.2^s	−31° 31′ 45″	571 ± 3	17.1
LEDA 166164	dSph	13^h 22^m 56.2^s	−33° 34′ 22″		17.6
M83	SAB(s)c	13^h 37^m 00.9^s	−29° 51′ 57″	513 ± 2	8.2
NGC 5253	Im pec	13^h 39^m 55.9^s	−31° 38′ 24″	407 ± 3	10.9
NGC 5264	IB(s)m	13^h 41^m 36.7^s	−29° 54′ 47″	478 ± 3	12.6
PGC 47885		13^h 35^m 08.1^s	−30° 07′ 03″	13848	15.8
PGC 48111	Im	13^h 37^m 20.0^s	−28° 02′ 42″	587 ± 3	15.0
UGCA 365	Im	13^h 36^m 31.1^s	−29° 14′ 06″	573 ± 1	15.4

Additionally, ESO 219-010, PGC 39032, and PGC 51659 are listed as possibly being members of the Centaurus A Subgroup, and ESO 381-018, NGC 5408, and PGC 43048 are listed as possibly being members of the M83 Subgroup.^[3] Although HIPASS J1337-39 is only listed as a possible member of the M83 Subgroup in the later list published by Karachentsev,^[3] later analyses indicate that this galaxy is within the subgroup.^[19] Saviane and Jerjen found that NGC 5011C has an optical redshift of 647 km/s and thus is a member of the Cen A group rather than of the distant Centaurus galaxy cluster as believed since 1983.

Related Research Articles

The Local Group is the galaxy group that includes the Milky Way. It has a total diameter of roughly 3 megaparsecs (10 million light-years; 9×10¹⁹ kilometres), and a total mass of the order of 2×10¹² solar masses (4×10⁴² kg). It consists of two collections of galaxies in a "dumbbell" shape; the Milky Way and its satellites form one lobe, and the Andromeda Galaxy and its satellites constitute the other. The two collections are separated by about 800 kiloparsecs (3×10^⁶ ly; 2×10¹⁹ km) and are moving toward one another with a velocity of 123 km/s. The group itself is a part of the larger Virgo Supercluster, which may be a part of the Laniakea Supercluster. The exact number of galaxies in the Local Group is unknown as some are occluded by the Milky Way; however, at least 80 members are known, most of which are dwarf galaxies.

Messier 83 or M83, also known as the Southern Pinwheel Galaxy and NGC 5236, is a barred spiral galaxy approximately 15 million light-years away in the constellation borders of Hydra and Centaurus. Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille discovered M83 on 23 February 1752 at the Cape of Good Hope. Charles Messier added it to his catalogue of nebulous objects in March 1781. It is one of the closest and brightest barred spiral galaxies in the sky, and is visible with binoculars. Its nickname of the Southern Pinwheel derives from its resemblance to the Pinwheel Galaxy (M101).

Centaurus A is a galaxy in the constellation of Centaurus. It was discovered in 1826 by Scottish astronomer James Dunlop from his home in Parramatta, in New South Wales, Australia. There is considerable debate in the literature regarding the galaxy's fundamental properties such as its Hubble type and distance. NGC 5128 is one of the closest radio galaxies to Earth, so its active galactic nucleus has been extensively studied by professional astronomers. The galaxy is also the fifth-brightest in the sky, making it an ideal amateur astronomy target. It is only visible from the southern hemisphere and low northern latitudes.

NGC 404 is a field galaxy located about 10 million light years away in the constellation Andromeda. It was discovered by William Herschel in 1784, and is visible through small telescopes. NGC 404 lies just beyond the Local Group and does not appear gravitationally bound to it. It is located within 7 arc-minutes of second magnitude star Mirach, making it a difficult target to observe or photograph and granting it the nickname "Mirach's Ghost".

The Sculptor Galaxy is an intermediate spiral galaxy in the constellation Sculptor. The Sculptor Galaxy is a starburst galaxy, which means that it is currently undergoing a period of intense star formation.

NGC 185 is a dwarf spheroidal galaxy located 2.08 million light-years from Earth, appearing in the constellation Cassiopeia. It is a member of the Local Group, and is a satellite of the Andromeda Galaxy (M31). NGC 185 was discovered by William Herschel on November 30, 1787, and he cataloged it "H II.707". John Herschel observed the object again in 1833 when he cataloged it as "h 35", and then in 1864 when he cataloged it as "GC 90" within his General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters. NGC 185 was first photographed between 1898 and 1900 by James Edward Keeler with the Crossley Reflector of Lick Observatory. Unlike most dwarf elliptical galaxies, NGC 185 contains young stellar clusters, and star formation proceeded at a low rate until the recent past. NGC 185 has an active galactic nucleus (AGN) and is usually classified as a type 2 Seyfert galaxy, though its status as a Seyfert is questioned. It is possibly the closest Seyfert galaxy to Earth, and is the only known Seyfert in the Local Group.

NGC 1569 is a dwarf irregular galaxy in Camelopardalis. The galaxy is relatively nearby and consequently, the Hubble Space Telescope can easily resolve the stars within the galaxy. The distance to the galaxy was previously believed to be only 2.4 Mpc. However, in 2008 scientists studying images from Hubble calculated the galaxy's distance at nearly 11 million light-years away, about 4 million light-years farther than previous thought, meaning it is a member of the IC 342 group of galaxies.

NGC 4945 (also known as Caldwell 83) is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Centaurus, visible near the star Xi Centauri. The galaxy was discovered by James Dunlop in 1826 and is thought to be similar to the Milky Way Galaxy, although X-ray observations show that NGC 4945 has an unusual energetic Seyfert 2 nucleus that might house a supermassive black hole. Around the nucleus of the galaxy, there is a dense disk of dust and gas, along with many dense star clusters. This object has an estimated mass of 1.4+1.4
−0.7×10¹¹ M_☉.

NGC 5102 is a lenticular galaxy in the Centaurus A/M83 Group of galaxies. It was discovered by John Herschel in 1835.

NGC 5253 is an irregular galaxy in the constellation Centaurus. It was discovered by William Herschel on 15 March 1787.

NGC 5408 is an irregular galaxy in the constellation Centaurus. It was discovered by John Herschel on June 5, 1834.

A dwarf spiral galaxy is the dwarf version of a spiral galaxy. Dwarf galaxies are characterized as having low luminosities, small diameters, low surface brightnesses, and low hydrogen masses. The galaxies may be considered a subclass of low-surface-brightness galaxies.

The Antlia Dwarf is a dwarf spheroidal/irregular galaxy. It lies about 1.3 Mpc from Earth in the constellation Antlia. It is the fourth and faintest member of the nearby Antlia-Sextans Group of galaxies. The galaxy contains stars of all ages, contains significant amounts of gas, and has experienced recent star formation. The Antlia Dwarf is believed to be tidally interacting with the small barred spiral galaxy NGC 3109.

NGC 4449, also known as Caldwell 21, is an irregular Magellanic type galaxy in the constellation Canes Venatici, being located about 13 million light-years away. It is part of the M94 Group or Canes Venatici I Group that is relatively close to the Local Group hosting our Milky Way galaxy.

NGC 5229 is an edge-on spiral galaxy located in the constellation Canes Venatici. It is a member of the M51 Group although in reality it is relatively isolated from other galaxies. The galaxy's disc is somewhat warped and appears to consist of a series of interconnected clusters of stars from our vantage point on Earth. It is approximately 7 kiloparsecs in diameter and is about 13.7 billion years old.

NGC 5238 is an irregular galaxy in the constellation Canes Venatici. Located at a comoving distance of 4.51 Mpc, it is 64.4 arcseconds in diameter. It has sometimes been classified as a blue compact dwarf galaxy. Although some authors have hypothesized it to be a member of the M101 Group of galaxies, it is currently believed to be an isolated galaxy.

NGC 4111 is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation Canes Venatici. It is located at a distance of circa 50 million light-years from Earth, which, given its apparent dimensions, means that NGC 4111 is about 55,000 light-years across. It was discovered by William Herschel in 1788. NGC 4111 possesses both thin and thick discs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 4709</span> Elliptical galaxy in the constellation Centaurus

NGC 4709 is an elliptical galaxy located in the constellation Centaurus. It is considered to be a member of the Centaurus Cluster and is the dominant member of a small group of galaxies known as "Cen 45" which is currently merging with the main Centaurus Cluster even though the two subclusters' line of sight redshift velocities differ by about 1500 km/s. NGC 4709 was discovered by astronomer James Dunlop on May 7, 1826.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NGC 5084</span> Lenticular galaxy in the constellation Virgo

NGC 5084 is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation of Virgo. It is located at a distance of circa 80 million light years from Earth, which, given its apparent dimensions, means that NGC 5084 is at least 200,000 light years across. It is one of the largest and most massive galaxies in the Virgo Supercluster. It was discovered by William Herschel on March 10, 1785. It is a member of the NGC 5084 Group of galaxies, which is a member of the Virgo II Groups, a series of galaxies and galaxy clusters strung out from the southern edge of the Virgo Supercluster. The galaxy is seen nearly edge-on, with inclination 86°, and features a warped disk and large quantities of HI gas extending along the disk, probably accumulated after multiple accretions of smaller galaxies.

References

↑ Kepple, George Robert; Glen W. Sanner (1998). The Night Sky Observer's Guide, Volume 2. Willmann-Bell, Inc. p. 73. ISBN 0-943396-60-3.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC 5128 Group. Retrieved 2006-11-22.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 I. D. Karachentsev (2005). "The Local Group and Other Neighboring Galaxy Groups". Astronomical Journal. 129 (1): 178–188. arXiv: astro-ph/0410065 . Bibcode:2005AJ....129..178K. doi:10.1086/426368. S2CID 119385141.
1 2 R. B. Tully (1988). Nearby Galaxies Catalog. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-35299-1.
1 2 P. Fouque; E. Gourgoulhon; P. Chamaraux; G. Paturel (1992). "Groups of galaxies within 80 Mpc. II - The catalogue of groups and group members". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement. 93: 211–233. Bibcode:1992A&AS...93..211F.
↑ A. Garcia (1993). "General study of group membership. II - Determination of nearby groups". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement. 100: 47–90. Bibcode:1993A&AS..100...47G.
↑ "Don't trust your eyes". ESA/Hubble Picture of the Week. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
↑ S. Cote; K. C. Freeman; C. Carigan; P. J. Quinn (1997). "Discovery of Numerous Dwarf Galaxies in the Two Nearest Groups of Galaxies". Astronomical Journal. 114: 1313. arXiv: astro-ph/9704030 . Bibcode:1997AJ....114.1313C. doi:10.1086/118565. S2CID 119495338.
↑ G. D. Banks, M. J. Disney, P. M. Knezek, H. Jerjen, D. G. Barnes, R. Bhatal, W. J. G. de Blok, P. J. Boyce, R. D. Ekers, K. C. Freeman, B. K. Gibson, P. A. Henning, V. Kilborn, B. Koribalski, R. C. Kraan-Korteweg, D. F. Malin, R. F. Minchin, J. R. Mould, T. Oosterloo, R. M. Price, M. E. Putman, S. D. Ryder, E. M. Sadler, L. Staveley-Smith, I. Stewart, F. Stootman, R. A. Vaile, R. L. Webster, A. E. Wright (1999). "New Galaxies Discovered in the First Blind H I Survey of the Centaurus A Group". Astrophysical Journal. 524 (2): 612–622. arXiv: astro-ph/9906146 . Bibcode:1999ApJ...524..612B. doi:10.1086/307854. S2CID 118921426.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
↑ R. F. Minchin, M. J. Disney, P. J. Boyce, W. J. G. de Blok, Q. A. Parker, G. D. Banks, K. C. Freeman, D. A. Garcia, B. K. Gibson, M. Grossi, R. F. Haynes, P. M. Knezek, R. H. Lang, D. F. Malin, R. M. Price, I. M. Stewart, A. E. Wright (2003). "HIDEEP - an extragalactic blind survey for very low column-density neutral hydrogen". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 346 (3): 787–802. arXiv: astro-ph/0308405 . Bibcode:2003MNRAS.346..787M. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2003.07134.x. S2CID 119373447.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
↑ H. Jerjen; K. C. Freeman; B. Binggeli (2000). "Testing the Surface Brightness Fluctuations Method for Dwarf Elliptical Galaxies in the Centaurus A Group". Astronomical Journal. 119 (1): 166–176. arXiv: astro-ph/9912011 . Bibcode:2000AJ....119..166J. doi:10.1086/301188. S2CID 17127678.
↑ H. Jerjen; K. C. Freeman; B. Binggeli (2000). "Surface BR Photometry of Newly Discovered Dwarf Elliptical Galaxies in the Nearby Sculptor and Centaurus A Groups". The Astronomical Journal. 119 (2): 593–608. Bibcode:2000AJ....119..593J. doi: 10.1086/301216 .
1 2 I. D. Karachentsev; M. E. Sharina; A. E. Dolphin; E. K. Grebel; D. Geisler; P. Guhathakurta; P. W. Hodge; V. E. Karachetseva; A. Sarajedini; P. Seitzer (2002). "New distances to galaxies in the Centaurus A group". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 385 (1): 21–31. Bibcode:2002A&A...385...21K. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361:20020042 .
↑ I. Saviane; H. Jerjen (2007). "NGC 5011C: An Overlooked Dwarf Galaxy in the Centaurus A Group". Astronomical Journal. 133 (4): 1756–1762. arXiv: astro-ph/0701280 . Bibcode:2007AJ....133.1756S. doi:10.1086/512157. S2CID 14755909.
↑ Müller, Oliver, Helmut Jerjen, and Bruno Binggeli. “New Dwarf Galaxy Candidates in the Centaurus Group.” Astronomy & Astrophysics 583 (November 2015): A79. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201526748.
↑ Müller, Oliver, Helmut Jerjen, and Bruno Binggeli. “New Low Surface Brightness Dwarf Galaxies in the Centaurus Group.” Astronomy & Astrophysics 597 (January 2017): A7. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201628921.
↑ Crnojević, D.; Sand, D. J.; Spekkens, K.; Caldwell, N.; Guhathakurta, P.; McLeod, B.; Seth, A.; Simon, J. D.; Strader, J.; Toloba, E. (2016). "The Extended Halo of Centaurus A: Uncovering Satellites, Streams, and Substructures". The Astrophysical Journal. 823 (1): 19. arXiv: 1512.05366 . Bibcode:2016ApJ...823...19C. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/823/1/19. S2CID 119251158.
↑ Müller, Oliver; Fahrion, Katja; Rejkuba, Marina; Hilker, Michael; Lelli, Federico; Lutz, Katharina; Pawlowski, Marcel S.; Coccato, Lodovico; Anand, Gagandeep S.; Jerjen, Helmut (2021). "The properties of dwarf spheroidal galaxies in the Cen a group". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 645: A92. arXiv: 2011.04990 . doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039359. S2CID 226289648.
↑ M. Grossi; M. J. Disney; B. J. Pritzl; P. M. Knezek; J. S. Gallagher; R. F. Minchin; K. C> Freeman (2007). "Star formation history and evolution of gas-rich dwarf galaxies in the Centaurus A group". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 374 (1): 107–130. arXiv: astro-ph/0611106 . Bibcode:2007MNRAS.374..107G. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.11125.x. S2CID 15027152.

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[NSOG-1] Kepple, George Robert; Glen W. Sanner (1998). The Night Sky Observer's Guide, Volume 2. Willmann-Bell, Inc. p. 73. ISBN 0-943396-60-3.

[ned-2] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC 5128 Group. Retrieved 2006-11-22.

[karachentsev2005-3] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 I. D. Karachentsev (2005). "The Local Group and Other Neighboring Galaxy Groups". Astronomical Journal. 129 (1): 178–188. arXiv: astro-ph/0410065 . Bibcode:2005AJ....129..178K. doi:10.1086/426368. S2CID 119385141.

[nbg-4] 1 2 R. B. Tully (1988). Nearby Galaxies Catalog. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-35299-1.

[fouqueetal1992-5] 1 2 P. Fouque; E. Gourgoulhon; P. Chamaraux; G. Paturel (1992). "Groups of galaxies within 80 Mpc. II - The catalogue of groups and group members". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement. 93: 211–233. Bibcode:1992A&AS...93..211F.

[garcia1993-6] A. Garcia (1993). "General study of group membership. II - Determination of nearby groups". Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement. 100: 47–90. Bibcode:1993A&AS..100...47G.

[7] "Don't trust your eyes". ESA/Hubble Picture of the Week. Retrieved 13 February 2013.

[coteetal1997-8] S. Cote; K. C. Freeman; C. Carigan; P. J. Quinn (1997). "Discovery of Numerous Dwarf Galaxies in the Two Nearest Groups of Galaxies". Astronomical Journal. 114: 1313. arXiv: astro-ph/9704030 . Bibcode:1997AJ....114.1313C. doi:10.1086/118565. S2CID 119495338.

[banksetal1999-9] G. D. Banks, M. J. Disney, P. M. Knezek, H. Jerjen, D. G. Barnes, R. Bhatal, W. J. G. de Blok, P. J. Boyce, R. D. Ekers, K. C. Freeman, B. K. Gibson, P. A. Henning, V. Kilborn, B. Koribalski, R. C. Kraan-Korteweg, D. F. Malin, R. F. Minchin, J. R. Mould, T. Oosterloo, R. M. Price, M. E. Putman, S. D. Ryder, E. M. Sadler, L. Staveley-Smith, I. Stewart, F. Stootman, R. A. Vaile, R. L. Webster, A. E. Wright (1999). "New Galaxies Discovered in the First Blind H I Survey of the Centaurus A Group". Astrophysical Journal. 524 (2): 612–622. arXiv: astro-ph/9906146 . Bibcode:1999ApJ...524..612B. doi:10.1086/307854. S2CID 118921426.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[minchinetal2003-10] R. F. Minchin, M. J. Disney, P. J. Boyce, W. J. G. de Blok, Q. A. Parker, G. D. Banks, K. C. Freeman, D. A. Garcia, B. K. Gibson, M. Grossi, R. F. Haynes, P. M. Knezek, R. H. Lang, D. F. Malin, R. M. Price, I. M. Stewart, A. E. Wright (2003). "HIDEEP - an extragalactic blind survey for very low column-density neutral hydrogen". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 346 (3): 787–802. arXiv: astro-ph/0308405 . Bibcode:2003MNRAS.346..787M. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2003.07134.x. S2CID 119373447.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[jerjenetal2000a-11] H. Jerjen; K. C. Freeman; B. Binggeli (2000). "Testing the Surface Brightness Fluctuations Method for Dwarf Elliptical Galaxies in the Centaurus A Group". Astronomical Journal. 119 (1): 166–176. arXiv: astro-ph/9912011 . Bibcode:2000AJ....119..166J. doi:10.1086/301188. S2CID 17127678.

[jerjen2002b-12] H. Jerjen; K. C. Freeman; B. Binggeli (2000). "Surface BR Photometry of Newly Discovered Dwarf Elliptical Galaxies in the Nearby Sculptor and Centaurus A Groups". The Astronomical Journal. 119 (2): 593–608. Bibcode:2000AJ....119..593J. doi: 10.1086/301216 .

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