| Centrolene heloderma | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification  | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Amphibia |
| Order: | Anura |
| Family: | Centrolenidae |
| Genus: | Centrolene |
| Species: | C. heloderma |
| Binomial name | |
| Centrolene heloderma (Duellman , 1981) | |
| Synonyms | |
Centrolenella helodermaDuellman, 1981 | |
Centrolene heloderma is a species of frog in the family Centrolenidae from the Andes in Colombia and Ecuador. It is also known as Pichincha giant glass frog or bumpy glassfrog. [2]
In Colombia it has been recorded from the western slopes of the Cordillera Occidental, in the Cauca, Risaralda, and Valle del Cauca Departments. [3] In Ecuador it has been recorded from the western Andes in the Pichincha and Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas Provinces. [4]
Centrolene heloderma are small frogs (although among the generally small Centrolene, they are relatively large [5] ): males measure 27–32 mm (1.1–1.3 in) in snout–vent length and females 32 mm (1.3 in) (based on one frog only). It has uniformly green dorsum covered with whitish tubercles. Its snout has a characteristic obtuse profile. [4] [6] Females lay clutches up to 29 eggs on the upper side of leaves and very high from the water level. Upon hatching, the tadpoles drop down and develop in fast-flowing water. [6]
Centrolene heloderma inhabits the upper elevations of cloud forest, and is only found in mature forest. [1] It is an uncommon frog that is active at night and difficult to see. However, males can be heard calling from the vegetation near streams and waterfalls. [6]
In Ecuador Centrolene heloderma has disappeared from two known locations (including the type locality where it was last seen in 1979) and is now only known from one location. [4] [6] In Colombia it was last recorded in 1996. [1] Its disappearance has been attributed to changing climatic patterns, with habitat loss, alien predatory fish, pollution, and chytridiomycosis as other potential contributing factors. [1]
The glass frogs are frogs of the amphibian family Centrolenidae. While the general background coloration of most glass frogs is primarily lime green, the abdominal skin of some members of this family is transparent and translucent. The internal viscera, including the heart, liver, and gastrointestinal tract, are visible through the skin, hence the common name is given as glass frog. Glass frogs are arboreal, meaning they mainly live in trees, and only come out for mating season.
Chimerella mariaelenae is a species of glassfrog that inhabits on the Andean slopes of eastern Ecuador and northeastern Peru. The species was described as new to science by Diego F. Cisneros-Heredia and Roy W. McDiarmid in the journal Zootaxa.
Espadarana audax is a species of frog in the family Centrolenidae. It is found on the Amazonian versant of Andes in northeast Peru, eastern Ecuador, and southern Colombia.
Centrolene bacata is a species of frog in the family Centrolenidae. It is known from three localities; one on the Colombian Massif in Putumayo Department in southern Colombia, and two on the eastern slope of the Cordillera Oriental in the Morona-Santiago and Napo provinces, Ecuador.
Centrolene ballux is a species of frog in the family Centrolenidae. It is known from a few disjunct localities on the Pacific versant of the Cordillera Occidental in southern Colombia and northern Ecuador. Common names golden-flecked glassfrog and Burrowes' giant glass frog have been coined for it.
Centrolene huilensis is a species of frog in the family Centrolenidae. It is endemic to Colombia and only known from the region of its type locality near Isnos, on the Cordillera Central in the Huila Department.
Cochranella litoralis is a species of frog in the family Centrolenidae. It is known from the Pacific lowlands of southwestern Colombia and northern Ecuador. The specific name litoralis refers to the proximity of the type locality to the sea.
Centrolene lynchi, also known as the Lynch's giant glass frog or Lynch's glassfrog, is a species of frog in the family Centrolenidae. It is found in the Risaralda Department on the Cordillera Occidental of Colombia and on the western Andes in the Pichincha, Cotopaxi, and Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas Provinces, Ecuador. It is named after John Douglas Lynch, the herpetologist who collected the first specimens of this species. Centrolene scirtetes might be a junior synonym of this species.
"Centrolene" medemi is a species of frog in the family Centrolenidae. The species occurs in the Cordillera Oriental in the Tolima, Caquetá, and Putumayo Departments in Colombia and adjacent Napo in Ecuador. The generic placement of this species within the subfamily Centroleninae is uncertain. The specific name medemi honors Fred Medem, collector of the holotype. Common name Medem giant glass frog has been coined for it.
Centrolene notosticta is a species of frog in the family Centrolenidae. It is found on the Cordillera Oriental in Colombia and on its extension to north, Serranía del Perijá, in the Zulia state in Venezuela.
Centrolene scirtetes, the Tandayapa giant glass frog, is a species of frog in the family Centrolenidae. It is only known from two locations on the Pacific versant of the Andes, its type locality near Tandayapa in the Pichincha Province of northern Ecuador, and from the Colombian Massif in the Nariño Department of southern Colombia. It might be conspecific with Centrolene lynchi.
Nymphargus balionota is a species of frog in the family Centrolenidae. It is found in the Andes of Colombia and Ecuador. Common names Mindo Cochran frog and mottled glassfrog has been coined for it.
Rulyrana flavopunctata is a species of frog in the family Centrolenidae. It is found on the eastern slopes of the Cordillera Oriental in Colombia and on the eastern slopes of the Andes in Ecuador. Common name yellow-spotted Cochran frog has been coined for it.
Cochranella mache, also known as the Mache glassfrog or Mache Cochran frog, is a species of frogs in the family Centrolenidae. It is found in the lowland forest and eastern slopes of Cordillera Mache–Chindul in the Esmeraldas Province, northwestern Ecuador, and in the western foothills of the Cordillera Occidental in Colombia.
Sachatamia orejuela is a species of frog in the family Centrolenidae. It is found on the Pacific versant of the Cordillera Occidental in southern Colombia and on the Pacific Andean slopes of northwestern Ecuador. Common name El Tambo Cochran frog has been coined for it.
Cochranella resplendens is a species of frog in the family Centrolenidae. It is found in the upper Amazon Basin in southern Colombia, eastern Ecuador, and San Martín Region of northern Peru. It is sometimes known as the resplendent Cochran frog.
Hyalinobatrachium pellucidum, also known as the Rio Azuela glass frog, is a species of frog in the family Centrolenidae. It is found in lower montane rainforests on the Amazonian Andean slopes in Ecuador and Peru. The specific name pellucidum is Latin for "transparent" and refers to the transparent parietal peritoneum of this species.
Centrolene savagei is a species of frog in the family Centrolenidae that is endemic to the Andes of western Colombia, specifically the Cordillera Occidental and Cordillera Central. Its common name is Savage's Cochran frog.
Espadarana is a genus of glass frogs. They are found in Central America and northern South America.
Rulyrana is a small genus of glass frogs. They are found in South America, on the Amazonian slopes of the Andes in Ecuador, Peru, and possibly Bolivia, as well as on the eastern slopes of the Cordillera Central and the western slopes of the Cordillera Oriental in Colombia.
