Cercospora nicotianae is a cosmopolitan fungal plant pathogen and the causal agent of frog-eye leaf spot (FLS) on tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). The disease is a significant factor in tobacco production worldwide, causing lesions on leaves that reduce crop yield and the quality of cured leaf tobacco.[1][2]
The species Cercospora nicotianae was formally described by American botanists J. B. Ellis and B. M. Everhart in 1893.[3] The fungus is classified under the phylum Ascomycota. It is known primarily by its asexual stage, or anamorph, which is a common characteristic among Cercospora species. The conceptual framework for the genus was defined by C. Chupp in his 1954 monograph.[4]C. nicotianae reflects historical classification debates and has known synonyms, such as C. raciborskii.[3]
Description
Symptoms
Infection by C. nicotianae on tobacco leaves initially appears as small, water-soaked flecks. These rapidly expand to form the characteristic "frog-eye" lesions*, which are typically 2–15 mm in diameter.[2] These lesions are circular, featuring a distinct reddish-brown or dark margin surrounding a pale tan, gray, or parchment-like center.[5]
Microscopic Features
Under conditions of high humidity, the centers of the lesions develop minute black dots known as pseudostromata, from which hyaline (translucent), slender conidiophores emerge. These structures produce needle-shaped asexual spores (conidia) that facilitate the spread of the pathogen.[2]
Ecology and Life Cycle
C. nicotianae is primarily a pathogen of tobacco, but it also infects a wide range of alternate hosts within the Solanaceae family, including tomato, eggplant, and various Physalis weeds.[1] The fungus survives between growing seasons in infected crop debris on the soil surface and can persist on perennial host plants.[1] Spread and new infections occur when **conidia** (asexual spores) are disseminated by wind or rain-splash to nearby host leaves.
A unique feature contributing to the pathogen's virulence is the production of the photo-activated phytotoxin, Cercosporin.[6] This toxin generates highly reactive species, primarily singlet oxygen, which causes lipid peroxidation and damage to host cell membranes, leading to cell death and disease development.[6]
Distribution
Cercospora nicotianae is cosmopolitan, found across all major tobacco-producing regions globally.[2] It is particularly severe in tropical and subtropical regions characterized by high temperatures and high humidity, including Central America, South Asia, and Africa. Its geographical range is generally noted between 35° North and 35° South latitudes worldwide.[5]
Management
The primary economic impact of the disease is a reduction in leaf yield and the development of "barn spot" on the cured leaves, which significantly lowers the value of the tobacco crop.[2] Control strategies integrate cultural practices (crop rotation, sanitation) and chemical control (fungicides).
A notable challenge in management is the widespread issue of quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicide resistance, particularly to active ingredients like azoxystrobin.[7] This resistance is conferred by point mutations in the fungal cytochrome b gene (cytb), specifically the G143A and F129L mutations. Isolates carrying the G143A mutation exhibit a high level of resistance.[7]
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