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Sulfur-reducing bacteria are microorganisms able to reduce elemental sulfur (S0) to hydrogen sulfide (H2S). These microbes use inorganic sulfur compounds as electron acceptors to sustain several activities such as respiration, conserving energy and growth, in absence of oxygen. The final product of these processes, sulfide, has a considerable influence on the chemistry of the environment and, in addition, is used as electron donor for a large variety of microbial metabolisms. Several types of bacteria and many non-methanogenic archaea can reduce sulfur. Microbial sulfur reduction was already shown in early studies, which highlighted the first proof of S0 reduction in a vibrioid bacterium from mud, with sulfur as electron acceptor and H
2 as electron donor. The first pure cultured species of sulfur-reducing bacteria, Desulfuromonas acetoxidans, was discovered in 1976 and described by Pfennig Norbert and Biebel Hanno as an anaerobic sulfur-reducing and acetate-oxidizing bacterium, not able to reduce sulfate. Only few taxa are true sulfur-reducing bacteria, using sulfur reduction as the only or main catabolic reaction. Normally, they couple this reaction with the oxidation of acetate, succinate or other organic compounds. In general, sulfate-reducing bacteria are able to use both sulfate and elemental sulfur as electron acceptors. Thanks to its abundancy and thermodynamic stability, sulfate is the most studied electron acceptor for anaerobic respiration that involves sulfur compounds. Elemental sulfur, however, is very abundant and important, especially in deep-sea hydrothermal vents, hot springs and other extreme environments, making its isolation more difficult. Some bacteria – such as Proteus, Campylobacter, Pseudomonas and Salmonella – have the ability to reduce sulfur, but can also use oxygen and other terminal electron acceptors.
Dysgonomonas is a Gram-negative and facultatively anaerobic genus from the family of Dysgonomonadaceae which have been isolated from human sources. Dysgonomonas bacteria can cause gastroenteritis in immunocompromised persons
Brockia is a genus of thermophilic bacteria from the family of Thermoanaerobacteraceae, with one known species, an obligate anaerobe, spore-forming, rod-shaped microorganism.
Amphritea ceti is a Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped and non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Amphritea which has been isolated from the faeces from a Beluga whale from the Yeosu aquarium on Korea.
Clostridium algidicarnis is a psychrotrophic bacterium from the genus Clostridium which has been isolated from refrigerated pork.
Caldanaerobacter is a Gram-positive or negative and strictly anaerobic genus of bacteria from the family of Thermoanaerobacteraceae.
Catonella is a Gram-negative, obligately anaerobic, non-spore-forming and non-motile bacterial genus from the family of Lachnospiraceae with one known species. Catonella morbi occur in the gingival crevice of humans.
Cellulosilyticum ruminicola is a Gram-negative, obligate anaerobic, mesophilic, cellulolytic and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Cellulosilyticum which has been isolated from the rumen of a yak.
Flavobacterium ceti is a Gram-negative bacterium from the genus of Flavobacterium which has been isolated from the lung and liver of the whale Ziphius cavirostris.
Caldibacillus is a facultative anaerobe genus of bacteria that stains Gram-positive from the family of Bacillaceae. The type species of this genus is Caldibacillus debilis.
Paraliobacillus is a Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic and endospore-forming genus of bacteria from the family of Bacillaceae.
Anaerolineaceae is a family of bacteria from the order of Anaerolineales. Anaerolineaceae bacteria occur in marine sediments. There are a total of twelve genera in this family, most of which only encompass one species. All known members of the family are Gram-negative and non-motile. They also do not form bacterial spores and are either mesophilic or thermophilic obligate anaerobes. It is also known that all species in this family are chemoheterotrophs.
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Cetobacterium somerae is a Gram-negative, microaerotolerant, non-spore-forming and rod-shaped bacterium from the genus of Cetobacterium which has been isolated from human feces. Cetobacterium somerae occur in intestinal tracts of freshwater fish. Cetobacterium somerae produces cobalamin.
Endozoicomonas elysicola is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped and strictly aerobic bacterium from the genus of Endozoicomonas which has been isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of the sea slug Elysia ornata from the coast of Izu-Miyake Island in Japan.
Pararhodobacter is a Gram-negative genus of bacteria from the family of Rhodobacteraceae with one known species. Pararhodobacter aggregans has been isolated from a marine aquaculture system from Rehovot in Israel.
Breznakia blatticola is a Gram-positive and obligately anaerobic bacterium from the genus of Breznakia which has been isolated from the hindgut of the cockroach Shelfordella lateralis in Germany.
Selenihalanaerobacter is a Gram-negative, obligately anaerobic and halophilic genus of bacteria from the family of Halobacteroidaceae with one known species. Selenihalanaerobacter shriftii has been isolated from the Dead Sea. Selenihalanaerobacter shriftii grows by respiration of selenate.
Ectobacillus is a genus of Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria in the family Bacillaceae within the order Bacillales. The type species for this genus is Ectobacillus panaciterrae.
References
- 1 2 Parte, A.C. "Cetobacterium". LPSN .
- 1 2 "Cetobacterium ceti". www.uniprot.org.
- ↑ Foster, G. (1995). "Cetobacterium ceti gen. nov., sp. nov., a new Gram-negative obligate anaerobe from sea mammals". Letters in Applied Microbiology. 21 (3): 202–206. doi:10.1111/j.1472-765X.1995.tb01041.x. PMID 7576509. S2CID 822479.
- ↑ Parker, Charles Thomas; Garrity, George M (1 January 2003). Parker, Charles Thomas; Garrity, George M (eds.). "Taxonomic Abstract for the species". The NamesforLife Abstracts. doi:10.1601/tx.8395 (inactive 2024-04-17).
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (link) - ↑ Foster, G; Ross, HM; Naylor, RD; Collins, MD; Ramos, CP; Fernandez Garayzabal, F; Reid, RJ (September 1995). "Cetobacterium ceti gen. nov., sp. nov., a new gram-negative obligate anaerobe from sea mammals". Letters in Applied Microbiology. 21 (3): 202–6. doi:10.1111/j.1472-765x.1995.tb01041.x. PMID 7576509. S2CID 822479.
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