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Sulfur-reducing bacteria are microorganisms able to reduce elemental sulfur (S0) to hydrogen sulfide (H2S). These microbes use inorganic sulfur compounds as electron acceptors to sustain several activities such as respiration, conserving energy and growth, in absence of oxygen. The final product of these processes, sulfide, has a considerable influence on the chemistry of the environment and, in addition, is used as electron donor for a large variety of microbial metabolisms. Several types of bacteria and many non-methanogenic archaea can reduce sulfur. Microbial sulfur reduction was already shown in early studies, which highlighted the first proof of S0 reduction in a vibrioid bacterium from mud, with sulfur as electron acceptor and H
2 as electron donor. The first pure cultured species of sulfur-reducing bacteria, Desulfuromonas acetoxidans, was discovered in 1976 and described by Pfennig Norbert and Biebel Hanno as an anaerobic sulfur-reducing and acetate-oxidizing bacterium, not able to reduce sulfate. Only few taxa are true sulfur-reducing bacteria, using sulfur reduction as the only or main catabolic reaction. Normally, they couple this reaction with the oxidation of acetate, succinate or other organic compounds. In general, sulfate-reducing bacteria are able to use both sulfate and elemental sulfur as electron acceptors. Thanks to its abundancy and thermodynamic stability, sulfate is the most studied electron acceptor for anaerobic respiration that involves sulfur compounds. Elemental sulfur, however, is very abundant and important, especially in deep-sea hydrothermal vents, hot springs and other extreme environments, making its isolation more difficult. Some bacteria – such as Proteus, Campylobacter, Pseudomonas and Salmonella – have the ability to reduce sulfur, but can also use oxygen and other terminal electron acceptors.
Belliella is a Gram-negative, aerobic, chemoheterotrophic and non-motile bacterial genus from the family of Cyclobacteriaceae.
Dysgonomonas is a Gram-negative and facultatively anaerobic genus from the family of Dysgonomonadaceae which have been isolated from human sources. Dysgonomonas bacteria can cause gastroenteritis in immunocompromised persons
Brockia is a genus of thermophilic bacteria from the family of Thermoanaerobacteraceae, with one known species, an obligate anaerobe, spore-forming, rod-shaped microorganism.
Clostridium algidicarnis is a psychrotrophic bacterium from the genus Clostridium which has been isolated from refrigerated pork.
Caldibacillus is a facultative anaerobe genus of bacteria that stains Gram-positive from the family of Bacillaceae. The type species of this genus is Caldibacillus debilis.
Paraliobacillus is a Gram-positive, facultatively anaerobic and endospore-forming genus of bacteria from the family of Bacillaceae.
Paraliobacillus ryukyuensis is a Gram-positive, extremely halotolerant, alkaliphilic, endospore-forming, slightly halophilic and facultatively anaerobic bacterium from the genus of Paraliobacillus which has been isolated from a decomposing marine alga from Okinawa in Japan.
Anaerolineaceae is a family of bacteria from the order of Anaerolineales. Anaerolineaceae bacteria occur in marine sediments. There are a total of twelve genera in this family, most of which only encompass one species. All known members of the family are Gram-negative and non-motile. They also do not form bacterial spores and are either mesophilic or thermophilic obligate anaerobes. It is also known that all species in this family are chemoheterotrophs.
Cetobacterium is a Gram-negative, pleomorphic, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped and non-motile genus of bacteria from the family of Fusobacteriaceae.
Thioalkalicoccus is a Gram-negative, mesophilic and obligate alkaliphilic genus of bacteria from the family of Chromatiaceae with one known species. Thioalkalicoccus limnaeus occurs in brackish water lakes.
Selenihalanaerobacter is a Gram-negative, obligately anaerobic and halophilic genus of bacteria from the family of Halobacteroidaceae with one known species. Selenihalanaerobacter shriftii has been isolated from the Dead Sea. Selenihalanaerobacter shriftii grows by respiration of selenate.
Ectobacillus is a genus of Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria in the family Bacillaceae within the order Bacillales. The type species for this genus is Ectobacillus panaciterrae.
Evansella is a genus of Gram-positive rod-shaped bacteria in the family Bacillaceae within the order Bacillales. The type species for this genus is Evansella cellulosilytica.
Gottfriedia is a genus of gram-positive or Gram-variable rod-shaped bacteria in the family Bacillaceae within the order Bacillales. The type species for this genus is Gottfriedia luciferensis.
Heyndrickxia is a genus of gram-positive rod-shaped bacteria in the family Bacillaceae within the order Bacillales. The type species for this genus is Heyndrickxia oleronia.
Margalitia is a genus of gram-positive or gram-variable rod-shaped bacteria in the family Bacillaceae from the order Bacillales. The type species of this genus is Margalitia shackletonii.
Priestia is a genus of mostly Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria in the family Bacillaceae from the order Bacillales. The type species of this genus is Priestia megaterium.
Rossellomorea is a genus of Gram-Positive or Gram-variable staining rod-shaped bacteria in the family Bacillaceae from the order Bacillales. The type species of this genus is Rossellomorea aquimaris.
References
- 1 2 Parte, A.C. "Cetobacterium". LPSN .
- 1 2 "Cetobacterium ceti". www.uniprot.org.
- ↑ Foster, G. (1995). "Cetobacterium ceti gen. nov., sp. nov., a new Gram-negative obligate anaerobe from sea mammals". Letters in Applied Microbiology. 21 (3): 202–206. doi:10.1111/j.1472-765X.1995.tb01041.x. PMID 7576509. S2CID 822479.
- ↑ Parker, Charles Thomas; Garrity, George M (1 January 2003). Parker, Charles Thomas; Garrity, George M (eds.). "Taxonomic Abstract for the species". The NamesforLife Abstracts. doi:10.1601/tx.8395.
- ↑ Foster, G; Ross, HM; Naylor, RD; Collins, MD; Ramos, CP; Fernandez Garayzabal, F; Reid, RJ (September 1995). "Cetobacterium ceti gen. nov., sp. nov., a new gram-negative obligate anaerobe from sea mammals". Letters in Applied Microbiology. 21 (3): 202–6. doi:10.1111/j.1472-765x.1995.tb01041.x. PMID 7576509. S2CID 822479.
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