Chrysomela aeneicollis

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Chrysomela aeneicollis
Aeneicollis bull lake july 2 2019-39.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Infraorder: Cucujiformia
Family: Chrysomelidae
Genus: Chrysomela
Species:
C. aeneicollis
Binomial name
Chrysomela aeneicollis
(Schaeffer, 1928)

Chrysomela aeneicollis is a species of leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. This organism has been used as a model for studies of natural selection in nature. [1] [2] It is currently being investigated to study effects of environmental change on insect populations, [3] [4] and the evolutionary significance of variation at genes affecting metabolism and the response to stress. [5] [2] [6] It has been included as a study species in the California Conservation Genomics Project, due to its presence in multiple California ecoregions and extensive knowledge of genetic variation, evolutionary ecology, and interactions with other species. [7] Information about its range and comparisons with closely related species can be found in a review of the genus Chrysomela published in the Canadian Entomologist. [8]

Contents

Distribution

Chrysomela aeneicollis is found in western North America. [9] [10] [11] [12] Populations occur in cooler habitats in coastal regions from northern California to British Columbia, or at high elevations in the Rocky Mountains (Colorado, Alberta) and the Sierra Nevada mountains of California. [8] [13] In California, this leaf beetle occurs in the Sierra Nevada mountains from Lone Pine to Modoc County and coastal populations are found north of San Francisco in Mendocino County. [13]

Host plant relationships

Chrysomela aeneicollis belongs to a group of closely related species within the genus Chrysomela that feed on willows or poplars (family Salicaceae) or on alder [8] or birch (family Betulaceae). [14] As immatures (larvae), C. aeneicollis individuals use chemicals extracted from host plant foliage to produce a defensive secretion that they expose when attacked by potential predators. [15] They prefer host willows that contain greater amounts of these chemicals (salicylate-rich) over plants that are salicylate-poor and they are stimulated to feed by salicin. [16]

Natural enemies and host plant use

The evolutionary significance of the host-plant derived defensive secretions of C. aeneicollis was investigated, with the expectation that larval survival would be greater on salicylate-rich plants than salicylate-poor ones. [15] Field studies on C. aeneicollis revealed that specialist predators cause significant mortality, which reduces or eliminates the benefits of the host-plant derived larval defensive secretion. [17] [18] One of these predators is a fly ( Parasyrphus melanderi ) that lays its eggs on C. aeneicollis eggs. When they hatch, P. melanderi larvae feed exclusively on eggs and larvae, with no evidence that the defensive secretion repels them. [19] The other important specialist predator is the wasp Symmorphus cristatus , which specializes on C. aeneicollis larvae in their third instar (molt). [20] [21] These two predators act as complementary mortality factors on C. aeneicollis larvae and constitute important components of a food web including the beetle and its natural enemies in the Sierra Nevada mountains of California. [22]

Genetic variation and response to heat stress along environmental gradients

As noted above, Chrysomela aeneicollis lives in regions with cool summertime temperatures like its close relatives in the interrupta subgenus of Chrysomela species. [8] In montane regions of central California, populations are generally found above 2800 m and they retreat to higher elevations during dry periods. [4] [23] Populations at these elevations experience long winters and beetle survival depends on their ability to survive exposure to extreme cold temperatures and to survive an extended dormancy period without food. [24] [25] [3] [4] [26] During the brief summer growing season (June to September), beetles emerge from their overwintering sites, mate, [27] [28] lay eggs, and undergo one generation of larval development before new adults emerge and feed for a few weeks before winter returns. [20] Furthermore, populations at high elevations must complete their life cycle under conditions of low oxygen supply, which compounds the challenges of rapid development during the brief montane summer. [4] These environmental challenges can impose evolutionary pressures that favor the maintenance of genetic variation (due to genotype by environment interactions) and adaptation to local environmental conditions.

Summer life stages in montane California. C. aeneicollis life stages.jpg
Summer life stages in montane California.

Populations in the eastern Sierra Nevada mountains show genetic differences along a latitudinal gradient that may reflect adaptation to variable temperatures and oxygen levels. [29] [4] [30] Early studies used enzyme polymorphisms, which are located on genes in the nucleus and inherited according to Mendelian genetic principles, to infer differences among populations in three study drainages in the eastern Sierra Nevada mountains (Rock Creek, Bishop Creek, and Big Pine Creek). [31] One of these enzymes, phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI), showed a steep latitudinal cline in frequency that was more pronounced than others, [31] suggesting that PGI frequencies may be sensitive to environmental temperature. [2] Subsequent work revealed that PGI genotypes differed with respect to expression of heat shock proteins, [32] which help maintain functionality of other proteins and protect an organism from negative effects of heat exposure. PGI genotypes that predominate in the northern drainage Rock Creek express higher levels of heat shock proteins in nature, [32] and they express them in the laboratory at lower temperatures, [29] suggesting that beetles in southern populations are more heat-tolerant. Further experiments supported this hypothesis and also suggested that PGI genotype is related to tolerance to stressfully cold temperatures. [33] [34] [35] [36] Recent findings suggest that differences among populations in frequencies of mitochondrial types is also related to environmental differences in temperature and oxygen supply, [4] and that local adaptation occurs through interactions between mitochondrial and nuclear genotype. [30] [37]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Leaf beetle</span> Family of beetles

The insects of the beetle family Chrysomelidae are commonly known as leaf beetles, and include over 37,000 species in more than 2,500 genera, making up one of the largest and most commonly encountered of all beetle families. Numerous subfamilies are recognized, but the precise taxonomy and systematics are likely to change with ongoing research.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tansy beetle</span> Species of beetle

The tansy beetle is a species of leaf beetle. The common name derives from its main foodplant, Tansy, but it can also use other wetland plants such as Gypsywort and Water Mint. It measures 7.7–10.5 mm in length and has a characteristic bright metallic green colouration, with pitted elytra and a coppery tinge. In addition to the nominotypical subspecies, which repeats the specific name, C. graminis graminis, there are five further distinct subspecies of Tansy beetle, which, collectively, have a Palearctic distribution, although in the majority of countries where it is found the species is declining. In the United Kingdom it is designated as 'Nationally Rare'. The stronghold population here is located along the banks of the river Ouse in York, North Yorkshire. Other, small, fenland populations exist at Woodwalton Fen and at Welney Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust (WWT) reserve.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blue willow beetle</span> Species of beetle

The blue willow beetle, formerly Phyllodecta vulgatissima, is a herbivourous beetle of the family Chrysomelidae. It is dark with a metallic sheen that ranges from a blue color to bronze. It is distinguished from P. vitellinae by the latter more commonly displaying bronze coloration. European Phratora species can be distinguished based on morphology of female genitalia. The larvae undergo three instar stages from hatching to pupation. This beetle is found throughout Europe and Scandinavia, and occurs in China.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chrysomelinae</span> Subfamily of beetles

The Chrysomelinae are a subfamily of leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae), commonly known as broad-bodied leaf beetles or broad-shouldered leaf beetles. It includes some 3,000 species around the world.

<i>Avena barbata</i> Species of grass

Avena barbata is a species of wild oat known by the common name slender wild oat. It has edible seeds. It is a diploidized autotetraploid grass (2n=4x=28). Its diploid ancestors are A. hirtula Lag. and A. wiestii Steud (2n=2x=14), which are considered Mediterranean and desert ecotypes, respectively, comprising a single species. A westie and A. hirtula are widespread in the Mediterranean Basin, growing in mixed stands with A. barbata, though they are difficult to tell apart.

<i>Chrysomela lapponica</i> Species of beetle

The leaf beetle Chrysomela lapponica is found in central and northern Europe feeding on leaves of willows and birch. The adult beetles are about 8 mm long and beetles in different regions can have different colour patterns on their elytra.

<i>Chrysomela populi</i> Species of beetle

Chrysomela populi is a species of broad-shouldered leaf beetle belonging to the family Chrysomelidae, subfamily Chrysomelinae.

<i>Chrysomela</i> Genus of beetles

Chrysomela is a genus of leaf beetles found almost throughout the world, but not in Australia. It contains around 40 species, including 7 in eastern and northern Europe. It also includes at least 17 species in North America, including the cottonwood leaf beetle Chrysomela scripta.

<i>Parasyrphus nigritarsis</i> Species of fly

Parasyrphus nigritarsis is a species of hoverfly, from the family Syrphidae, in the order Diptera. It is known from northern Europe and North America, and has been considered to be a rare species in parts of its range. Adults visit flowers as a source of nutrition, and females lay their eggs on clutches of eggs of leaf beetles. When the Parasyrphus larvae hatch, they first consume leaf beetle eggs and then consume immature beetles until they reach the pupal stage. This species is related to hoverflies that prey on aphids as larvae, and has been investigated in studies of chemical ecology and food web ecology.

<i>Bromius obscurus</i> Species of leaf beetle

Bromius obscurus, the western grape rootworm, is a species of beetle in the leaf beetle family. It is the only member of the genus Bromius. The distribution of the species is holarctic; it can be found in North America, wide parts of Europe, and Asia. The species is a known pest of grape vines in Europe and western North America.

<i>Phratora</i> Genus of beetles

Phratora is a genus of leaf beetles. It is synonymous to Phyllodecta . European Phratora species can be distinguished based on morphology of female genitalia., but they differ little in size and body form and most show metallic coloration.

<i>Phratora vitellinae</i> Species of beetle

Phratora vitellinae, the brassy leaf beetle, formerly Phyllodecta vitellinae, is a beetle of the family Chrysomelidae found in Europe and Asia. It feeds on Populus and Salix species. The evolution of its host plant preferences and the mechanism by which it uses host plant chemicals to make a larval defensive secretion have been the subject of intense study by research groups in Europe and the Nordic countries.

<i>Phratora laticollis</i> Species of beetle

Phratora laticollis is a species of leaf beetle found in Europe and Asia. This beetle is found on Populus species and the chemistry and production of its larval defensive secretions and host plant relationships have been studied extensively.

<i>Chrysomela texana</i> Species of beetle

Chrysomela texana, the red-headed willow leaf beetle, is a species of leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It is found in Central America and North America.

Phratora interstitialis is a species of leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It is found in Europe and Northern Asia and North America. This leaf beetle feeds on host plants that are poor in salicylates and is closely related to the European Phratora vulgatissima, which also feeds on salicylate-poor willows.

<i>Chrysochus</i> Genus of beetles

Chrysochus is a genus of leaf beetles in the subfamily Eumolpinae. It is known from North America, Europe and Asia.

<i>Parasyrphus melanderi</i> Species of fly

Parasyrphus melanderi is a flower fly that is best known as a larval predator on the leaf beetle Chrysomela aeneicollis in the Sierra Nevada range of California.

<i>Symmorphus cristatus</i> Species of wasp

Symmorphus cristatus is a species of mason wasp in the subfamily Eumeninae within the family Vespidae. This species is widely distributed in North America, and it preys on the larvae of leaf beetles.

<i>Phratora tibialis</i> Species of beetle

Phratora tibialis is a species of leaf beetle found in Europe and parts of Asia. This beetle is found on willows and the chemistry and production of its larval defensive secretions and host plant relationships have been studied extensively.

<i>Phratora polaris</i> Species of beetle

Phratora polaris is a species of leaf beetle found in the Nordic regions of Europe., occasionally in Scotland, and Iceland. Some authors have recorded it in central Europe, especially in the Alps. Historically, this species has occurred in Greenland. This beetle is found on willow (Salix) species in the southern part of its range. Populations in Lapland feed on birch.

References

  1. ↑ Millstein, Roberta L. (2006). "Natural Selection as a Population-Level Causal Process". The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science. 57 (4): 627–653. doi:10.1093/bjps/axl025. JSTOR   4489089.
  2. 1 2 3 "Natural selection from the gene up: The work of Elizabeth Dahlhoff and Nathan Rank". evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/home.php. Retrieved 2021-06-08.
  3. 1 2 "Insect responses to winter climate change: interactions between cold and energy stress". www.biologists.com. Retrieved 2021-06-08.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Dahlhoff, Elizabeth P; Dahlhoff, Victoria C; Grainger, Corrine A; Zavala, Nicolas A; Otepola-Bello, Dami; Sargent, Brynn A; Roberts, Kevin T; Heidl, Sarah J; Smiley, John T; Rank, Nathan E (2019). "Getting chased up the mountain: high elevation may limit performance and fitness characters in a montane insect". Functional Ecology. 33 (5): 809–818. Bibcode:2019FuEco..33..809D. doi: 10.1111/1365-2435.13286 . S2CID   91324149.
  5. ↑ "Team Beetle". www.wmrc.edu. 13 April 2021. Retrieved 2021-06-08.
  6. ↑ "Exploring Evolution By Studying Beetles Living On The Edge Report". www.scientia.com. 15 February 2017. Retrieved 2021-06-11.
  7. ↑ "Chrysomela aeneicollis (Sierra Willow Leaf beetle)". www.ccgproject.org. 18 December 2020. Retrieved 2021-06-08.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Brown, W. J. (1956). "The New World species of Chrysomela L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)". The Canadian Entomologist. 88 (Supplement 3): 1–54.
  9. ↑ "Chrysomela aeneicollis Report". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2019-09-23.
  10. ↑ "Chrysomela aeneicollis". GBIF. Retrieved 2019-09-23.
  11. ↑ Wilcox, John A. (1972). "A Review of the North American Chrysomeline Leaf Beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)". New York Museum and Science Service Bulletin.
  12. 1 2 Dellicour, S.; Fearnley, S. L.; Lombal, A.; Heidl, S. J.; Dahlhoff, E. P.; Rank, N. E.; Mardulyn, P. (2014). "Inferring the past and present connectivity across the range of a North American leaf beetle: combining ecological-niche modeling and a geographically explicit model of coalescence" (PDF). Evolution. 68 (8): 2371–2385. doi:10.1111/evo.12426. PMID   24749775. S2CID   3467381.
  13. ↑ Termonia, A.; Hsiao, T. H.; Pasteels, J. M.; Milinkovitch, M. C. (2001). "Feeding specialization and host-derived chemical defense in Chrysomeline leaf beetles did not lead to an evolutionary dead end". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA. 98 (7): 3909–3914. Bibcode:2001PNAS...98.3909T. doi: 10.1073/pnas.061034598 . PMC   31152 . PMID   11259651.
  14. 1 2 Smiley, J. T.; Horn, J. H.; Rank, N. E. (1985). "Ecological effects of salicin at three trophic levels: new problems from old adaptations". Science. 229 (4714): 649–651. Bibcode:1985Sci...229..649S. doi:10.1126/science.229.4714.649. PMID   17739376. S2CID   24002397.
  15. ↑ Rank, N. E. (1992). "Host plant preference based on salicylate chemistry in a willow leaf beetle (Chrysomela aeneicollis)". Oecologia (Berlin). 90 (1): 95–101. Bibcode:1992Oecol..90...95R. doi:10.1007/BF00317814. PMID   28312276. S2CID   1864388.
  16. ↑ Rank, N. E. (1994). "Host plant effects on larval survival in a salicin-using leaf beetle Chrysomela aeneicollis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)". Oecologia (Berlin). 97 (3): 342–353. doi:10.1007/BF00317324. PMID   28313629. S2CID   20569239.
  17. ↑ Rank, NE; Smiley, JT; Köpf, A (1996). "Natural enemies and host plant relationships for chrysomeline leaf beetles feeding on Salicaceae". Chrysomelidae Biology. 2: 147–171.
  18. ↑ Rank, N. E.; Smiley, J. T. (1994). "Host-plant effects on Parasyrphus melanderi Curran (Diptera: Syrphidae) feeding on a willow leaf beetle Chrysomela aeneicollis Schaeffer (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)". Ecological Entomology. 19: 31–38. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1994.tb00387.x. S2CID   85082871.
  19. 1 2 Smiley, J. T.; Rank, N. E. (1986). "Predator protection versus rapid growth in a montane leaf beetle". Oecologia. 70 (1): 106–112. Bibcode:1986Oecol..70..106S. doi:10.1007/BF00377117. PMID   28311293. S2CID   24472517.
  20. ↑ Sears, Anna LW; Smiley, John T; Hilker, Monika; Müller, Frank; Rank, Nathan E (2001). "Nesting behavior and prey use in two geographically separated populations of the specialist wasp Symmorphus cristatus (Vespidae: Eumeninae)". The American Midland Naturalist. 145 (2): 233–246. doi:10.1674/0003-0031(2001)145[0233:NBAPUI]2.0.CO;2. hdl: 10211.1/796 . S2CID   6122463.
  21. ↑ Otto, S. B.; Berlow, E. L.; Rank, N. E.; Smiley, J.; Brose, U. (2008). "Predator diversity and identity drive interaction strength and trophic cascades in a food web". Ecology. 89 (1): 134–44. Bibcode:2008Ecol...89..134O. doi:10.1890/07-0066.1. hdl: 10211.1/799 . ISSN   0012-9658. PMID   18376555.
  22. ↑ Dahlhoff, E. P.; Fearnley, S. L.; Bruce, D. A.; Gibbs, A. G.; Stoneking, R.; Mc Millan, D. M.; Deiner, K.; Smiley, J. T.; Rank, N. E. (2008). "Effects of temperature on physiology and reproductive success of a montane leaf beetle: Implications for persistence of native populations enduring climate change". Physiological and Biochemical Zoology. 81 (6): 718–732. doi:10.1086/590165. hdl: 10211.1/506 . ISSN   1522-2152. PMID   18956974. S2CID   15923123.
  23. ↑ Roberts, K.T.; Rank, N.E.; Dahlhoff, E.P.; Stillman, J.H.; Williams, C.M. (2021). "Snow modulates winter energy use and cold exposure across an elevation gradient in a montane ectotherm". Global Change Biology. 27 (23): 6103–6116. doi: 10.1111/gcb.15912 . PMID   34601792. S2CID   238257035.
  24. ↑ Roberts, Kevin T.; Stillman, Jonathon H.; Rank, Nathan E.; Dahlhoff, Elizabeth P.; Bracewell, Ryan R.; Elmore, Joanna; Williams, Caroline M. (2023). "Transcriptomic evidence indicates that montane leaf beetles prioritize digestion and reproduction in a sex-specific manner during emergence from dormancy". Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part D: Genomics and Proteomics. 47: 101088. doi: 10.1016/j.cbd.2023.101088 . PMID   37210884. S2CID   258782562.
  25. ↑ Boychuck, E. C.; Smiley, J. T.; Dahlhoff, E. P.; Bernards, M. A.; Rank, N. E.; Sinclair, B. J. (2015). "Cold tolerance of the montane Sierra leaf beetle, Chrysomela aeneicollis". Journal of Insect Physiology. 81: 157–166. doi: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2015.07.015 . PMID   26231921.
  26. ↑ Rank, N. E.; Yturralde, K.; Dahlhoff, E. P. (2006). "Role of contests in the scramble competition mating system of a leaf beetle". Journal of Insect Behavior. 19 (6): 699–716. Bibcode:2006JIBeh..19..699R. doi:10.1007/s10905-006-9051-2. S2CID   5267930.
  27. ↑ Dick, C. A.; Rank, N. E.; McCarthy, M.; McWeeney, S.; Hollis, D.; Dahlhoff, E. P. (2013). "Effects of temperature variation on male behavior and mating success in a montane beetle". Physiological and Biochemical Zoology. 86 (4): 432–440. doi:10.1086/671462. PMID   23799837. S2CID   37549202.
  28. 1 2 Rank, N. E.; Dahlhoff, E. P. (2002). "Allele frequency shifts in response to climate change and physiological consequences of allozyme variation in a montane insect". Evolution. 56 (11): 2278–2289. doi: 10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb00151.x . PMID   12487357. S2CID   16196224.
  29. 1 2 Rank, Nathan E; Mardulyn, Patrick; Heidl, Sarah J; Roberts, Kevin T; Zavala, Nicolas A; Smiley, John T; Dahlhoff, Elizabeth P (2020). "Mitonuclear mismatch alters performance and reproductive success in naturally introgressed populations of a montane leaf beetle". Evolution. 74 (8): 1724–1740. doi: 10.1111/evo.13962 . PMID   32246837.
  30. 1 2 Rank, N. E. (1992). "A hierarchical analysis of genetic differentiation in a montane leaf beetle (Chrysomela aeneicollis)". Evolution. 46 (4): 1097–1111. doi: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1992.tb00622.x . PMID   28564415. S2CID   25176689.
  31. 1 2 Dahlhoff, E. P.; Rank, N. E. (2000). "Functional and physiological consequences of genetic variation at phosphoglucose isomerase: heat shock protein expression is related to enzyme genotype in a montane beetle". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA. 97 (18): 10056–10061. Bibcode:2000PNAS...9710056D. doi: 10.1073/pnas.160277697 . PMC   27685 . PMID   10944188.
  32. ↑ Neargarder, G. G.; Dahlhoff, E. P.; Rank, N. E. (2003). "Variation in thermal tolerance is linked to phosphoglucose isomerase genotype in a montane leaf beetle". Functional Ecology. 17 (2): 213–221. Bibcode:2003FuEco..17..213N. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2435.2003.00722.x.
  33. ↑ Mc Millan, D. M.; Fearnley, S. L.; Rank, N. E.; Dahlhoff, E. P. (2005). "Natural temperature variation affects larval survival, development and Hsp70 expression in a leaf beetle". Functional Ecology. 19 (5): 844–852. Bibcode:2005FuEco..19..844M. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2005.01031.x .
  34. ↑ Dahlhoff, E. P.; Rank, N. E. (2007). "The role of stress proteins in responses of a montane willow leaf beetle to environmental temperature variation". Journal of Biosciences. 32 (3): 477–488. doi:10.1007/s12038-007-0047-7. hdl: 10211.1/798 . PMID   17536167. S2CID   9232969.
  35. ↑ Rank, N. E.; Bruce, D. A.; Mc Millan, D. M.; Barclay, C.; Dahlhoff, E. P. (2007). "Phosphoglucose isomerase genotype affects running speed and heat shock protein expression after exposure to extreme temperatures in a montane willow beetle". Journal of Experimental Biology. 210 (5): 750–764. doi: 10.1242/jeb.02695 . PMID   17297136. S2CID   17231202.
  36. ↑ Bracewell, R.R.; Stillman, J.H.; Dahlhoff, E.P.; Smeds, E.; Chatla, K.; Bachtrog, D.; Williams, C.M.; Rank, N.E. (2023). "A chromosome scale genome assembly and evaluation of mtDNA variation in the willow leaf beetle Chrysomela aeneicollis". bioRxiv. 13 (7): 2023–04. 19.537531. doi:10.1093/g3journal/jkad106. PMC   10320752 . PMID   37178174.

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