Churchyard

Last updated
The churchyard of Strasswalchen, Austria Strasswalchen kirche grundriss.jpg
The churchyard of Straßwalchen, Austria

In Christian countries a churchyard is a patch of land adjoining or surrounding a church, which is usually owned by the relevant church or local parish itself. [1] In the Scots language and in both Scottish English and Ulster Scots, this can also be known as a kirkyard.

Contents

While churchyards can be any patch of land on church grounds, historically, they were often used as graveyards (burial places).

Churchyard adjacent to St. Mary's Forane Church, Koratty, India. CHURCHYARD ADJACENT TO St.MARY'S FORANE CHURCH, KORATTY..jpg
Churchyard adjacent to St. Mary's Forane Church, Koratty, India.

Use of churchyards as a place of burial

Lutheran St. Olaf's Church and churchyard in Jomala, Aland Jomala kirik.jpg
Lutheran St. Olaf's Church and churchyard in Jomala, Åland
Russian Orthodox Church and churchyard in Alaska Russian Orthodox Church and Churchyard in Alaska.jpg
Russian Orthodox Church and churchyard in Alaska
A Baptist church and churchyard in Ohio Victory Baptist Temple and Churchyard.jpg
A Baptist church and churchyard in Ohio

After the establishment of the parish as the centre of the Christian spiritual life, the possession of a cemetery, as well as the baptismal font, was a mark of parochial status. During the Middle Ages, religious orders also constructed cemeteries around their churches. Thus, the most common use of churchyards was as a consecrated burial ground known as a graveyard. Graveyards were usually established at the same time as the building of the relevant place of worship (which can date back to the 6th to 14th centuries) and were often used by those families who could not afford to be buried inside or beneath the place of worship itself. However, many churchyards in Northwestern France and in the UK may predate the establishment of the Christian church there today. For example, existence of the Fortingall Yew, an ancient tree ( Taxus baccata ) in the churchyard of Fortingall, a village in Perthshire, Scotland, has been used to suggest pre-Christian activity on the site, although yews are difficult to date exactly.

Most headstones and other memorials are of the 17th century at the earliest, as ground would often be reused for further burials and only some families could afford any memorials. [2]

The use of churchyards as burial grounds for the deceased was diminished all over Europe in various stages between the 18th to 19th centuries due to lack of space for new headstones. In many European states, burial in churchyards was outlawed altogether either by royal decrees or government legislation for public hygiene reasons and portions of churchyards were taken in order for roads to be built or expanded. The loss of part (or all) of the churchyard, often led also to the removal and permanent loss of centuries-old graves and headstones. In some cases the human remains were exhumed and the gravestones transferred. In other cases, all headstones have been removed, to create a park-like environment, or simply to facilitate the seasonal cutting and removal of grass or weeds. In at least one case in the United States, the headstones from a churchyard in Pittsburgh were used to help form the foundation for an addition to the church fifty years after the last burial in the churchyard took place (the foundation itself unknowingly went through fifteen graves), with the churchyard itself becoming a parking lot nearly forty years after that; the churchyard was largely forgotten until PennDOT purchased the church property via eminent domain for construction of Interstate 279 and subsequently unearthed 727 graves. [3]

Some churchyards across the world are still used as graveyards today, particularly in most hamlets and small towns. Public cemeteries are primarily seen in major towns and cities.

In France

Only four churchyards now remain in France.

Ecology

The Fortingall Yew in June 2011. This ancient evergreen has been posited as a sacred tree. 2011 Schotland venijnboom Fortingall ommuurd 6-06-2011 18-43-30.jpg
The Fortingall Yew in June 2011. This ancient evergreen has been posited as a sacred tree.

Churchyards can be host to unique and ancient habitats because they may remain significantly unchanged for hundreds of years. [4]

See also

Bibliography

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cemetery</span> Place of burial

A cemetery, burial ground, gravesite, graveyard, or a green space called a memorial park, is a place where the remains of dead people are buried or otherwise interred. The word cemetery implies that the land is specifically designated as a burial ground and originally applied to the Roman catacombs. The term graveyard is often used interchangeably with cemetery, but a graveyard primarily refers to a burial ground within a churchyard.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tomb</span> Repository for the remains of the dead

A tomb is a repository for the remains of the dead. It is generally any structurally enclosed interment space or burial chamber, of varying sizes. Placing a corpse into a tomb can be called immurement, although this word mainly means entombing people alive, and is a method of final disposition, as an alternative to cremation or burial.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grave</span> Burial location of a dead body

A grave is a location where a dead body is buried or interred after a funeral. Graves are usually located in special areas set aside for the purpose of burial, such as graveyards or cemeteries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Headstone</span> Stele or marker, usually stone, placed over a grave

A headstone, tombstone, or gravestone is a stele or marker, usually stone, that is placed over a grave. It is traditional for burials in the Christian, Jewish, and Muslim religions, among others. In most cases, it has the deceased's name, date of birth, and date of death inscribed on it, along with a personal message, or prayer, but may contain pieces of funerary art, especially details in stone relief. In many parts of Europe, insetting a photograph of the deceased in a frame is very common.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">St Pancras Old Church</span> Church in Somers Town, Central London

St Pancras Old Church is a Church of England parish church on Pancras Road, Somers Town, in the London Borough of Camden. Somers Town is an area of the ancient parish and later Metropolitan Borough of St Pancras.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">God's Acre</span> Ancient Germanic designation for a burial ground

God's Acre is a churchyard, specifically the burial ground. The word comes from the German word Gottesacker, an ancient designation for a burial ground. The use of "Acre" is related to, but not derived from the unit of measurement and can be of any size. In the early 17th century the term was used as a translation of the German, but by the end of the century, it was accepted as an English term.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fortingall</span> Village in Perthshire, Scotland

Fortingall is a small village in Glen Lyon, Perthshire, Scotland. Its nearest sizable neighbours are Aberfeldy and Kenmore.

Icelandic funerals are ceremonies that are largely shaped by the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Iceland, the largest Christian organisation in Iceland. However, customs may vary depending on religious group.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">St. Nahi's Church, Dundrum</span>

St. Nahi is an 18th-century church in Dundrum, Dublin, Ireland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Volkovo Cemetery</span> Large cemetery in Saint Petersburg, Russia

The Volkovo Cemetery is one of the largest and oldest non-Orthodox cemeteries in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Until the early 20th century it was one of the main burial grounds for Lutheran Germans in Russia. It is estimated that over 100,000 people have been buried at this cemetery since 1773.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trinity-St. Paul's Episcopal Church (New Rochelle, New York)</span> Historic church in New York, United States

Trinity-St. Paul's Episcopal Church in New Rochelle in Westchester County, New York was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2006. It is located at the northwest corner of Huguenot Street and Division Street. This church represents the body of the majority group of New Rochelle's founding Huguenot French Calvinistic congregation that conformed to the liturgy of the established Church of England in June 1709. King George III gave Trinity its first charter in 1762. After the American Revolutionary War, Trinity became a parish of the Protestant Episcopal Church of America.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scottish gravestones</span>

The Scottish or Lowland Scottish gravestone is unique to the north of the British Isles. The study of Scottish Lowland Gravestones is essential to the overall study of British monumental inscriptions. The level of symbolism and detail on Scottish stones reached a peak during the 18th century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Great Cemetery</span> Cemetery in Riga, Latvia

The Great Cemetery was formerly the principal cemetery of Riga in Latvia, established in 1773. It was the main burial ground of the Baltic Germans in Latvia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Queen's Road Cemetery</span>

Queen's Road Cemetery is a cemetery in Croydon, England. It opened in 1861, and was followed in 1897 by the larger Croydon Cemetery in Mitcham Road. Both cemeteries are now managed by the London Borough of Croydon.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Canongate Kirkyard</span> Cemetery in City of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK

The Canongate Kirkyard stands around Canongate Kirk on the Royal Mile in Edinburgh, Scotland. The churchyard was used for burials from the late 1680s until the mid-20th century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cemeteries and crematoria in Brighton and Hove</span> Review of the topic

The English coastal city of Brighton and Hove, made up of the formerly separate Boroughs of Brighton and Hove in East Sussex, has a wide range of cemeteries throughout its urban area. Many were established in the mid-19th century, a time in which the Victorian "cult of death" encouraged extravagant, expensive memorials set in carefully cultivated landscapes which were even recommended as tourist attractions. Some of the largest, such as the Extra Mural Cemetery and the Brighton and Preston Cemetery, were set in particularly impressive natural landscapes. Brighton and Hove City Council, the local authority responsible for public services in the city, manages seven cemeteries, one of which also has the city's main crematorium. An eighth cemetery and a second crematorium are owned by a private company. Many cemeteries are full and no longer accept new burials. The council maintains administrative offices and a mortuary at the Woodvale Cemetery, and employs a coroner and support staff.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">St Mary's Churchyard, Hendon</span> Historic cemetery in the Borough of Barnet, London

St Mary's Churchyard, Hendon or Hendon Churchyard is the churchyard of St Mary's Church in Hendon in the London Borough of Barnet. It adjoins Sunny Hill Park, and it is part of the Sunny Hill Park and Hendon Churchyard Site of Local Importance for Nature Conservation. The churchyard is important archaeologically, as Roman artifacts have been found on the site and there is evidence of Anglo-Saxon settlement.

Main article Churchyards

<span class="mw-page-title-main">St Patrick's Church, Rosevale</span> Church in Australia

St Patrick's Church is a heritage-listed Roman Catholic church at Rosewood - Aratula Road, Rosevale, Scenic Rim Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Father Andrew Horan and built from 1888 to 1889. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 11 December 2009.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Friar's Bush Graveyard</span> Cemetery in Belfast, Northern Ireland

Friar's Bush Graveyard is Belfast's oldest Christian burial site, located on the Stranmillis Road in South Belfast.

References

  1. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Churchyard"  . Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 349.
  2. Muir, Richard (2004). Landscape Encyclopedia:A Reference Guide to the Historic Landscapers. 29 Bishop Road, Bollington: Windgather Press. p. 33. ISBN   0-9545575-1-4.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  3. "New burial site for 727 souls will be blessed".
  4. How natural is a nature reserve? An ideological study of British nature conservation landscapes, Cooper NS, Biodiversity and Conservation, 9, 2000, 1131-1152