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Revised Romanization | Joseonjeok |
McCune–Reischauer | Chosŏnjŏk |
Chōsen-jok (朝鮮籍,lit. 'Korean domicile') is a legal status assigned by the Japanese government to ethnic Koreans in Japan who do not have Japanese nationality and who have not registered as South Korean nationals. The status arose following the end of World War II,when many Koreans lost Japanese nationality. Most people with this status technically have both North Korean nationality and South Korean nationality under those countries' respective nationality laws,but since they do not have South Korean documents,and Japan does not recognize North Korea as a state,they are treated in some respects as being stateless. [1]
As of 2023 there were around 24,000 people with this status,compared to over 410,000 registered South Korean nationals in Japan. [2]
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Koreans in Japan |
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Chōsen-seki is a convention made by the Japanese government to register Korean residents in Japan shortly after the Surrender of Japan as if they had been stateless. [3] The Korean people originally had Japanese citizenship during the Japanese occupation of the Korean Peninsula. However, their Japanese citizenship was later revoked by Japanese government after Japan surrendered and gave up sovereignty over Korea, first practically in 1947 under Edict of Foreigner Registration (ja) of Allied Occupied Japan, then finally and formally, in 1952 through the San Francisco Treaty. [4]
In 1947, Koreans were still technically of Japanese citizenship although Article 11 of the Edict of Foreigner Registration states that they are considered foreigners. Hence, the Koreans who then resided in Japan were registered as "of Chōsen" according to their geographical origin as substitution of nationality. Since the foundation of South Korea in 1948, those Koreans have been able to reprocess their foreigner registration in Japan as South Korean nationals willingly. Those who did not do so, either because of an affinity for North Korea or because they did not wish to choose a side, retained Chōsen-seki status.
Japan delegates various issues of private civil law (such as family law) involving foreigners to the foreigners' home country. For example, Zainichi registered as South Korean have their wills determined by South Korean law. With regard to Chōsen-seki individuals, Japanese courts have generally applied South Korean law, but in some cases have applied North Korean law or Japanese law (in the latter case, treating the individual as stateless). [1]
Some Chōsen-seki individuals report discrimination based on their status, as it is associated with North Korea. [5]
Chōsen-seki individuals cannot obtain a South Korean passport unless they register as South Korean nationals. Historically, they could travel to South Korea with a special travel document issued in Japan, but this practice was curtailed in 2009 under the Lee Myung-bak government. [1] The Moon Jae-in government relaxed travel restrictions for Chōsen-seki individuals in 2017, with Moon stating that "we will normalize visits to their homeland regardless of nationality as a humanitarian gesture." [6]
On September 30, 2010, the Seoul High Court declared that an ethnic Korean from Japan with Chōsen-seki status was a "stateless overseas compatriot" and could be refused a travel document; on appeal in 2013, the Supreme Court did not use the term "stateless" but suggested that the individual was not a South Korean national. [1]
North Korea has issued nationality certificates and North Korean passports to Chōsen-seki individuals for both visiting and repatriation purposes. [1]
The term "British subject" has several different meanings depending on the time period. Before 1949, it referred to almost all subjects of the British Empire. Between 1949 and 1983, the term was synonymous with Commonwealth citizen. Currently, it refers to people possessing a class of British nationality largely granted under limited circumstances to those connected with Ireland or British India born before 1949. Individuals with this nationality are British nationals and Commonwealth citizens, but not British citizens.
Racism in Japan comprises negative attitudes and views on race or ethnicity which are held by various people and groups in Japan, and have been reflected in discriminatory laws, practices and action at various times in the history of Japan against racial or ethnic groups.
A koseki (戸籍) or family register is a Japanese family registry. Japanese law requires all Japanese households to make notifications of their vital records to their local authority, which compiles such records encompassing all Japanese citizens within their jurisdiction.
In international law, a stateless person is someone who is "not considered as a national by any state under the operation of its law". Some stateless people are also refugees. However, not all refugees are stateless, and many people who are stateless have never crossed an international border. At the end of 2022, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees estimated 4.4 million people worldwide as either stateless or of undetermined nationality, 90,800 (+2%) more than at the end of 2021.
Koreans in Japan are ethnic Koreans who immigrated to Japan before 1945 and are citizens or permanent residents of Japan, or who are descendants of those immigrants. They are a group distinct from South Korean nationals who have immigrated to Japan since the end of World War II and the division of Korea.
A British Overseas citizen (BOC) is a holder of a residual class of British nationality, largely held by people connected with former British colonies who do not have close ties to the United Kingdom or its overseas territories. Individuals with this form of nationality are British nationals and Commonwealth citizens, but not British citizens. BOCs are subject to immigration control when entering the United Kingdom and do not have the automatic right of abode there or in any British overseas territory.
The right of abode is an individual's freedom from immigration control in a particular country. A person who has the right of abode in a country does not need permission from the government to enter the country and can live and work there without restriction, and is immune from removal and deportation.
The General Association of Korean Residents in Japan, abbreviated as Chongryon or Chōsen Sōren, is one of two main organisations for Zainichi Koreans, the other being Mindan. It has close ties to North Korea and functions as North Korea's de facto embassy in Japan, as there are no diplomatic relations between the two countries. The organisation is headquartered in Chiyoda, Tokyo, and there are prefectural and regional head offices and branches throughout Japan.
This article concerns the history of British nationality law.
South Korean nationality law (Korean: 국적법) details the conditions in which an individual is a national of the Republic of Korea (ROK), commonly known as South Korea. Foreign nationals may naturalize after living in the country for at least five years and showing proficiency in the Korean language. All male citizens between the ages of 18 and 35 who are able-bodied and mentally competent are required to perform at least 18 months of compulsory military service or alternative civilian service.
Chinese nationality law details the conditions by which a person holds nationality of the People's Republic of China (PRC). The primary law governing these requirements is the Nationality Law of the People's Republic of China, which came into force on September 10, 1980.
Japanese Nationality Law details the conditions by which a person holds nationality of Japan. The primary law governing nationality regulations is the 1950 Nationality Act.
A travel document is an identity document issued by a government or international entity pursuant to international agreements to enable individuals to clear border control measures. Travel documents usually assure other governments that the bearer may return to the issuing country, and are often issued in booklet form to allow other governments to place visas as well as entry and exit stamps into them.
Renunciation of citizenship is the voluntary loss of citizenship. It is the opposite of naturalization, whereby a person voluntarily obtains citizenship. It is distinct from denaturalization, where citizenship is revoked by the state.
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Taiwanese nationality law details the conditions in which a person is a national of the Republic of China, commonly known as Taiwan. The Nationality Act is based on the principle of jus sanguinis, children born to at least one Taiwanese parent are automatically nationals at birth. Foreign nationals with residency in Taiwan may naturalize after continuously living in the country for at least five (5) years. Certain foreign immediate family members of Taiwanese nationals may naturalize after continuously living in the country for at least three (3) years.
The primary law governing nationality in the United Kingdom is the British Nationality Act 1981, which came into force on 1 January 1983. Regulations apply to the British Islands, which include the UK itself and the Crown dependencies ; and the 14 British Overseas Territories.
The Japan Re-entry Permit is a travel document similar to a certificate of identity, issued by Japan's Ministry of Justice. It is a passport-like booklet with a light brown cover with the words "再入国許可書 RE-ENTRY PERMIT TO JAPAN" on the front.
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Kenyan nationality law is regulated by the Constitution of Kenya, as amended; the Kenya Citizenship and Immigration Act, and its revisions; and various international agreements to which the country is a signatory. These laws determine who is, or is eligible to be, a national of Kenya. The legal means to acquire nationality, formal legal membership in a nation, differ from the domestic relationship of rights and obligations between a national and the nation, known as citizenship. Nationality describes the relationship of an individual to the state under international law, whereas citizenship is the domestic relationship of an individual within the nation. In Britain and thus the Commonwealth of Nations, though the terms are often used synonymously outside of law, they are governed by different statutes and regulated by different authorities. Kenyan nationality is typically obtained under the principle of jus soli, by being born in Kenya, or jus sanguinis, i.e. by birth in Kenya or abroad to parents with Kenyan nationality. It can be granted to persons with an affiliation to the country, or to a permanent resident who has lived in the country for a given period of time through registration.