In the Circassian language, pronouns belong to the following groups: personal, demonstrative, possessive, interrogative, adherent and indefinite.
In Adyghe, personal pronouns are only expressed in first person, second person and reflexive second-person in singular and plural forms.
Case | First-person | Second-person | Reflexive third-person | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | ||
Singular | Absolutive | сэ | sa | о | wa | ежь | jaʑ |
Ergative | сэ | sa | о | wa | ежь | jaʑ | |
Instrumental | сэркӏэ | sart͡ʃʼa | оркӏэ | wart͡ʃʼa | ежькӏэ | jaʑt͡ʃʼa | |
Adverbial | сэрэу | saraw | орэу | waraw | ежьрэу | jaʑraw | |
Plural | Absolutive | тэ | ta | шъо | ʃʷa | ежьхэр | jaʑxar |
Ergative | тэ | ta | шъо | ʃʷa | ежьхэмэ | jaʑxama | |
Instrumental | тэркӏэ | tart͡ʃʼa | шъоркӏэ | ʃʷart͡ʃʼa | ежьхэмкӏэ | jaʑxamt͡ʃʼa | |
Adverbial | тэрэу | taraw | шъорэу | ʃʷaraw | ежьхэрэу | jaʑxaxaw |
сэ | о | усэплъэы |
[sa | wa | wəsapɬə] |
I | you | I am looking at you |
"I am looking at you." |
мы | ӏофыр | сэркӏэ | къины |
[mə | ʔʷafər | sart͡ʃʼa | qəjnə] |
this | work (abs.) | for me | hard |
"this work is hard for me." |
ежь | сэ | къысиӏуагъ |
[jaʑ | sa | qəsəjʔʷaːʁ] |
him/her | I | (s)he told me |
"he told me himself." |
Demonstrative pronouns are мы "this", мо "that", а "that". There is a contradistinction between 'мы' and 'мо' on how far the referred object is. The pronoun 'а' is neutral on this matter. Third person pronouns are expressed as demonstrative pronouns.
Case | Basic demonstratives | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
а | мо | мы | |||||||||||
Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | ||||||||
Singular | Absolutive | ар | aːr | мор | mor | мыр | mər | ||||||
Ergative | ащ | aːɕ | мощ | moɕ | мыщ | məɕ | |||||||
Instrumental | ащкӏэ | aːɕt͡ʃʼa | мощкӏэ | moɕt͡ʃʼa | мыщкӏэ | məɕt͡ʃʼa | |||||||
Adverbial | арэу | aːraw | морэу | moraw | мырэу | məraw | |||||||
Plural | Absolutive | ахэр | aːxar | мохэр | moxar | мыхэр | məxar | ||||||
Ergative | ахэмэ | aːxama | мохэмэ | moxama | мыхэмэ | məxama | |||||||
Instrumental | ахэмкӏэ | aːxamt͡ʃʼa | мохэмкӏэ | moxamt͡ʃʼa | мыхэмкӏэ | məxamt͡ʃʼa | |||||||
Adverbial | ахэрэу | aːxaraw | мохэрэу | moxaraw | мыхэрэу | məxaraw |
мор | о | уимашинэ |
[mor | wa | wəjmaːʃina] |
this (abs.) | you | your car |
"That is your car." |
ащ | къысиӏуагъэр | мыщ | есӏотэжьыгъ |
[aːɕ | qəsəjʔʷaːʁar | məɕ | qəjnə] |
that (erg.) | the thing (s)he told me | this (erg.) | I told him back |
"I told this person the things that person told me." |
ахэмкӏэ | мы | джанэу | мощ | щыгъэр | дахэ |
[aːxamt͡ʃʼa | mə | d͡ʒaːnaw | moɕ | ɕəʁər | daːxa] |
for them (ins.) | this | shirt (adv.) | that (erg.) | the thing (s)he is wearing | beautiful |
"According to them, the shirt this person is wearing is beautiful." |
The demonstrative pronouns джэ "that", дымы "this over here" and дымо "that over there" also exist in Circassian. There is a contradistinction between 'дымы' and 'дымо' on how far the referred object is. The pronoun 'джэ' is also neutral on this matter.
Case | Other demonstratives | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
дымо | дымы | джэ | |||||||||||
Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | ||||||||
Singular | Absolutive | дымор | dəmor | дымыр | dəmər | джэр | d͡ʒar | ||||||
Ergative | дымощ | dəmoɕ | дымыщ | dəməɕ | джэщ | d͡ʒaɕ | |||||||
Instrumental | дымощкӏэ | dəmoɕt͡ʃʼa | дымыщкӏэ | dəməɕt͡ʃʼa | джэщкӏэ | d͡ʒaɕt͡ʃʼa | |||||||
Adverbial | дыморэу | dəmoraw | дымырэу | dəməraw | джэрэу | d͡ʒaraw | |||||||
Plural | Absolutive | дымохэр | dəmoxar | дымыхэр | dəməxar | джэхэр | d͡ʒaxar | ||||||
Ergative | дымохэмэ | dəmoxama | дымыхэмэ | dəməxama | джэхэмэ | d͡ʒaxama | |||||||
Instrumental | дымохэмкӏэ | dəmoxamt͡ʃʼa | дымыхэмкӏэ | dəməxamt͡ʃʼa | джэхэмкӏэ | d͡ʒaxamt͡ʃʼa | |||||||
Adverbial | дымохэрэу | dəmoxaraw | дымыхэрэу | dəməxaraw | джэхэрэу | d͡ʒaxaraw |
дымощ | ицуакъэ | ишъо | олъэгъуа? |
[dəmoɕ | jət͡sʷaːqa | jəʃʷa | waɬaʁʷaː] |
that over there (erg.) | his shoe | its color | do you see it? |
"Do you see the color of that person's shoe over there?" |
джэхэмэ | садэгущыӏагъ |
[d͡ʒaxama | saːdaɡʷəɕəʔaːʁ] |
those (erg.) | I spoke to them |
"I spoke to them." |
дымор | кӏалэу | къысэуагъэр |
[dəmor | t͡ʃʼaːɮaw | qəsawaːʁar] |
that over there (abs.) | boy (adv.) | the one that hit me |
"That is the boy that hit me over there." |
The interrogative pronoun is тэ "which".
Case | |||
---|---|---|---|
Cyrillic | IPA | ||
Singular | Absolutive | тэр | tar |
Ergative | тэщ | taɕ | |
Instrumental | тэщкӏэ | taɕt͡ʃʼa | |
Adverbial | тэрэу | taraw | |
Plural | Absolutive | тэхэр | taxar |
Ergative | тэхэмэ | taxama | |
Instrumental | тэхэмкӏэ | taxamt͡ʃʼa | |
Adverbial | тэхэрэу | taxaraw |
Auxiliary interrogative words:
хэт | къэкӏуагъэ? |
[xat | qakʷʼaːʁa] |
who | the person that came |
"Who came?" |
сыд | кӏалэм | ыцӏэ? |
[səd | t͡ʃʼaːɮam | ət͡sʼa] |
what | the boy (erg.) | his name |
"What is the boy's name?" |
непэ | тыдэ | ущыӏэщт? |
[najpa | təda | wɕəʔaɕt] |
today | where | you will be there |
"Today where will you be?" |
Case | First-person | Second-person | Third-person | Reflexive third-person | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | ||
Singular | Absolutive | сэсый | sasəj | оуй | wawəj | ий | jəj | ежьый | jaʑəj |
Ergative | сэсый | sasəj | оуй | wawəj | ий | jəj | ежьый | jaʑəj | |
Instrumental | сэсыемкӏэ | sasəjamt͡ʃʼa | оуемкӏэ | wawəjamt͡ʃʼa | иемкӏэ | jəjamt͡ʃʼa | ежьыемкӏэ | jaʑəjamt͡ʃʼa | |
Adverbial | сэсыеу | sasəjaw | оуеу | wawəjaw | иеу | jəjaw | ежьыеу | jaʑəjaw | |
Plural | Absolutive | тэтый | tatəj | шъошъуй | ʃʷaʃʷəj | яй | jaːj | ежьыяй | jaʑəjaːj |
Ergative | тэтый | tatəj | шъошъуй | ʃʷaʃʷəj | яй | jaːj | ежьыяй | jaʑəjaːj | |
Instrumental | тэтыемкӏэ | tatəjamt͡ʃʼa | шъошъуемкӏэ | ʃʷaʃʷəjamt͡ʃʼa | яемкӏэ | jaːjamt͡ʃʼa | ежьыяимкӏэ | jaʑəjaːjəmt͡ʃʼa | |
Adverbial | тэтыеу | tatəjaw | шъошъуеу | ʃʷaʃʷəjaw | яеу | jaːjaw | ежьыяеу | jaʑəjaːjaw |
мы | джэгуалъэхэр | сэсиех |
[mə | d͡ʒaɡʷaːɬaxar | sasəjax] |
this | toys (abs.) | they are mine |
"these toys are mine." |
дымо | унэ | плъэгъурэ | сэсый |
[dəmo | wəna | pɬaʁʷəra | sasəj] |
that over there | house | what one you're seeing | mine |
"That house you are seeing is mine." |
мыр | оуя | ежья? |
[mər | wawəjaː | jaʑjaː] |
this (abs.) | is it yours? | is it his? |
"Is this yours or his?" |
The nouns in Adyghe are different by their accessory signs[ clarification needed ], which are broken down into the natural attribute and the property attribute. The natural attribute is for body parts and kin relationships (e.g. 'son', 'sister'). All other words belong to the property attribute.
Prefix | Meaning | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Cyrillic | IPA | |||
Singular | 1st person | с- or сы- | /s-/ or /sə-/ | "my" |
2nd person | п- or у- | /p-/ or /w-/ | "your" | |
3rd person | ы- | /ə-/ | "his" | |
Plural | 1st person | тэ- or т- | /ta-/ or /t-/ | "our" |
2nd person | шъо- or шъу- | /ʃʷa-/ or /ʃʷə-/ | "your" | |
3rd person | a- | /aː-/ | "their" |
ышынахьыкӏэ | ицӏэ | Аслъан |
[əʃənaːħət͡ʃʼa | jət͡sʼa | aːsɬaːn] |
his younger brother | his name | Aslan |
"His younger brother's name is Aslan." |
сэ | слъакъо | мэузы |
[sa | sɬaːqʷa | mawzə] |
I | my leg | it is hurting |
"my leg hurts." |
Prefix | Meaning | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Cyrillic | IPA | |||
Singular | 1st person | си- | /səj-/ | "my" |
2nd person | уи- | /wəj-/ | "your" | |
3rd person | и- | /jə-/ | "his" | |
Plural | 1st person | ти- | /təj-/ | "our" |
2nd person | шъуи- | /ʃʷəj-/ | "your" | |
3rd person | я- | /jaː-/ | "their" |
сэ | сицӏэ | Аслъан |
[sa | səjt͡sʼa | aːsɬaːn] |
I | my name | Aslan |
"My name is Aslan." |
сэ | сиунэ | ишъо | фыжьы |
[sa | səjwəna | jəʃʷa | fəʑə] |
I | my house | its color | white |
"The color of my house is white." |
яджанэхэр | нахь | дахэх | уиджанэхэмэ |
[jaːd͡ʒaːnaxar | naːħ | daːxax | wəjd͡ʒaːnaxama] |
their clothes (abs.) | more | beautiful (plural) | your clothes (erg.) |
"Their clothes are more beautiful than yours." |
In Adyghe whole one - зыгорэ.[ clarification needed ] Serves for indication of all notions corresponding to English words "someone", "something", "someone", "something", "sometime", "somewhere", etc.
Changes either as noun – in number and in cases:
Case | Singular form | Plural form | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Cyrillic | IPA | Cyrillic | IPA | |
Absolutive | зыгорэ | zəɡʷara | зыгорэхэр | zəɡʷaraxar |
Ergative | зыгорэм | zəɡʷaram | зыгорэхэмэ | zəɡʷaraxama |
Instrumental | зыгорэ(м)кӏэ | zəɡʷara(m)t͡ʃʼa | зыгорэхэ(м)кӏэ | zəɡʷaraxa(m)t͡ʃʼa |
Adverbial | зыгорэу | zəɡʷaraw | зыгорэхэу | zəɡʷaraxaw |
зыгорэ | пчъэм | къытеуагъ |
[zəɡʷara | pt͡ʂam | qətajwaːʁ] |
someone (abs.) | door (erg.) | (s)he knocked it |
"someone has knocked the door." |
кӏалэ горэм | бэнанэр | ешхы |
[t͡ʃʼaːɮa ɡʷaram | banaːna | jaʃxə] |
some boy (erg.) | the banana (abs.) | he eats |
"some boy is eating the banana" |
пшъэшъэ | дахэ горэм | мыр | къысиӏуагъ |
[pʂaʂa | daːxa ɡʷaram | mər | qəsiʔʷaːʁ] |
girl | some pretty (erg.) | this | he/she told me |
"some pretty girl told me this" |
Circassian adherent pronouns:
Examples:
Pronoun | Cyrillic | IPA | Meaning |
---|---|---|---|
сэ | сэры | sarə | it is me |
о | оры | warə | it is you |
ежь | ежьыр | jaʑər | it is him |
тэ | тэры | tarə | it is us |
шъо | шъоры | ʃʷarə | it is you (plural) |
ежьхэ | ежьхэр | jaʑəxar | it is them |
Determiner | Cyrillic | IPA | Meaning |
а | ары | aːrə | that one indeed |
джэ | джары | d͡ʒaːrə | exactly that one indeed |
мо | моры | morə | that one |
дыо | дыуары | dəwaːrə | that one over there |
дымы | дымары | dəmaːrə | this one over here |
мы | мары | maːrə | this one |
тэ | тары | taːrə | which one |
сэры | къэшъугъотын фае |
[sarə | qaʃʷəʁʷatən faːja] |
it is me | the one you must find |
"the one you must find is me." |
ары | къысиIуагъэ |
[aːrə | qəsiʔʷaːʁa] |
that is | the thing he told me |
"that is what he told me" |
дыморы | кIалэу | сфэсIуагъэ |
[dəmorə | t͡ʃaːlaw | səfasʔʷaːʁa] |
that is over there | boy (adv.) | the thing i talked about |
"here is the boy i talked about" |
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