Clerk of the Crown and Hanaper

Last updated

The Clerk of the Crown and Hanaper was a civil servant within the Irish Chancery in the Dublin Castle administration. His duties corresponded to the offices of Clerk of the Crown and Clerk of the Hanaper in the English Chancery. [1] Latterly, the office's most important functions were to issue writs of election to the Westminster Parliament, both for the House of Commons and for Irish representative peer in the House of Lords.

Contents

Functions

In 1859 commissioners investigating the Irish Chancery described the duties of the office thus: [2]

The office of the Clerk of the Crown and Hanaper in Chancery is regulated by the Act of 6 and 7 Wm. IV., cap. 74, which provides that the office shall consist of the Clerk of the Crown and Hanaper, and two clerks to be appointed by him.

The duties of the office are threefold:—first, those connected with the petty-bag or law side of the Court; secondly, preparing and issuing certain writs specified in the schedule to the Act of 4 Geo. IV., cap. 61; and thirdly, swearing gentlemen into office before the Lord Chancellor.

The business of the petty-bag or law side of the Court is confined to proceedings to enforce the performance of a recognizance entered into in the Court, and to proceedings in cases of debt against officers of the Court, there being an antiquated privilege appertaining to officers of the Court of Chancery, that they are not amenable in cases of debt to the ordinary tribunals of the country, but must be sued in their own Court.

Prior to the acts, enumerated thus in 1817 by commissioners into legal costs: [3]

Until 1836, the Clerk was appointed by letters patent, and could himself appoint a deputy. [4] There were no statutory qualifications required for the post. [5]

In 1868 the Public Record Office of Ireland catalogued the older records it archived from the Hanaper office thus: [6]

  1. Writs of Election and Returns of Members of Parliament.
  2. Writs and Returns electing Temporal Peers
  3. Commissions of Lunacy, Idiocy, &c, and Returns.
  4. Writs of Ad quod Damnum.
  5. Commissions of Inquiry, and Inquisitions thereunder.
  6. Writs to elect Coroners, and Returns.
  7. Significavit and Warrants for Writs of Excommunicate Capiendo
  8. Apostles and Warrants for Commissions of Delegates
  9. Dedimuses to swear in Justices of the Peace, and a number of Six Clerk dockets
  10. Fiants
  11. Proclamations and Warrants for sealing them.
  12. Commissions of Valuation.
  13. Warrants for Pardons
  14. Commissions to examine Witnesses before Lords Deputy and Council
  15. Writs of Ease.
  16. Sheriffs' Patents.
  17. Warrants for superseding Magistrates.
  18. Warrants of Appointment to the office of Custos Rotulorum.
  19. Warrants appointing Masters Extraordinary.
  20. Commissions of Array.
  21. Commissions of Perambulation relating to ecclesiastical matters.
  22. Commissions of Assize and Association.
  23. Writs of Summons to Parliament (Irish)
  24. Rolls of Allegiance
  25. Roll of Oaths of Roman Catholic and Assistant Barristers
  26. Writs of Scire Facias.

A mandate from Edward IV enumerates "that the Clerc of the Hanapier continuelly receive the fees of the sele of writts, comisssions, and patents, and also all suche fynes as shall be made in the Chaunsery, and thereupon pay the Chaunsellor his fees, wages and rewardes accustomed, and deliver the remnant unto the Kyng's Ex[checquer]. upon his accomptes, which he shall make yerly therof". [7] It also mandates the clerk to appoint deputies in the King's Bench and Common Pleas to collect the fees and fines from those courts. [7]

History

James Roderick O'Flanagan states: [8]

The office of Clerk of the Hanaper is of old date in Ireland. In this office the writs relating to the suits of the subject, and the return thereon, were anciently kept in hanaperio, a hamper; while those relating to the crown were placed in parva baga, a little bag; whereon arose the names Hanaper and Petty Bag Offices.

The offices of Clerk of the Hanaper and Clerk of the Crown in Chancery were originally separate but came to be held by the same person in the seventeenth century and were later formally merged. [9] From 1888 the holder was ex officio secretary to the Lord Chancellor of Ireland. [9]

In the early centuries, the Clerk was often a qualified lawyer. He might reasonably hope for promotion to the office of Attorney-General for Ireland, or to the Bench. At least five Clerks in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries achieved judicial office, or the Attorney-Generalship. The office was an onerous one: in 1427 Stephen Roche, later Attorney-General, petitioned the Privy Council complaining of the great labours he had endured in the King's business, without reward "to his great impoverishment". The Council granted his petition and awarded him 10 marks.

Abuses

In 1789, the Attorney-General for Ireland told the Irish House of Commons that it had "been a matter of necessity to purchase home the office of Clerk of the Crown and Hanaper to the court of Chancery; the person who had held that employment had been for twenty years an absentee, during which time the business had been done in such an irregular and slovenly manner, that a reform was indispensable". [10] The 1817 commissioners noted disapprovingly that the appointed Clerk was paid £1800 annually by a deputy who in return kept all the fees chargeable by the office. [3] They recommended that the Clerk should be paid a fixed salary and required to execute the office in person rather than by deputy; [3] this was mandated by the Court of Chancery (Ireland) Acts of 1823 and 1836. [11] The 1836 act formally abolished the existing patented office (compensating the holder) and established a replacement office on a statutory basis so that it could be subject to regulation. [4] The 1859 commissioners recommended that the office be abolished, its few functions transferred elsewhere in Chancery, and the prolix form of its documents be simplified to reduce the cost of scriveners. [2]

Abolition

The last Clerk of the Crown and Hanaper was Gerald Horan, K.C. (1880–1949), [12] who issued the writs for the June 1921 Stormont election [13] and June 1922 Free State provisional parliament election, [14] and a royal charter in September 1922 to the Law Society of Northern Ireland. [15] His office was one of the parts of the Dublin Castle administration which had not been transferred to the Provisional Government by 27 September 1922. [16] [17]

In the Irish Free State, the offices of Chancery and Hanaper were presumed not to have survived the coming into force of the Free State Constitution on 6 December 1922. [1] Writs for the 1923 Free State election were issued by the clerk of the Dáil. [18] [19] The office's residual statutory election functions were formally transferred to the Department of Local Government and Public Health when that was established under the Ministers and Secretaries Act 1924. [20] The office was implicitly abolished by the Court Officers Act 1926. [9] [21]

In Northern Ireland, The Speaker of the House of Commons of Northern Ireland in March 1923 refused to allow the moving of a by-election writ because there was no official appointed to do so. [22] An order in council of 12 August 1924 transferred the Clerk of the Crown and Hanaper's election functions in Northern Ireland to the Clerk of the Crown for Northern Ireland. [23]

List

Clerks of the Hanaper

Clerks of the Crown

Clerks of the Crown and Hanaper

Related Research Articles

In the United Kingdom, representative peers were those peers elected by the members of the Peerage of Scotland and the Peerage of Ireland to sit in the British House of Lords. Until 1999, all members of the Peerage of England held the right to sit in the House of Lords; they did not elect a limited group of representatives. All peers who were created after 1707 as Peers of Great Britain and after 1801 as Peers of the United Kingdom held the same right to sit in the House of Lords.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Exchequer of Pleas</span> English-Welsh court for common and equity law (1190s–1880)

The Exchequer of Pleas, or Court of Exchequer, was a court that dealt with matters of equity, a set of legal principles based on natural law and common law in England and Wales. Originally part of the curia regis, or King's Council, the Exchequer of Pleas split from the curia in the 1190s to sit as an independent central court. The Court of Chancery's reputation for tardiness and expense resulted in much of its business transferring to the Exchequer. The Exchequer and Chancery, with similar jurisdictions, drew closer together over the years until an argument was made during the 19th century that having two seemingly identical courts was unnecessary. As a result, the Exchequer lost its equity jurisdiction. With the Judicature Acts, the Exchequer was formally dissolved as a judicial body by an Order in Council on 16 December 1880.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hanaper</span> Basket to contain a cup

Hanaper, properly a case or basket to contain a "hanap", a drinking vessel, a goblet with a foot or stem; the term which is still used by antiquaries for medieval stemmed cups. The famous Royal Gold Cup in the British Museum is called a "hanap" in the inventory of Charles VI of France of 1391.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Attorney-General for Ireland</span> Senior legal officer in Ireland prior to 1921

The Attorney-General for Ireland was an Irish and then United Kingdom government office-holder. He was senior in rank to the Solicitor-General for Ireland: both advised the Crown on Irish legal matters. With the establishment of the Irish Free State in 1922, the duties of the Attorney-General and Solicitor-General for Ireland were taken over by the Attorney General of Ireland. The office of Solicitor-General for Ireland was abolished at the same time for reasons of economy. This led to repeated complaints from the first Attorney General of Ireland, Hugh Kennedy, about the "immense volume of work" which he was now forced to deal with single-handedly.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Clerk of the Crown in Chancery</span> Senior British civil servant

The Clerk of the Crown in Chancery in Great Britain is a senior civil servant who is the head of the Crown Office.

A fiant was a writ issued to the Irish Chancery mandating the issue of letters patent under the Great Seal of Ireland. The name fiant comes from the opening words of the document, Fiant litterae patentes, Latin for "Let letters patent be made". Fiants were typically issued by the chief governor of Ireland, under his privy seal; or sealed by the Secretary of State, who served as "Keeper of the Privy Seal of Ireland", just as the English Secretary of State did in England. Fiants dealt with matters ranging from appointments to high office and important government activities, to grants of pardons to the humblest of the native Irish. Fiants relating to early modern Ireland are an important primary source for the period for historians and genealogists. The Tudor fiants were especially numerous, many relating to surrender and regrant. A fiant often provides more information than the ensuing letters patent recorded on patent rolls. There are also fiants for which the patent roll does not list any letters patent, either because none were issued or because those issued were never enrolled, through accident or abuse. Prior to the Act of Explanation 1665, letters patent were enrolled after they were granted; under the act, the fiant was enrolled first, and the letters issued afterwards. Thereafter the rolls, which were catalogued in the 19th century, give the same information as the original fiants.

The Master of the Rolls in Ireland was a senior judicial office in the Irish Chancery under English and British rule, and was equivalent to the Master of the Rolls in the English Chancery. Originally called the Keeper of the Rolls, he was responsible for the safekeeping of the Chancery records such as close rolls and patent rolls. The office was created by letters patent in 1333, the first holder of the office being Edmund de Grimsby. As the Irish bureaucracy expanded, the duties of the Master of the Rolls came to be performed by subordinates and the position became a sinecure which was awarded to political allies of the Dublin Castle administration. In the nineteenth century, it became a senior judicial appointment, ranking second within the Court of Chancery behind the Lord Chancellor of Ireland. The post was abolished by the Courts of Justice Act 1924, passed by the Irish Free State established in 1922.

William Domville (1609–1689) was a leading Irish politician, barrister and Constitutional writer of the Restoration era. Due to the great trust which the English Crown had in him, he served as Attorney General for Ireland throughout the reign of Charles II (1660-1685) and also served briefly in the following reign. It was during his term of office that the Attorney General emerged as the pre-eminent legal adviser to the Crown in Ireland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">William Tynbegh</span>

William Tynbegh, or de Thinbegh (c.1370-1424) was an Irish lawyer who had a long and distinguished career as a judge, holding office as Chief Justice of all three of the courts of common law and as Lord High Treasurer of Ireland. His career is unusual both for the exceptionally young age at which he became a judge, and because left the Bench to become Attorney General for Ireland, but later returned to judicial office.

Robert Sutton was an Irish judge and Crown official. During a career which lasted almost 60 years he served the English Crown in a variety of offices, notably as Deputy to the Lord Chancellor of Ireland, Chief Baron of the Irish Exchequer, Master of the Rolls in Ireland, and Deputy Treasurer of Ireland. A warrant dated 1423 praised him for his "long and laudable" service to the Crown.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thomas de Everdon</span> English-born Irish cleric and judge

Thomas de Everdon was an English-born cleric and judge, who was a trusted Crown official in Ireland for several decades.

William Sutton was an Irish judge of the fifteenth century, who served briefly as Attorney General for Ireland and then for many years as third Baron of the Court of Exchequer (Ireland). He was the father of Nicholas Sutton, who followed the same career path, but died young before his father.

The office of Director of Chancery, the keeper of the Quarter Seal of Scotland, was formerly a senior position within the legal system of Scotland. The medieval post, latterly an office at General Register House, Edinburgh, was abolished by the Reorganisation of Offices (Scotland) Act 1928 and provision made for the functions to be transferred to the Keeper of the Registers and Records of Scotland, the Principal Extractor of the Court of Session, the Sheriff Clerk of Chancery and the sheriff clerks of counties.

Edward Somerton, or Somertoune was an Irish barrister and judge who held the offices of Serjeant-at-law (Ireland) and judge of the Court of King's Bench (Ireland) and the Court of Common Pleas (Ireland). He was born in Ireland, possibly in Waterford, although he lived much of his life in Dublin. By 1426 he was a clerk in the Court of Chancery (Ireland), and was paid 26 shillings for his labours in preparing writs and enrolment of indentures,. In 1427 he is recorded in London studying law at Lincoln's Inn. He returned to Ireland and was again in the Crown service by 1435, when he was ordered to convey lands at Beaulieu, County Louth to Robert Chambre, one of the Barons of the Court of Exchequer (Ireland). He was appointed King's Serjeant for life in 1437; he also acted as counsel for the city of Waterford, a position subsequently held by another future judge, John Gough.

The Great Seal of Ireland was the seal used until 1922 by the Dublin Castle administration to authenticate important state documents in Ireland, in the same manner as the Great Seal of the Realm in England. The Great Seal of Ireland was used from at least the 1220s in the Lordship of Ireland and the ensuing Kingdom of Ireland, and remained in use when the island became part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1922), just as the Great Seal of Scotland remained in use after the Act of Union 1707. After 1922, the single Great Seal of Ireland was superseded by the separate Great Seal of the Irish Free State and Great Seal of Northern Ireland for the respective jurisdictions created by the partition of Ireland.

The Crown Office, also known as the Crown Office in Chancery, is a section of the Ministry of Justice. It has custody of the Great Seal of the Realm, and has certain administrative functions in connection with the courts and the judicial process, as well as functions relating to the electoral process for House of Commons elections, to the keeping of the Roll of the Peerage, and to the preparation of royal documents such as warrants required to pass under the royal sign-manual, fiats, letters patent, etc. In legal documents, the Crown Office refers to the office of the Clerk of the Crown in Chancery.

A Clerk of the Crown is a clerk who usually works for a monarch or such royal head of state. The term is mostly used in the United Kingdom to refer to the office of the Clerk of the Crown in Chancery, though the office has undergone different titles throughout history.

Roger Hawkenshaw or Hakenshawe was an Irish judge and Privy Councillor.

Sir Compton Domvile, 2nd Baronet was an Anglo-Irish politician.

Sir Thomas Domvile, 1st Baronet was an Anglo-Irish politician.

References

Sources

Citations

  1. 1 2 Gardiner, Baron Gardiner, Gerald (3 February 1966). "PETITION: REPRESENTATION OF IRISH PEERS". HL Deb. Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). vol 272 col.573. Retrieved 10 September 2016.
  2. 1 2 Chancery Commission 1859, pp.6–7
  3. 1 2 3 Commissioners of Inquiry into Courts of Justice in Ireland (1817). "Clerk of the Crown and Hanaper". First report (Chancery) with appendix. Sessional papers. Vol. 10 9. pp. 89–96. Retrieved 10 September 2016.; Commissioners of Inquiry into Courts of Justice in Ireland (1818). "Clerk of Crown and Hanaper". Fourth report (Offices). Sessional papers. Vol. 10 140. Retrieved 10 September 2016.
  4. 1 2 Court of Chancery (Ireland) Act 1836, §§ 1–3
  5. ↑ Corbett, Thomas Lorimer (17 April 1907). "Irish Chancery Court Appointments—Professional Qualifications". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) . HC Deb vol 172 cc946–7. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
  6. ↑ Deputy Keeper of the Public Records in Ireland (12 February 1869). First Report. pp. 63–64.
  7. 1 2 "Close Roll 19 Edward IV ; No.8". CIRCLE. 1479–80. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
  8. ↑ O'Flanagan, James Roderick (1870). The Lives of the Lord Chancellors and Keepers of the Great Seal of Ireland: From the Earliest Times to the Reign of Queen Victoria. Longmans, Green, and Company. p.  135 . Retrieved 19 September 2016.
  9. 1 2 3 Hand, G. J. (1973). "Rules and Orders to be Observed in the Proceedings of Causes in the High Court of Chancery in Ireland, 1659". The Irish Jurist. 7: 119.
  10. ↑ The Parliamentary Register: Or, History of the Proceedings and Debates of the House of Commons of Ireland ... Vol. IX. Dublin: Printed by P. Byrne and W. Porter. 1790. p. 259.
  11. ↑ Court of Chancery (Ireland) Act 1823, §§ 1, 4, 5, and 53, and Schedule Table 10; Court of Chancery (Ireland) Act 1836, §§ 1–3
  12. ↑ "Letter from Gerald Horan to James O'Shea, 11 February 1916". Explore: Letters of 1916. Maynooth University. Retrieved 10 September 2016.
  13. ↑ "Tuesday, 7th June, 1921". The Stormont Papers. Arts and Humanities Data Service. 7 June 1921. House of Commons debates Vol.1 col.1. Retrieved 10 September 2016. the Clerk of the Crown and Hanaper (Gerald Horan, Esq., K.C.) delivered to the said Arthur Irwin Dasent, Esq., a book containing a list of the names of the Members returned to serve in this Parliament
  14. ↑ Augusteijn, Joost (2002). The Irish Revolution, 1913-1923. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 97. ISBN   9781137239839.
  15. ↑ "Charter of The Incorporated Law Society of Northern Ireland" (PDF). Law Society of Northern Ireland. 12 September 1922. Retrieved 10 September 2016.
  16. ↑ "Provisional Government (Transfer of Functions) Order, 1922. Agreement as to Day of Transfer". London Gazette (32661): 2732. 4 April 1922. Retrieved 16 September 2016.
  17. ↑ "Transferred and Lent Officers". Dáil Éireann debates. 27 September 1922. Retrieved 10 September 2016.
  18. ↑ "Electoral Act, 1923, Section 54". Irish Statute Book . Retrieved 10 September 2016.
  19. ↑ Clerk of Dáil Eireann (19 September 1923). "Cur Amach Riteacha [Issuing of writs]". Dáil Éireann Debate. Retrieved 10 September 2016. In compliance with Standing Order No. 3 of the Standing Orders of Dáil Eireann, I have to report that on the 9th August, 1923, immediately upon the issue of the Proclamation of that date summoning the Oireachtas to meet at Dublin on the 19th September, 1923, I issued my writs, pursuant to the relative provisions of the Electoral Act, 1923, to the following Returning Officers for the Constituencies named hereunder
  20. ↑ "Ministers and Secretaries Act, 1924, Schedule 1". Irish Statute Book . Third Part. Retrieved 10 September 2016.
  21. ↑ "Court Officers Act, 1926". Irish Statute Book . section 31(3)–(4). Retrieved 19 September 2016.
  22. ↑ "Writ for Vacant Seat". House of Commons debates, Vol. 3 col.113. The Stormont Papers. 14 March 1923. Retrieved 10 September 2016. I think I could hardly accept such a motion now, for the very good reason that, so far as I know, there is nobody to whom I could issue my warrant for the writ. From inquiries I have made, and information I have received, I am given to understand that there is no person at present in the North of Ireland representing the Clerk of the Crown and Hanaper, to whom my warrant would be issued, and therefore until such a person is appointed—no doubt it will be very soon—I do not see that I could accept a motion to issue my warrant when there is nobody of whom I have official cognizance to whom to issue it.
  23. ↑ Smith, Colin (12 August 1924). "Election Laws (Northern Ireland) Order, 1924". London Gazette (32964): 6032. Retrieved 16 September 2016.
  24. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Otway-Ruthven 2008, pp.119–120
  25. ↑ Matthew 1994, p.59 fn.15
  26. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Matthew 1994, pp.500–502
  27. ↑ Gorman, Vincent (1985). "Richard, Duke of York, and the Development of an Irish Faction". Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, Section C. 85C: 169–179: 176. JSTOR   25506129.
  28. ↑ Matthew 1994, p.76
  29. 1 2 Morrin, James (1861). Calendar of the Patent and Close Rolls of Chancery in Ireland, of the Reigns of Henry VIII., Edward VI., Mary, and Elizabeth. Vol. I: 1514–1575. A. Thom & sons. pp. 5, no.22. Retrieved 22 September 2016. Appointment of William Fitzwilliam to the office of Clerk of the Hanaper of Chancery, during pleasure, vice Nicholas Wycombe. —Aug. 26, 24°.
  30. 1 2 3 Deputy Keeper of Public Records in Ireland (1875). "Appendix X". Seventh report with appendix. Command papers. Vol. C.1175. p. 35 no.40. Retrieved 19 September 2016. Grant to Nicholas Stanyhurst and Thomas Alen; of the office of clerk or keeper of the hanaper, held by William Fitzwilliam. To hold to them and the longer liver, with such fees as Nicholas Wycombe or Richard Nangle had.—11 August, xxvii.
  31. ↑ Irene Cassidy. "FITZWILLIAM, Sir William I (d.1559), of Windsor, Berks". History of Parliament Online. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
  32. ↑ Lee, Sidney. Stanyhurst, Richard. Vol. 54. Retrieved 19 September 2016.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  33. ↑ Colgan, John. "Leixlip Chronology 1550 –1585". Kildare.ie. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
  34. ↑ Kirkpatrick, W.T. (1896–99). "Donacomper Church". Journal of the Co. Kildare Archaeological Society and Surrounding Districts. 2: 277–283: 280.
  35. ↑ Brady, Ciaran (2002). The Chief Governors: The Rise and Fall of Reform Government in Tudor Ireland 1536-1588. Cambridge University Press. p. 83. ISBN   9780521520041.
  36. ↑ Morgan, Rhys (2014). The Welsh and the Shaping of Early Modern Ireland, 1558-1641. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. p. 62. ISBN   9781843839248.
  37. ↑ Deputy Keeper of Public Records in Ireland (12 March 1884). "Appendix II: Continuation of the fiants of the reign of Queen Elizabeth". Sixteenth report. Command papers. Vol. C.4062. Dublin: Alex. Thom. p. 82, no.5249.
  38. 1 2 Goodwin, Gordon (1892). "King, John (d.1637)". Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 31.
  39. ↑ Treadwell, Victor (March 1960). "The Irish Court of Wards under James I". Irish Historical Studies. 12 (45): 1–27: 11. doi:10.1017/S0021121400019416. JSTOR   30005037. S2CID   159471881.
  40. ↑ Edgeworth, Richard Lovell (1820). Memoirs of Richard Lovell Edgeworth, Esq. R. Hunter. p.  6 . Retrieved 19 September 2016.
  41. ↑ Edwards, Anthony (1792). "1666: The list for civil affairs". Edward's Cork Remembrancer ... from the earliest period, to the year 1792. A. Edwards. p. 98.
  42. ↑ Shaw, William Arthur. "Nicholas, Sir Edward". Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 40. p. 429. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
  43. ↑ Alcorn Baron, Sabrina; Thrush, Andrew. "NICHOLAS, Edward (1593-1669), of Dover Castle, Kent and King Street, Westminster; later of West Horsley, Surr.". History of Parliament. Vol. 1604–1629. History of Parliament Trust. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
  44. ↑ Morrin, James (1863). Calendar of the Patent and Close Rolls of Chancery in Ireland, of the Reign of Charles the First: First to Eighth Year, Inclusive. A. Thom, Hodges, Smith & Company. p. 593.
  45. ↑ Edwards, Edward (2005). "Volume 44, July-December 1666". Carte Calendar. Bodleian Library, University of Oxford. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
  46. 1 2 3 4 Ball, Francis Elrington (1901). "Loughlinstown and its History". The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland. 31 (11, 5th series) (1): 68–84: 77, fn.5.
  47. ↑ "Translation of patent appointing Thomas Domvile Clerk of the Hanaper and Clerk of the Crown in the Chancery of the Kingdom of Ireland, 1675". Holdings: Domvile Papers. National Library of Ireland . Retrieved 19 September 2016.
  48. ↑ Foster 1883, p.vi
  49. ↑ "Warrants for a grant to Thomas Arthur of the Offices of Clerk of the Hanaper and Clerk of the Crown in the Court of Chancery and to Donnogh, Earl of Clancarty of the office of Clerk of the Crown and Peace of Munster. May 1689". Holdings: Stuart Mss. National Library of Ireland. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
  50. ↑ Kelly, Richard J. (31 March 1904). "The Courts, Judges, and Legal Office-Holders of Ireland in 1739". The Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland. 34 [Fifth Series, Vol. 14] (1): 20–29: 21. JSTOR   25507344.
  51. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Beatson, Robert (1806). "A List of the Principal Officers in the Court of Chancery, since October 1760". A Political Index to the Histories of Great Britain & Ireland. Vol. 3 (3rd ed.). Longman, Hurst, Rees, and Orme. pp. 329–330.
  52. ↑ The English Peerage. Vol. 1. London: G.G.J. and J. Robinson. 1790. p. 362.
  53. ↑ "Promotions". The Magazine of Magazines. Vol. XIII. Limerick: Andrew Welsh. January 1757. p. 96.
  54. 1 2 3 4 Aspinall, Arthur, ed. (1968). The later correspondence of george 3. Vol. IV. CUP Archive. 443; No.3247 and fn.1. ISBN   9781001405421 . Retrieved 20 September 2016.
  55. 1 2 O'Connell 1974, p.426, note 7
  56. ↑ Woods, C. J. "Nugent, George Frederick". Dictionary of Irish Biography. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 21 September 2016.
  57. ↑ Jupp, P. J. "FORBES, George John, Visct. Forbes (1785-1836), of Kilren, co. Louth.". History of Parliament. Vol. 1790–1820. History of Parliament Trust. Retrieved 19 September 2016. What clinched matters was his father's appointment in 1815 as clerk of the hanaper, the Irish sinecure he had requested, worth £1,800 a year.
  58. ↑ O'Connell 1974, p.112 note 3
  59. ↑ Webb, Alfred (1878). "John O'Connell". Compendium of Irish Biography. Dublin: Gill. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
  60. ↑ Chancery Commission 1859, p.59 Q.775
  61. ↑ Foster 1883, p.709
  62. ↑ Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles (1905). "Holmes (U. O.)". Armorial families : a directory of gentlemen of coat-armour. Edinburgh: T.C. & E.C. Jack. p. 679. Retrieved 21 September 2016.
  63. ↑ Smith, J. G. (February 1935). "Some Nineteenth-Century Irish Economics". Economica. New Series, Vol. 2 (5): 20–32: 25. doi:10.2307/2549104. JSTOR   2549104.
  64. ↑ "Charters" (PDF). Law Society of Ireland. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 September 2016. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
  65. 1 2 "Irish Notes". The Law Times. 138 (3754): 441. 13 March 1915.

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.