Comfort Women: A New Musical

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Comfort Women: A New Musical
MusicBryan Michaels and TaeHo Park [1]
Book Dimo Hyun Jun Kim, Osker David Aguirre, and Joann Mieses [2]
Setting1941, Keijō (Seoul), Korea, Empire of Japan [3] [4]
Basistestimonies of former comfort women and Japanese war crimes of the IJA [5] [4]
PremiereJuly 31, 2015 [5] [6] : St. Clements Theatre [6]
Productions Dimo Kim Musical Theatre Factory [6]

Comfort Women: A New Musical is a musical about the Korean comfort women who were sold as sex slaves for the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II. [7] It is written and directed by Dimo Hyun Jun Kim, a South Korean theater director. [8] [5]

Contents

Plot

The musical takes place in 1941, in Keijō (Seoul), Korea, Empire of Japan. [3] The musical is about young Korean women from a small town in Korea who are ostensibly enlisted to work in a factory in Japan by a Japanese agent. [9] Instead of working in the factory, the women are sent to a Japanese army camp in Indonesia. [9] Goeun, a woman in Korea, is tricked by a man who promised her a good job in Tokyo. [5] Instead, she is taken to Indonesia. [5] Mr Komino, the Japanese agent who recruits the women, lies to the women that they will be working in a sugar factory in Japan, but he sells the women to the Army, to make money for himself, so the women can be used as sex slaves. [7]

In the Japanese army camp, the women are cruelly abused to try to make them into sex slaves. [9] Goeun becomes a sex slave for the Imperial Japanese Army. [5] Goeun, Youngsun, Namsoon, Malsoon, Soonja, and Jinju are forced to service soldiers in Indonesia. [2] The women are intermittently dragged out of stark, dim, wooden cells, to pleasure soldiers in military brothels. The women are told, "Your bodies now belong to the Great Imperial Army. You are to allow our soldiers to enjoy their time with you, as a reward for the hard work they are doing. Number two: Respect your soldiers; do not fight back. Number three: Failure to follow steps one and two are an automatic death sentence." [6] After the women are imprisoned in the army camp, systematic rape by the Japanese soldiers is represented by a dance piece. [9]

Minsik, a Korean serving in the Imperial Japanese Army, decides to help Goeun and the other women escape their Japanese captors. [10] Minsik creates a way to take the women back to Korea. [6] Most of the comfort women in the musical survive. [11]

Plot rewrite

To empower the female characters, Kim rewrote part of the script in 2018, making the female characters, rather than the male soldier, plot their escape from the military brothel. The 2019 production of the musical has also reduced the violent scenes. [12]

Production

Format as a musical

While it may seem unusual to make a musical about a controversial and emotional issue such as this, Kim said that he only makes musicals. Kim said, "If I were a book writer, I may write a book about this. If I were a filmmaker, I may make a film about this." [13] Kim said that he chose to tell the comfort women story in a musical, because a musical would convey the memory of comfort women in a more effective way than the vivid and brutal depictions of a documentary or play. [5]

Basis

The musical is based on the testimonies of a few of the 200,000 women who were trafficked into sexual slavery by the Japanese military. [5] The musical is based on the war crimes of the Imperial Japanese Army, where "comfort women" were promised high-paying jobs, but instead were taken to islands in Indonesia to where they were forced to become sex slaves for 50 to 100 soldiers daily. [4] Although the escape plot is fictional, the rest of the story is based on the testimonies of former comfort women who appeared before a South Korean government commission in 2005. [9] The Ellen Jansen character is based on Jan Ruff O'Herne. [14]

On the musical's official website, the producers of the musical wrote, "approximately 200,000 'comfort women' were enlisted to serve about 50 to 100 men every day. The men were supposed to use condoms as a safety precaution, but this rule, along with the rule about age, was not enforced. Moreover, when the condom supply was running low, the soldiers would often save the used ones to wash and reuse later. As a result of these horrible practices, only 25 to 30 percent of women survived the war, and some of these women are still alive today." [9]

Inspiration

In 2012, Kim was inspired to write the script when Shinzo Abe, Prime Minister of Japan, refused to acknowledge Japan's role in forcing women into sexual slavery. [5] Kim recalled that in 2012 Japan started a campaign to dishonor the stories of comfort women, a campaign where Japan said that comfort women were prostitutes who had sex with Japanese soldiers of their own free will. [13] Kim said that the Japanese government was trying to erase the histories of the comfort women. [13] Kim said that he could not hold his anger when Shinzō Abe was talking about the comfort women in 2012. [15] An August 20, 2019, article said that Kim believes that momentum for spreading awareness of comfort women has decreased, in the years since the musical's first run, due in part to the government of Japan's attempts to suppress the history of comfort women. [12]

The musical is inspired by the testimonies of former comfort women. [3] Although Kim could not find any testimonies of successful escapes, he decided to write an escape story. [9]

Purpose

Kim said that his goal is not to demonize the Japanese. [5] Kim said, "And I don’t want the audience to think Japan is the devil and Korea is the victim. I’m trying to show more that this is a human rights issue." [12]

The purpose is not to receive apologies and reparations from the government of Japan. [16] Kim said that he does not want the musical to be about the political issues surrounding comfort women. [10]

Kim said, "It’s a story that has to be told." [13] Kim said that his goal is to provide different perspectives of women, and have the audience learn more about this time period. [5] The musical is an attempt to raise awareness about "comfort women." Kim said that he hopes that the audience will become interested in the topic and want to learn more about it. [9] Kim said that the musical is about the comfort women victims. [10] Kim said, "the older generations in Korea were somewhat weak-willed regarding striving for justice for these women; therefore, we are in dire need of the energy and passion of young people." [8] Kim said, "In the past 70 years, Korea couldn't get an official apology from Japan. I believe that our generation has a responsibility to remind the world of the distorted history of sexual slavery and human rights. But, sexual slavery is not just a political problem between Korea and Japan. It is a global human trafficking issue from other countries as well. Victims from World War II are still alive and what's most troubling is that it's still happening in the world." [6]

The Asian actors and actresses in the musical show that the comfort women, women who were tortured by the Imperial Japanese Army, were not only Korean but other Asian nationalities, such as Chinese. [8]

Kim said that he added the Minsik Lee character to the musical to make the musical more accessible to the audience. [9]

Funding

In a 2016 article, Kim said that the comfort women topic was risky, but he said that it paid off when he it got attention the Korean press, and he was approached by wealthy Korean producers and investors. [17]

In a 2019 Kickstarter post, the musical said that they are desperate for funding, and the musical said that they are currently trying to get funding from various Korean organizations around Los Angeles. [16]

A 2019 article said that Steve Chun, a distributor of Korean food in Los Angeles who grew up in South Korea, funded $50,000 for a 10-day run of the musical in Los Angeles. [18]

Showings

The musical originally opened on July 31, 2015, at St. Clements Theatre. [5] [6] At the Peter Jay Sharp Theater, after a first preview on July 20, 2018, the musical ran from July 27, 2018, to September 2, 2018. [1]

Yihui Shen, an associate producer of the musical, said that there are plans in the future to bring the musical to China. [8]

Organizations representing former comfort women have stated that they are interested in having a production of the musical in South Korea. [9]

Cast

Kim warned performers at auditions that they might be subject to backlash if they traveled to Japan, and a few performers at auditions declined the opportunity to be in the musical. [5]

Matthew Thomas Burda, co-producer of the musical, said, "Our cast of 24 come from across the globe, including California, Nebraska, Ohio, Minnesota, Michigan, Maryland, Florida, Hawaii, and country’s including China, Tibet, Singapore, Philippines and Korea." [19]

Cast [7] [20]
Performers in 2018 [1] 2018 Performer's EthnicityCharacter's NameCharacter's EthnicityAbout the CharacterGenderPlot Role
Abigail Choi Arader [21] mother from Korea [22] Goeun Kim Korean sexually enslaved [2] Female Lead
Matheus Ting Singaporean American [23] Minsik Lee Korean conflicted Korean soldier in the IJA, [24]
only man who shows any compassion [25] 		Male Lead
Ben WangSongwon Kim Korean against the Japanese invasion of Korea, [7]
tries to form a rebellion against the army, [7]
Goeun's brother, [2] taken by Japanese soldiers [2] 		MaleSupporting
Sara Elizabeth StatesYoungsun Choi Korean sexually enslaved [2] Female Supporting
Leana Rae Concepcion Filipino [23] Namsoon Lee Korean sexually enslaved [2] Female Supporting
Shuyan Yangfrom Shanghai, [8]
recently moved to the US [8] 		Malsoon Lee Korean sexually enslaved [2] Female Supporting
Roni Shelley PerezSoonja Ma Korean sexually enslaved [2] Female Supporting
Emily SuJinju Park Korean sexually enslaved [2] Female Supporting
Sam Hamashimamother Caucasian, [26]
father Japanese, [26]
4th generation, [26]
Japanese American [26] 		Mr. Komino Japanese lies to women about them getting factory jobs, [7]
sells women to the Army, [7]
real-life villain, [25] no care for women, [25]
obviously reprehensible [24] 		Male Supporting
Tenzin Yeshi Tibetan descent [27] Toshio Japanese real-life villain, [25] no care for women, [25]
a "cruel, cruel man" [5] 		Male Supporting
Kenny MaiMatsui Japanese real-life villain, [25] no care for women, [25]
friend of Minsik, [6] son of Hiroshi [6] 		Male Supporting
Matthew TingGeneral Hiroshi Japanese father of Matsui, [6] harsh stereotypical, [6]
approves enslavement of women [25] 		Male Supporting
Mathew Bautista Filipino [23] Nani Indonesian some comic relief, [6] works for the Japanese, [6]
flamboyantly mincing [10] 		Male Supporting
Chloe RiceEllen Jansen [14] Dutch sexually enslaved [20] Female Supporting

Reception and reactions

In a 2015 article, Kim said that, over the past year, he received many death threats in Japanese, before opening the musical. Kim said, "I got so many death threats, people writing 'stop lying, stop distorting history.'" [9]

On July 27, 2018, Kenji Fujishima, writing for TheaterMania, said that, although Japanese people should be condemned for sexually enslaving women, the musical demonizes Japanese people by denying them real-world complexity and making them one-dimensional villains. [10]

On July 29, 2018, Shoshana Roberts, writing for Theatre is Easy, said that the musical is worth seeing for people interested in history and gender, and for World War II buffs, as it is a chance to learn about history that is not often discussed. [2]

On July 29, 2018, Myra Chanin, writing for Theater Pizzazz, questioned how a musical can ever come close to showing the agony of the 200,000 to 400,000 Korean girls who were raped and beaten, daily and nightly, by soldiers who felt entitled to their services. Chanin said that the subject needs to be shown in a documentary film format rather than a musical. [11]

On July 18, 2019, BroadwayWorld said that the musical received critical acclaim for showing the horrific stories of "comfort women," and having an all-Asian off-Broadway cast directed by a native of East Asia. [4] Broadway World nominated the musical for Best Off-Broadway musical. [8]

On August 13, 2019, the LAist wrote an article about the musical being in Los Angeles. On August 16, 2019, the article was updated with a statement from the Consulate-General of Japan in Los Angeles, which stated, "The Government of Japan recognizes that the issue known as comfort women is one that severely injured the honor and dignity of many women. The Government of Japan has extended its sincere apologies and remorse to all those women known as comfort women who suffered immeasurable pain and incurable physical and psychological wounds." The statement further said that the government of Japan "will also continue its effort to ensure that Japan's views and efforts on the comfort women issue are properly recognized by the international community based on an objective understanding of relevant facts." [18]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Comfort women</span> WWII-era forced prostitutes for Japan

Comfort women were women and girls forced into sexual slavery by the Imperial Japanese Armed Forces in occupied countries and territories before and during World War II. The term "comfort women" is a translation of the Japanese ianfu (慰安婦), which literally means "comforting, consoling woman". During World War II, Japanese troops forced hundreds of thousands of women from Australia, Burma, China, the Netherlands, the Philippines, Japan, Korea, Indonesia, and other countries into sexual enslavement for Japanese troops; however, the majority of the women were from Korea. Many women died or committed suicide due to brutal mistreatment and sustained physical and emotional distress. After the war, Japan's acknowledgment of the comfort women's plight was minimal, lacking a full apology and appropriate restitution, which damaged Japan's reputation in Asia for decades. Only in the 1990s did the Japanese government begin to officially apologize and offer compensation.

John Mark Ramseyer is the Mitsubishi Professor of Japanese Legal Studies at Harvard Law School. He is the author of over 10 books and 50 articles in scholarly journals. He is co-author of one of the leading corporations casebooks, Klein, Ramseyer & Bainbridge, Business Associations, Cases and Materials on Agency, Partnerships, LLCs, and Corporations, now in its 10th edition. In 2018 he was awarded Japan's Order of the Rising Sun, Gold Rays with Neck Ribbon in recognition of "his extensive contributions to the development of Japanese studies in the U.S. and the promotion of understanding toward Japanese society and culture."

Comfort is the physical and psychological sense of ease.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rosa Henson</span> Filipina writer

María Rosa Luna Henson or "Lola Rosa" was the first Filipina who made public in 1992 her story as a comfort woman for the Imperial Japanese Army during the Second World War.

Yūto Yoshida was a Japanese novelist and member of the Japanese Communist Party. He has published under a variety of pen names, including Seiji Yoshida, Tōji Yoshida, and Eiji Yoshida. He wrote "My war crimes", which is the origin of a dispute over comfort women 30 years after World War II; he admitted that portions of his work had been made up in an interview with Shūkan Shinchō on May 29, 1996. Later, his fictional work was used by George Hicks in his "The Comfort Women: Japan's Brutal Regime of Enforced Prostitution in the Second World War".

Kakou Senda was a Japanese writer who is known for writing one of the first books on comfort women in Japan. Born in Dalian, Kwantung Leased Territory he wrote Military Comfort Women in 1973.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kim Hak-sun</span> South Korean activist (1924–1997)

Kim Hak-sun (1924–1997) was a Korean human rights activist who campaigned against sex slavery and wartime sexual violence. Kim was one of the victims who had been forced into sexual slavery by the Japanese Imperial Army between the early 1930s up until the end of the Pacific War. She is the first woman in Korea to come forward publicly and testify her experience as a comfort woman for the Japanese military. Her testimony was made on 14 August 1991. In December 1991, she filed a class-action lawsuit against the Japanese government for the damages inflicted during the war. She was the first of what would become hundreds of women from Korea, China, Taiwan, the Philippines, Indonesia, and the Netherlands who came forward to tell their stories of their enslavement to the Imperial Japanese military. She was inspired to finally take her story public after 40 years of silence by the growth of the women's rights movement in South Korea. Kim died in 1997 and her court case was still ongoing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Wednesday demonstration</span> Weekly protest in Seoul, South Korea

Wednesday demonstration, officially named Wednesday Demonstration demanding Japan to redress the Comfort Women problems, is a weekly protest in South Korea which aims at obtaining justice from the Japanese government regarding the large scale sexual slavery system established under Imperial Japan rule during World War II. The weekly protest is held in the presence of surviving comfort women on every Wednesday at noon in front of the Embassy of Japan in Seoul.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Japan–South Korea relations</span> Bilateral relations between South Korea and Japan

Japan–South Korea relations refers to the diplomatic relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea. As the Sea of Japan and the Korea Strait geographically separate the two nations, political interactions date back from the 6th century when the kingdom of Baekje officially established relations with Japan. During the ancient era, the southern region of the Korean Peninsula often served as the closest port for Japan to engage in economic trade and cultural exchange to and from mainland Asia. By 1910, Korea would become a colony of Japan until 1945.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United States military and prostitution in South Korea</span> Korean military comfort women

During and following the Korean War, the United States military used regulated prostitution services in South Korean military camptowns. Despite prostitution being illegal since 1948, women in South Korea were the fundamental source of sexual services for the US military and a component of Korean-American relations. The women in South Korea who served as prostitutes are known as kijichon (기지촌) women, also called as "Korean Military Comfort Women", and were visited by the US military, Korean soldiers, and Korean civilians. The prostitutes were from Korea, Philippines, China, Vietnam, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Indonesia, and the Commonwealth of Independent States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jan Ruff O'Herne</span> Dutch/Australian human rights activist for WW2 rape victims

Jeanne Alida "Jan" Ruff-O'Herne was a Dutch Australian of Irish ancestry and human rights activist known for campaigning internationally against war rape. During World War II, Ruff-O'Herne was forced into sexual slavery by the Imperial Japanese Army. After remaining silent for fifty years, Ruff-O'Herne spoke out publicly from the 1990s until her death to demand a formal apology from the Japanese government and to highlight the plight of other "comfort women". On her death, the South Australian Attorney-General noted: "her story of survival is a tribute to her strength and courage, and she will be sorely missed not only here in South Australia, but around the world."

Lee Yong-soo is a former comfort woman from South Korea. Lee was forced to serve as a sex slave during World War II by the Imperial Japanese Army. She is one of the youngest comfort women still living.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dimo Hyun Jun Kim</span> South Korean theater director (born 1991)

Dimo Hyun Jun Kim is a theatre director and producer from Seoul, South Korea. He is a member of the Stage Directors and Choreographers Society and a founding Artistic Director, Chairman of Dimo Kim Musical Theatre Factory LLC.

The Korean Council for the Women Drafted for Military Sexual Slavery by Japan is a Korean non-governmental organization advocating the rights of the surviving comfort women and lobbying the Japanese government to take actions of a full apology and compensation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">San Francisco Comfort Women Memorial</span> Memorial in San Francisco, California, U.S.

The San Francisco Comfort Women memorial is a monument dedicated to comfort women before and during World War II. It is built in remembrance of the girls and women that were sexually enslaved by the Imperial Japanese Army through deceit, coercion, and brutal force. It is approximated that there were around 400,000 "comfort women" from Korea, Taiwan, China, Indonesia, the Philippines and other Asian countries. The site is located near the Saint Mary's Square, at the crossroads of San Francisco Chinatown and the Financial District. The statue "Comfort Women" Column of Strength, by sculptor Steven Whyte, is one of nine and the first sculpture placed in a major U.S. city to commemorate the comfort women.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kim Bok-dong</span> South Korean activist (1926–2019)

Kim Bok-dong was a human rights activist that campaigned against sexual slavery and war rape. She was a young woman who was put into sexual slavery by the Japanese Imperial Army; a military that recruited girls between the ages of 10 and 18 years of age from colonized and occupied countries from the 1930s until the end of World War II. From age 14, she was put into comfort stations for eight years across different countries in Asia. Her experiences led her to become an activist; advocating the end of war-time sexual violence, anti-imperialism, workers' rights, and inter-Korean reconciliation. Along with the other "comfort women", she made the three-fold demand from the Japanese government: a formal state-level apology, reparations, and correction of Japanese history. In addition, Kim Bok-dong herself also supported other "comfort women" to step forward, and was a spokesperson in the "comfort women" movement. Kim Bok-dong died in Seoul, South Korea, in a hospital on January 28, 2019.

Kim Soon-duk (1921–2004), also known as Kim Tŏk-chin, was a Korean comfort woman who became one of the best-known survivors due to her vivid paintings that depicted life as 'comfort women.' She participated in movements against sex slavery including the Wednesday Demonstration. She also travelled abroad to attend exhibits that displayed her paintings, participated in international speaking tours, and testified about her experiences.

Kang Duk-kyung (1929–1997) was a Korean comfort woman in the Japanese colonial era during World War II. She was captured and forcefully taken into sexual slavery by a Japanese soldier in the middle of the night. After liberation in 1945, she could not return to her hometown because of what had happened to her as a comfort woman. Kang Duk-kyung later became a human rights activist. She started to live in the House of Sharing in late 1992. While staying at the House of Sharing, she participated in an art therapy program where she began painting. Her art centers on her experiences as a 'comfort woman.'

Chung Seo-woon (1924–2004) was a Korean comfort woman in the Japanese colonial era during World War II. The Japanese army invaded her home without warning and suddenly took her to Busan forcefully. For the next seven years, the Japanese Army transported her to Japan, Taiwan, Singapore, and Indonesia. Chung Seo-woon later became a human rights activist, giving testimony in Japan and the United States and calling for an apology and compensation from Japan.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Comfort Women. (2019). Lortel Archives. Link.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Roberts, S. (2018). Comfort Women. Theatre is Easy. Link.
  3. 1 2 3 COMFORT WOMEN: A New Musical. (2019). Indiegogo. Link.
  4. 1 2 3 4 BWW News Desk. (2019). Dimo Kim Musical Theatre Factory Announces The Cast Of COMFORT WOMEN: A New Musical. BroadwayWorld. Link.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Nasa, R. (2015). 'Comfort Women: A New Musical' Debuts in NYC. Voices of NY. Link Archived 2019-08-17 at the Wayback Machine .
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Ahlfors, E. (2018). A CurtainUp Review Comfort Women: A New Musical. Curtain Up. Link.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Dimo Kim Musical Theatre Factory. (n.d.). Comfort Women: A New Musical. Backstage. Link.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 The 'Comfort Women' musical with an all-Asian cast returns. (2018). China Daily. Link.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Krupkin, T. (2015). Japan's World War II 'Comfort Women': Now the Musical. Haaretz. Link.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Fujishima, K. (2018). Comfort Women: A New Musical Explores the Plight of Korean Sex Slaves. TheaterMania. Link.
  11. 1 2 Chanin, M. (2018). COMFORT WOMEN: AN AMBITIOUS AND NOBLE UNDERTAKING. Theater Pizzazz. Link.
  12. 1 2 3 Constante, A. (2019). Musical about 'comfort women' draws attention to horrific WWII practice. NBC News. Link.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Kellam, M. (2019). Musical centering on plights of comfort women, a topic with local significance, opens in Los Angeles. Glendale News-Press. Link.
  14. 1 2 Robles, K.C. (2018). A Risky Business: Chloe Rice’s Journey Off-Broadway. The Observer. Link.
  15. ↑ At 2 minutes 27 seconds in a YouTube video, a woman said to Kim, "And, this issue is quite a sensitive one, not only for the countries involved, but globally. What made you decide to choose this particular topic?" At 2 minutes 38 seconds in a YouTube video, Kim responded, "As a director, and a producer, I always finding about topic, to make a new musical, and, in 2012, when Shinzō Abe was elected Prime Minister of Japan, I couldn't hold my anger when he was talking about the comfort womens, and I just decided to make this musical to give up a more broad message, to all of the world." Source: Korea Today－Broadway Embraces ″Comfort Women： A New Musical″ 위안부 뮤지컬. (2015). ARIRANG ISSUE.
  16. 1 2 Comfort Women: A New Musical (Canceled). (2019). Kickstarter. Link.
  17. ↑ Kim, R. (2016). 'Green Card': Immigrant Struggles, American Dream Take Center Stage in New Musical. NBC News. Link.
  18. 1 2 Huang, J. (2019). The Horrific Story Of Korean Sex Slaves Is Now A Musical In DTLA. LAist. Link Archived 2019-08-20 at the Wayback Machine .
  19. ↑ Huq, S. (2018). This Musical Is the First Off-Broadway Show with an All-Asian Cast. Stage Buddy. Link.
  20. 1 2 MOIM Foundation. (n.d.). Comfort Women: A New Musical. Backstage. Link.
  21. ↑ Abigail Choi Arader Biography. (n.d.). BroadwayWorld. Link.
  22. ↑ Abigail choi Arader. (n.d.). Dimo Kim Factory. Link Archived 2019-08-20 at the Wayback Machine .
  23. 1 2 3 Tagala, D. (2018). “COMFORT WOMEN:” NEW MUSICAL TELLS TRAGIC STORY OF KOREAN SEX SLAVES DURING WWII. Balitang America. Link Archived 2019-08-20 at the Wayback Machine .
  24. 1 2 Pisano, J. Comfort Women: A New Musical. TheaterScene.net. Link.
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Huq, S. (2018). Why ‘Comfort Women’ Is Poised to Make Musical Theater History. StageBuddy. Link.
  26. 1 2 3 4 Melloy, K. (2019). Sam Hamashima on Sondheim, 'Pacific Overtures,' and Being a Queer Artist. Edge Media Network. Link.
  27. ↑ Tenzin Yeshi. (2019). IMDb. Link.
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