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The Psathyrellaceae are a family of dark-spored agarics that generally have rather soft, fragile fruiting bodies, and are characterized by black, dark brown, rarely reddish, or even pastel-colored spore prints. About 50% of species produce fruiting bodies that dissolve into ink-like ooze when the spores are mature via autodigestion. Prior to phylogenetic research based upon DNA comparisons, most of the species that autodigested were classified as Coprinaceae, which contained all of the inky-cap mushrooms. However, the type species of Coprinus, Coprinus comatus, and a few other species, were found to be more closely related to Agaricaceae. The former genus Coprinus was split between two families, and the name "Coprinaceae" became a synonym of Agaricaceae in its 21st-century phylogenetic redefinition. Note that in the 19th and early 20th centuries the family name Agaricaceae had far broader application, while in the late 20th century it had a narrower application. The family name Psathyrellaceae is based on the former Coprinaceae subfamily name Psathyrelloideae. The type genus Psathyrella consists of species that produce fruiting bodies which do not liquify via autodigestion. Psathyrella remained a polyphyletic genus until it was split into several genera including 3 new ones in 2015. Lacrymaria is another genus that does not autodigest its fruiting bodies. It is characterized by rough basidiospores and lamellar edges that exude beads of clear liquid when in prime condition, hence the Latin reference, lacryma (tears).
Coprinellus is a genus of mushroom-forming fungi in the family Psathyrellaceae. The genus was circumscribed by Petter Karsten in 1879. Most Coprinellus species were transferred from the once large genus Coprinus. Molecular studies published in 2001 redistributed Coprinus species to Psathyrella, or the segregate genera Coprinopsis and Coprinellus. As of April 2019, Index Fungorum accepts 66 species of Coprinellus.
Psathyrella is a large genus of about 400 species, and is similar to the genera Coprinellus, Coprinopsis, Coprinus and Panaeolus, usually with a thin cap and white or yellowish white hollow stem. The caps do not self digest as do those of Coprinellus and Coprinopsis. Some also have brown spores rather than black. These fungi are often drab-colored, difficult to identify, and all members are considered inedible or worthless and so they are often overlooked. However they are quite common and can occur at times when there are few other mushrooms to be seen. The first report of a gilled mushroom fruiting underwater is Psathyrella aquatica.
Henri Charles Louis Romagnesi was a French mycologist who was notable for a thorough review and monograph of the agaric genus Entoloma, as well as extensive work on the large genus Russula, of which he described several new species.
Hebeloma cylindrosporum is a species of mushroom-forming fungus in the family Hymenogastraceae. It was described as new to science in 1965 by French mycologist Henri Romagnesi.
Hebeloma vaccinum is a species of agaric fungus in the family Hymenogastraceae. It was described as new to science in 1965 by French mycologist Henri Romagnesi.
Coprinellus bisporiger is a species of mushroom in the family Psathyrellaceae. It was first described by mycologist P.D. Orton in 1976, and later transferred to the genus Coprinellus in 2001.
Coprinellus disseminatus is a species of agaric fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae. Unlike most other coprinoid mushrooms, C. disseminatus does not dissolve into black ink (deliquesce) in maturity. The species was given its current name in 1939 by Jakob Emanuel Lange.
Coprinellus pyrrhanthes is a species of mushroom in the family Psathyrellaceae. First described as Coprinus pyrrhanthes by the mycologist Henri Romagnesi in 1951, it was later transferred to the genus Coprinellus in 2001.
Coprinellus plagioporus is a species of mushroom in the family Psathyrellaceae. First described as Coprinus plagioporus by the mycologist Henri Romagnesi in 1941, it was transferred to the genus Coprinellus in 2001.
Coprinellus micaceus is a common species of fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae with a cosmopolitan distribution. The fruit bodies of the saprobe typically grow in clusters on or near rotting hardwood tree stumps or underground tree roots. Depending on their stage of development, the tawny-brown mushroom caps may range in shape from oval to bell-shaped to convex, and reach diameters up to 30 mm (1.2 in). The caps, marked with fine radial or linear grooves that extend nearly to the center, rest atop whitish stems up to 100 mm (3.9 in) long. In young specimens, the entire cap surface is coated with a fine layer of reflective mica-like cells that provide the inspiration for both the mushroom's species name and the common names mica cap, shiny cap, and glistening inky cap. Although small and with thin flesh, the mushrooms are usually bountiful, as they typically grow in dense clusters. A few hours after collection, the gills will begin to slowly dissolve into a black, inky, spore-laden liquid—an enzymatic process called autodigestion or deliquescence. The fruit bodies are edible before the gills blacken and dissolve, and cooking will stop the autodigestion process.
Coprinellus flocculosus is a species of agaric fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae. It was first described as Agaricus flocculosus by mycologist Augustin Pyramus de Candolle in 1815, and later transferred to the genus Coprinellus in 2001.
Coprinellus xanthothrix is a species of fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae. This species was isolated from a polyphenol-polluted site near an olive processing plant in Greece. Shown to have the enzymes laccase and manganese peroxidase, the fungus is able to decolorize the recalcitrant polymeric dye R-478. First described as Coprinus xanthothrix by the French mycologist Henri Romagnesi in 1941, it was later transferred to the genus Coprinellus in 2001.
Lactarius quieticolor is a member of the large milk-cap genus Lactarius in the order Russulales. It was first described scientifically by French mycologist Henri Romagnesi in 1958.
Coprinellus impatiens is a species of fungus in the family Psathyrellaceae. First described in 1821, it has been classified variously in the genera Psathyrella, Pseudocoprinus, Coprinarius, and Coprinus, before molecular phylogenetics reaffirmed it as a Coprinellus species in 2001. The fungus is found in North America and Europe, where the mushrooms grow on the ground in deciduous forests. The fruit bodies have buff caps that are up to 4 cm (1.6 in) in diameter, held by slender whitish stems that can be up to 10 cm (3.9 in) tall. Several other Coprinopsis species that resemble C. impatiens may be distinguished by differences in appearance, habit, or spore morphology.
Tricholosporum cossonianum is a species of fungus in the family Tricholomataceae.
Lactarius fulvissimus is a species of fungus in the family Russulaceae. It was first described scientifically by Henri Romagnesi in 1954.
Psathyrella bipellis is a species of mushroom in the family Psathyrellaceae.
Hebeloma clavulipes is a species of mushroom in the family Hymenogastraceae. It was described as new to science in 1965 by French mycologist Henri Romagnesi.
Jean-Antoine Romagnesi was an 18th-century French actor and playwright, the son of Italian comedians.
References
- ↑ Romagnesi H. (1976). "Quelques espèces rares ou nouvelles de macromycètes 1 - Coprinacéees". Bulletin de la Société Mycologique de France. 92 (2): 198–206.
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