Mackerel is a common name applied to a number of different species of pelagic fish, mostly from the family Scombridae. They are found in both temperate and tropical seas, mostly living along the coast or offshore in the oceanic environment.
The Atlantic goliath grouper or itajara, also known as the jewfish, is a saltwater fish of the grouper family and one of the largest species of bony fish. The species can be found in the west ranging from northeastern Florida, south throughout the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, and along South America to Brazil. In the west Pacific it ranges from Mexico to Peru. In the east the species ranges in West Africa from Senegal to Cabinda. The species has been observed at depths ranging from 1 to 100 meters.
The nurse shark is an elasmobranch fish in the family Ginglymostomatidae. The conservation status of the nurse shark is globally assessed as Vulnerable in the IUCN List of Threatened Species. They are considered to be a species of least concern in the United States and in The Bahamas, but considered to be near threatened in the western Atlantic Ocean because of their vulnerable status in South America and reported threats throughout many areas of Central America and the Caribbean. They are directly targeted in some fisheries and considered by-catch in others.
The finetooth shark is a species of requiem shark, in the family Carcharhinidae, found in the western Atlantic Ocean, from North Carolina to Brazil. It forms large schools in shallow, coastal waters, and migrates seasonally following warm water. A relatively small, slender-bodied shark, the finetooth shark can be identified by its needle-like teeth, dark blue-gray dorsal coloration, and long gill slits. It attains a maximum length of 1.9 m (6.2 ft). The diet of this species consists primarily of small bony fishes, in particular menhaden. Like other members of its family, it is viviparous with females giving birth to two to six pups in estuarine nursery areas every other year.
The smooth lanternshark or slender lanternshark is a species of dogfish shark in the family Etmopteridae, found widely in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. It inhabits benthic environments at a depth of 274–1,000 m (899–3,281 ft), and pelagic environments at a depth of 0–708 m (0–2,323 ft). The smooth lanternshark forms a species group with the larger blurred lanternshark, both of which are distinguished from other members of their family by small, irregularly arranged dermal denticles with a truncated shape. This species has a slender, dark brown body with an indistinct black band on the sides over the pelvic fins, and reaches 50 cm (20 in) in length. This slow-growing, ovoviviparous shark feeds on smaller squid, fishes, and fish eggs. Smooth lanternsharks are often caught as bycatch in eastern Atlantic and Japanese commercial fisheries. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has evaluated this species as of Least Concern because of its wide distribution and limited threats.
The cottonmouth jack is a gamefish in the family Carangidae. It was first described in 1860 by Cuban zoologist Felipe Poey in his two-volume work Historia Natural de la Isla de Cuba, or "Natural History of the Island of Cuba". It is also known as the cottonmouth trevally.
The Atlantic flyingfish is a flying fish in the family Exocoetidae. It was first described by the French zoologist, Achille Valenciennes in a 22-volume work entitled Histoire naturelle des poissons, which was a collaboration with fellow zoologist Georges Cuvier.
Emmelichthyops atlanticus, the bonnetmouth, is a marine fish species of grunt native to the western Atlantic Ocean, where it occurs from Florida and the Bahamas to northern South America. This species is the only known member of its genus.
Cosmocampus albirostris is a marine fish of the family Syngnathidae. It is found in the western Atlantic Ocean, along the US coast from North Carolina to Florida, in the Gulf of Mexico, along the Yucatán Peninsula to Cuba, in the Caribbean from Puerto Rico to Grenada, and along Central and South America to southern Brazil. It lives among coral reefs, sea floor rubble, and sparse algae to depths of about 40 metres (130 ft), where it can grow to lengths of 20 centimetres (7.9 in). This species is ovoviviparous, with males carrying eggs in a brood pouch and giving birth to live young The Cosmocampus albirostris is a species of pipefish that has been historically collected in the State of Bahia. These species are in the Brazilian list of marine fishes that are authorized to be exported for ornamental purposes. This information was taken from a case study that monitored the ornamental trade of seahorses and pipefishes in Brazil, where harvesting of pipefish is common, and it was also discovered that Cosmocampus albirostris are predominantly harvested in reef areas.
Cosmocampus arctus is a species of marine fish of the family Syngnathidae. It is found from Tomales Bay, California, to Mazatlan, Mexico, and throughout the Gulf of California. It lives on rocky or coral reefs, among eelgrass and other seaweeds, and among algae. It inhabits depths to 10m, where it can grow to lengths of 12 cm. This species is ovoviviparous, with males carrying eggs in a brood pouch before giving birth to live young. Monogamous mating has also been observed in this species.
Cosmocampus balli is a species of fish of the family Syngnathidae. It is endemic to Hawaii, with observations off Oahu and Kauai. It lives is shallow, protected coral reef or rocky habitats, where it can grow to lengths of 7 centimetres (2.8 in). Although little is known about its feeding habits, it is expected to consume small crustaceans, similar to other pipefishes. This species is ovoviviparous, with males carrying eggs and giving birth to live young. Males can brood at 4.5 centimetres (1.8 in). The specific name honours the American zoologist Stanley Crittenden Ball (1885-1956) in acknowledgement of his "interest in the fishes of Oceania".
Cosmocampus banneri is a species of marine fish of the family Syngnathidae. It is found from the Red Sea and Western Indian Ocean to Fiji, the Marshall Islands, and the Ryukyu Islands. It lives in coral reefs at depths of 2-30m, where it can grow to lengths of 5.8 cm. Although little is known about the feeding habits of C. banneri, it is expected to feed on small crustaceans similar to other pipefish. This species is ovoviviparous, with males carrying eggs in a brood pouch until giving birth to live young. The specific name honours Albert Henry Banner (1914-1985), an American carcinologist who was an expert in alpheid shrimps.
Cosmocampus brachycephalus is a species of marine fish of the family Syngnathidae. It is found in the western Atlantic Ocean, near southern Florida (USA), the Bahamas, and northern South America. It lives in sub-tidal grass flats to depths of 10 metres (33 ft), where it can grow to lengths of 10 centimetres (3.9 in). This species ovoviviparous, with males carrying eggs and giving birth to live young.
Cosmocampus darrosanus is a species of marine fish of the family Syngnathidae. It is found in the Western Indian Ocean, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Guam, and the Great Barrier Reef (Australia). It lives in tidepools and coral reefs to depths of 3 metres (9.8 ft), where it can grow to lengths of 7.4 centimetres (2.9 in). This species is ovoviviparous, with males carrying eggs before giving birth to live young. The specific name is taken from the type locality of D'Arros Island in the Amirante Islands.
Cosmocampus elucens is a species of marine fish of the family Syngnathidae. It is found in the western Atlantic, off the U.S. east coast, Bermuda, the Bahamas, the Gulf of Mexico, throughout the Caribbean Sea, and off the coast of Brazil. It lives in seagrass and algae beds, typically at shallow depths, where it can grow to lengths of 15 centimetres (5.9 in). It is expected to feed on small crustaceans, similar to other pipefishes. This species is ovoviviparous, with males carrying eggs and giving birth to live young.
Cosmocampus howensis is a species of marine fish of the family Syngnathidae. It is found in the South Pacific from Jervis Bay to Easter Island. It lives in lagoons and on rocky reefs, where it grows to lengths of 10–12 centimetres (3.9–4.7 in). It is expected to feed on small crustaceans, similar to other pipefishes. This species is ovoviviparous, with males carrying eggs before giving birth to live young.
Cosmocampus maxweberi is a species of marine fish of the family Syngnathidae. It is found in the Red Sea from Sumatra to Tonga and Samoa, and from the Marshall Islands to the Great Barrier Reef. Adults live in reefs and reef-rubble to depths of 36 m, while planktonic juveniles have been found in the top 85m of 1500–2000 m water columns. Adults are expected to feed on small crustaceans, similar to other pipefish, and can grow to lengths of 10 cm. This species is ovoviviparous, with males carrying eggs until giving birth to live young. The specific name honours the German-Dutch zoologist and biogeographer Max Carl Wilhelm Weber (1852-1937).
Cosmocampus retropinnis is a species of marine fish of the family Syngnathidae. The name retropinnis comes from the location of the species' dorsal fin as either caudal or posterior. The coloration of this organism is mostly brown and tan markings on its snout side, head's dorsum, side of the trunk, and venter of the tail. It is only known from a few juvenile specimens collected off southern Morocco and Gambia at depths to 79m. Little is known about its feeding habits, but it is expected to feed on small crustaceans, similar to other pipefish. This species is ovoviviparous, with males carrying eggs before giving birth to live young.
Cosmocampus coccineus is a species of pipefish from the family Syngnathidae. It is found in the eastern Pacific Ocean from Bahía de Banderas in Mexico south to Bahía de la Independencia, southern Peru, and in waters off the Galapagos Islands. It is common among red algae and coral, down to depths of 18 metres (59 ft). It is an ovoviviparous breeder in which the male carries the eggs in a brood pouch which is located under his tail. C. coccineus has been regarded as a subspecies of C. arctus, along with C. heraldi.
Minyichthys sentus is a species of marine fish belonging to the family Syngnathidae. Little is known about this species preferred habitat and their proposed geographic distribution is based on only three specimens, two found in the Atlantic near Southern Spain and one found in the Mediterranean near Gibraltar. They have been recorded at depths of up to 170 meters.
