David Wynn Miller (died 2018[1]), also styled :David-Wynn: Miller or David-Wynn: Miller,[2] was an American pseudolegal theorist,[3] self-proclaimed judge and leader of a tax protester group within the sovereign citizen movement.[4] Originally a tool and diewelder,[5][3] Miller is best known as the creator of "Quantum Grammar", a version of the English language to be used by people involved in judicial proceedings. He asserted that this constructed language, which is purportedly based on mathematics and includes unorthodox grammar, spelling, punctuation, and syntax, constitutes the only "correct" form of communication in legal processes. People seeking remedy with Miller's syntax in court have not met with success. His language is incomprehensible to most people and the pleadings that use it are routinely rejected by courts as gibberish.[1][3][6][7] Since Miller's death, "Quantum Grammar" has seen continued usage by other people within the sovereign citizen movement.[1]
Miller lived in Ohio before moving to Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He claimed that at the age of 25, he died for half an hour when an inept surgeon removed both his kidneys and adrenal glands. His heart restarted spontaneously while outside his body during autopsy. Following this, he said his IQ became 200, his endorphin levels were six times normal, and he stopped aging.[8][9]
Miller's activism stemmed from his own frustrating experience with the legal system.[1] During the 1980s, he went through a divorce proceeding[10] and appeared pro se in numerous child custody hearings (67, according to his website) losing every time.[8] Having become convinced that the judiciary was rigged and governed by linguistic maneuvering[1] and that the English language had been deliberately modified to enslave the people,[8] he decided to override the system by developing his own theory of language to be used as a form of legalese.[8][11]
Work and views
Constructed language and linguistic theories
Miller claimed to have created his language in 1988[12] by discovering "the mathematical interface in the truth that certifies all 5,000 languages, frontwards and backwards."[13] According to Miller, the use of his language guaranteed success in court cases and it could also be used to eliminate taxes and disbar judges.[3][14] In the following years, he promoted it through seminars, books and videos.[13]
Miller's constructed language, known in full as "CORRECT-SENTENCE-STRUCTURE-COMMUNICATION-PARSE-SYNTAX-GRAMMAR" (shortened as "C.-S.-S.-C.-P.-S.-G."),[15][16] is also variously called, with or without capital letters, "PARSE-SYNTAX-GRAMMAR",[1] "CORRECT-LANGUAGE",[1] "QUANTUM-LANGUAGE-PARSE-SYNTAX-GRAMMAR",[16] "Quantum language",[3] "Truth Language"[10] "Syntax Language",[12] "In the Truth",[17] "Syntax sentencing"[8] or "QUANTUM-MATH-COMMUNICATIONS".[1] The name "Quantum Grammar" eventually became commonly used in the sovereign citizen environment.[17][18]
Miller's design involves sentences that begin with prepositional phrases, using the word For. It is easily recognizable, among other traits, by the constant and repetitive use of the phrases "for the" and "with the"[14] and by the absence of action verbs, except in gerund form. Users of the dialect reject the use of adjectives, adverbs and pronouns.[3] The language also has an abundance of punctuation. For example:
FOR THE FORMS OF OUR PUNCTUATIONS ARE WITH THE CLAIM OF THE USE: FULL-COLON=POSITION-LODIO-FACTS, HYPHEN=COMPOUND-FACTS =KNOWN, PERIOD=END-THOUGHT, COMMA-PAUSE, AND LOCATION-TILDES WITH THE MEANINGS AND USES OF THE COMMUNICATIONS WITH THE FULL-COLON OF THE POSITION-LODIAL-FACT-PHRASE WITH THE FACT/KNOWN-TERM OF THE POSITIONAL-LODIO-FACT-PHRASE AND WITH THE VOID OF THE NOM-DE-GUERRE = DEAD-PERSON.[15]
Miller's ideas about language are notably rooted in the idea that only nouns have legal meaning and that their meanings are static and absolute.[1][8] This had led Miller to arbitrarily recast words' definitions and roles according to his own understanding and convenience.[1] Among the idiosyncratic rules of the language he created, sentences must contain at least 13 words and use more nouns than verbs,[10] sentences used in court filings must start with prepositional phrases,[11] a preposition is needed to certify a noun,[19] and a word that starts with a vowel followed by two consonants means "no contract" and will therefore void any document.[12][20]
Although the language he pioneered is incomprehensible to most people, Miller asserted that it can end all forms of misunderstanding and conflict[1] and called mainstream English language a "fiction".[12] Miller has also been described as leading a "linguistic cult".[12]
After creating his language, Miller began styling his name as "David-Wynn: Miller", claiming that the punctuation marks are hieroglyphs that make him "life" and that without them his name is two adjectives and a pronoun.[8] He verbally said his name "David hyphen Wynn full colon Miller".[10]
In a variation of the strawman theory, Miller claimed that the addition of hyphens and colons to a person's name makes the person a "prepositional phrase".[21] The person is thus identified as a "fact"[8] existing in the "now-time-dimension"; the names as written in this way are distinguished from the names listed at birth and in "all-caps" (as on a birth certificate), which identify the legal estate and not the living being in fact. Signing up to get a "birth certificate" allegedly creates a taxable Person (Corporation) (e.g., DAVID WYNN MILLER as opposed to :David-Wynn: Miller.). Therefore, Miller asserted that, by adding punctuation to their names and by using his language in their tax return forms, people could avoid paying taxes. No judge has ever accepted this argument, and in fact many individuals who have attempted to use it have ended up in jail.[21]
Canadian judge John D. Rooke, who compiled various examples of pseudolaw in his 2012 Meads v. Meads decision, commented that Miller's "bizarre form of "legal grammar"" is "not merely incomprehensible in Canada, but equally so in any other jurisdiction" and that reading documents written in Miller's language may give the impression that their author is "suffering from mental or cognitive disturbance".[22]
Donald J. Netolitzky, writing for the Alberta Law Review, commented that "Documents written in "Millerese" are a challenge to interpret" and that "video recordings of Miller's seminars defy both description and credulity".[20]David J. Peterson, a language creator, observed that Miller's ideas demonstrate "confusion about the nature of language in general... and of the English language specifically", notably because there is no such thing as "context-independent meaning — in life or in language".[1]
Other views
Miller has used and may have originated a scheme found in Organised Pseudolegal Commercial Arguments that cites the Universal Postal Union as supranational authority. The argument is that affixing a stamp to a piece of paper changes the authority under which it is governed.[20] He assumed the title "postmaster" and called his followers the adherents of the "Universal Postal System".[8]
Miller claimed that he had a billion followers[1] and that Bill Clinton and the entire Supreme Court of the United States were his students.[13][23] He also claimed to have "turned Hawaii into a verb", thus becoming "King of Hawaii". Like many sovereign citizens, Miller asserted that the world is secretly governed by maritime law; his own explanation for this situation was that "Earth is a vessel in a sea of space".[13]
He died on the operating table in 1975 after having a kidney and (both?) adrenal glands removed by a South Korean doctor who had never operated on a human before
A coroner cut the heart out of his chest in the morgue, but it restarted 35 minutes later
Since his death, his "aging genes" died, and he stopped aging
He sleeps only three hours a day, and at one point didn't sleep at all for a period of eight consecutive years
He is a 92nd-degree Mason
He has 3 PhD's
He has a 200 IQ, and it keeps increasing
He is a specialist in 115 fields, including History, Genealogy, Masonry, Biotechnology, Metallurgy, Polymer Technology, Heat-Treating, Nuclear Physics, String Theory and Quantum Physics
He built a perpetual motion machine
He reads 400 words a second
His website is in 150 different languages and has five billion members
He proved that every word in the English language has 900 definitions
He took six years to develop Quantum Language Parse Syntax Grammar (QLPSG) and published the results to the internet in 1988
QLPSG allows him to write any sentence in any language "frontwards" and backwards with the same meaning
Implementing QLPSG would stop all wars on Earth and allow us to communicate with aliens
In converting a trust to QLPSG, he "broke" $40 trillion in trusts held in the United States
The secret service told him that QLPSG disqualified every treaty, trust, and contract for the last 8,500 years
He was responsible for the collapse of the United States mortgage industry
The surrender treaty signed by the confederacy was not a valid document (not in QLPSG), so the southern states are still independent
He has shut down the entire US federal government 23 times
That he owns the patent on the US flag
He is a "world icon"
He was an ambassador to China
He was elected King of Hawaii
He is a Chief Federal Judge in Australia and New Zealand
He is a Chief in 14 American Indian tribes
He is the "Plenipotentiary Chief Federal Judge" of the United States of America, with the power to prosecute other judges
He is the sovereign of his own country—"the land of the courtroom during the time of contract"—appointed to him by the UN
He has absolute power over all things on the planet
All countries worldwide are controlled by the Universal Postal Union
The US Post Office owns the US military and the Treasury
Activism
Besides promoting his language, Miller was active as the leader of a group of tax protesters. He and his followers espoused the views that income taxes were illegitimate and that the United States' federal courts did not have jurisdiction over them because they were sovereign unto themselves. While their views were not distinguishable from those of other sovereign citizen groups, the use of Miller's language made them stand apart.[26]
The Los Angeles Times called Miller a "far-right activist".[27] The Anti-Defamation League described Miller in an article on the Redemption movement: "This Milwaukee, Wisconsin-based sovereign citizen is one of the most unusual of the 'common law gurus' who travel the country holding seminars and offering legal advice. Miller has created his own unique version of English grammar, one that even many sovereign citizens find hard to understand or accept."[28]
Despite the unusual nature of his theories, Miller became popular as a "guru" within the sovereign citizen movement, which he helped expand to other English-speaking countries.[14] Besides the United States, Miller was active in Canada, and later in Australia, New Zealand[12] and the United Kingdom,[29] where he would disrupt court proceedings, file unintelligible documents, and host paid seminars to explain his theories and advertise the use of his language.[12] He also called himself a "Plenipotentiary-Judge" of the "Unity States of the World".[10]
Lawyer Colin McRoberts finds Miller's linguistic experiment remarkable by the fact that he could find followers despite the strangeness of his theories and their consistent failure in court, and considers him a good example of a pseudolaw litigant and guru whose ideas "flout consensus reality": "as baffling, incomprehensible, and plainly false as his theories are, he sold them. His customers paid to take seminars on how to use proper "quantum" phrasing in court. He and his followers relied on his strategies to the detriment of all involved—including Miller himself."[3]
Various defendants attempted to use Miller's language or ideas in courts. Not being a licensed lawyer, Miller would file complaints on behalf of his clients with himself as a co-plaintiff, or appear in court as an "agent" or as a McKenzie friend. There is no evidence that the use of his language has ever been helpful in legal proceedings.[3][10] In 2010, the Southern Poverty Law Center noted that Miller was one of the few sovereign citizen "gurus" who had "clients in four different countries currently serving prison sentences".[10] Courts would typically dismiss Miller's documents as "completely unintelligible"[30] or "incomprehensible"[31][16] and sometimes declare him a vexatious litigant.[32]
In 2001 he was banned from entry into Canada for two years after a number of judges had jailed people for contempt of court after they had attempted to use his "truth language" to defend tax evasion charges. In 2011, an Australian barrister, who had been paid by his clients to attend one of Miller's seminars, described Miller's teachings as "the most ridiculous thing I've ever heard in my life."[12]
On December 21, 2012 (the predicted end of the world according to the Mayan prophecy), Miller and some of his associates created a "Federal Postal court" (styled "US :FEDERAL-POSTALCOURT"), with Miller as Judge, and used it to release default "judgements".[20] Miller claimed that his "court" (which is unrelated to the civil court operated by the United States Postal Service) had been originally opened in 1775 by Benjamin Franklin, but closed a year later with the onset of the Revolutionary War. Miller therefore purported that he had reopened Franklin's court.[11] This "court" had no courthouse or fixed location, but Miller claimed that it had transitory jurisdiction with a presence wherever the federal postal eagle symbol may be.[33]
In 2016, Miller's "Federal Postal court" issued a $11.5 million dollar judgement against the mortgage service company Ocwen by declaring that its loans were fraudulent. A federal judge investigated Miller's court and struck down the filing, concluding that the "Federal Postal court" was "a sham and no more than a product of fertile imagination"[11] and that any "judgement" it rendered should not be registered and should be stricken.[33] Miller's court issued a similar $11.7 million judgement against Bank of America, on behalf of a pair of borrowers who were seeking relief on a $298,000 loan. The United States District Court for the District of Arizona struck down the filing and, in May 2018, issued a default judgement against the Federal Postal court, and against Miller and his associates personally.[34]
Selected cases
In 1998 Miller assisted Ingleside, Illinois resident George Johnson in his legal defense against child molestation charges.[35] Johnson was convicted and returned to prison in 1999.[36]
In June 1998 Prescott, Arizona resident James McCreary filed a federal lawsuit after being arrested in February for aggravated assault and possession of drug paraphernalia. In his filing, "McCreary mentions the name of his apparent mentor. David Wynn Miller of Ohio is an advocate of the restoration of Constitutional rights through 'correct' language and procedure."[37] McCreary's actions in court got his conviction reduced by the Judge to three misdemeanors, and he was sentenced to three concurrent 60-day sentences in jail.[7]
In August 2001, Paul and Myrna Schuck unsuccessfully used Miller's language during a tax evasion trial in Calgary, Alberta. They wrote their names on postage stamps affixed to laminated identification badges, which they claimed gave them authority equal to the Queen of England's. Online posts during the proceedings show they were using Miller's methods. They served 19 days of a 30-day sentence.[6][20][21]
In September 2002, Miller was profiled when Milwaukee-based accountant Steven Allen Magritz was jailed after engaging in what authorities called "paper terrorism", or filing large numbers of legal claims against perceived enemies, as part of the sovereign citizen anti-government movement. The article calls Miller "the movement's linguist" and outlines his belief that people don't need to pay taxes if they can "prove that money is a verb".[38] Magritz was convicted in 2003 on seven counts of criminal slander of title and sentenced to five years in prison.[39]
In December 2002, Wisconsin juries convicted Oconomowoc, Wisconsin residents Janice K. Logan and Jason Zellmer (Miller's cousin)[38] of "simulating legal process" by filing documents that purported to be legal documents from the jurisdiction of the "Unity States of the World," a concept originated by Miller.[40][41] Zellmer had been previously convicted of resisting an officer.[38] Miller testified at the trial and expounded his theories. The defendants were found guilty.[19]
In 2005, Montclair, New Jersey resident Brenda Rickard was arrested and charged with orchestrating a $30 million mortgage scam. A follower of Miller, Rickard asserted during her trial that her name was ":Brenda :Rickard" and that the complaint against her should be written in Miller's "truthful language". Her lawyer requested a psychological evaluation following Rickard's behavior in court.[42] Rickard and co-defendant Jamila Davis were convicted of conspiracy and six counts of bank fraud in 2008.[43]
In 2006, Hemet, California physician Jerome Mueller was jailed for tax evasion: "Part of a loose-knit group calling themselves 'freemen' and 'patriots,' Mueller is an adherent of 'truth language.' Developed by self-professed genius David Wynn Miller, of Milwaukee, truth language is based on mathematics and purports to be the only correct way of interpreting English. (...) The U.S. government, however, contends in everyday English that Mueller owes income taxes back to 1993."[44]
In 2008, Wai'anae, Hawaii resident Rita Makekau was convicted of eight counts of assault and one count of domestic abuse for injuring five children in her care with hammers and knives.[45] In 2009, Makekau challenged her child abuse conviction by claiming her sovereignty group, Hawaiian Kingdom Government, declared her innocent. Miller said he was the group's spokesperson and is a "plenipotentiary judge, ambassador and postmaster".[46] Makekau was ordered to prison in 2009.[47]
In 2012, imprisoned sovereign citizen and tax protester leader David Russell Myrland enlisted Miller's help to file a lawsuit against the federal government over its improper use of grammar. The lawsuit was unsuccessful.[48] The document filed by Miller included, among other statements:
For the 'why' of the sheriff's-statement-writings and: United States Attorney's-statements-writing are with a second-grade-reading-level and: writing-level and: vacating-facts, opinions, guessing, modifications, viod [sic]-factual-syntax-grammar word-meanings by the vassalees against the collusion-conspiracy with the handycapping [sic]-parse-syntax-grammar-communication-pleadings and: babbling-collusions-threats against the David-Russell: Myrland by the vassalees.[48]
In 2016, two Southampton parents, whose newborn child had been removed from their custody due to healthcare concerns and the father being a Master Mineral Solution salesman, chose to dispense with legal representation in the United Kingdom and consulted with Miller. Largely due to the parents' lack of cooperation with authorities, the baby was placed for adoption.[29]
Jared Lee Loughner case
Some reports published after the 2011 Tucson shooting included references to purported similarities between the writing of convicted gunman Jared Lee Loughner and Miller's writing method.[49] Miller has stated that although he did not know Loughner, he agreed with Loughner's video postings on government mind control and grammar,[50] but was appalled by Loughner's actions.[5] Miller stated that the idea that his work could have inspired the mass shooting was "ridiculous",[51] and "I expect he's been on my website... He's just repeating things I've had up on my site the past 11 years."[52]
Associates and legacy
One of Miller's associates, Leighton Ward, who worked as "clerk" of the "Federal Postal court",[11] set up his own venture, "The Advocacy for consumer rights", in Arizona. Ward purported to help his clients change the terms of their mortgages and get refunds through the use of Miller's language. He also engaged in paper terrorism against a family, using "judgements" issued by Miller's "Federal Postal court". Ward was arrested in May 2017 and charged with various offenses, including fraudulent schemes and artifices and creating false documents.[53] During his trial, he persisted in using Miller's language in his documents and oral arguments, despite being repeatedly ordered by the court to communicate in a comprehensible fashion. The court eventually revoked his self-representation. In August 2018, he was sentenced to 23 1/2 years in prison.[54][55][56]
In August 2017, after Miller suffered a heart attack,[20] one of his longtime collaborators,[57] Russell Jay Gould, published a video in which he purported to "court martial" Miller and to remove his authority as a "judge". The website of Miller's "Federal Postal court" later went offline.[20] Gould has since continued using the "Quantum Grammar" created by Miller, taking part in judicial proceedings and claiming to be the "postmaster-general of the world"[58] or the "sovereign king" of the United States.[59]
In July 2024, British group Mark Kishon Christopher, Matthew Dean Martin, Sean Harper, and Shiza Harper identifying themselves as the 'Federal Postal Court' or 'the Court for the People' were convicted of conspiring to kidnap the Senior Coroner for Essex. Christopher had appointed himself 'Chief Judge of England and all Dominions', while Martin and Sean Harper were 'Sheriffs'. They sent a series of threats to the Coroner, and went to the Court, equipped with handcuffs, intending to kidnap the Coroner. For this Christopher was sentenced to 7 years prison, while the others were given 30 month sentences.[61][62]
The Posse Comitatus is a loosely organized American far-right extremist social movement which began in the late 1960s. Its members spread a conspiracy-minded, anti-government, and antisemitic message linked to white supremacy aiming to counter what they believe is an attack on their social and political rights as white Christians.
The sovereign citizen movement is a loose group of anti-government activists, litigants, tax protesters, financial scammers, and conspiracy theorists based mainly in the United States. Sovereign citizens have their own pseudolegal belief system based on misinterpretations of common law and claim to not be subject to any government statutes unless they consent to them. The movement appeared in the United States in the early 1970s and has since expanded to other countries; the similar freeman on the land movement emerged during the 2000s in Canada before spreading to other Commonwealth countries such as Australia, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. The FBI describes sovereign citizens as "anti-government extremists who believe that even though they physically reside in this country, they are separate or 'sovereign' from the United States".
Irwin Allen Schiff was an American libertarian and tax resistance advocate known for writing and promoting literature in which he argued that the way in which the income tax in the United States is enforced upon individuals, as a tax on one's time or wages, is illegal and unconstitutional. Judges in several civil and criminal cases ruled in favor of the federal government and against Schiff. As a result of these judicial rulings Schiff was in a hospital prison serving a sentence of 162 months at the time of his death.
The Montana Freemen were an anti-government Christian Patriot militia based outside the town of Jordan, Montana, United States. The members of the group referred to their land as "Justus Township" and had declared their leaders and followers "sovereign citizens" no longer under the authority of any outside government. They became the center of public attention in 1996 when they engaged in a prolonged armed standoff with agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).
A tax protester, in the United States, is a person who denies that he or she owes a tax based on the belief that the Constitution of the United States, statutes, or regulations do not empower the government to impose, assess or collect the tax. The tax protester may have no dispute with how the government spends its revenue. This differentiates a tax protester from a tax resister, who seeks to avoid paying a tax because the tax is being used for purposes with which the resister takes issue.
The 861 argument is a statutory argument used by tax protesters in the United States, which interprets a portion of the Internal Revenue Code as invalidating certain applications of income tax. The argument has uniformly been held by courts to be incorrect, and persons who have cited the argument as a basis for refusing to pay income taxes have been penalized, and in some cases jailed.
The redemption movement is an element of the pseudolaw movement, mainly active in the United States and Canada, that promotes fraudulent debt and tax payment schemes. The movement is also called redemptionism. Redemption promoters allege that a secret fund is created for every citizen at birth and that a procedure exists to "redeem" or reclaim this fund to pay bills. Common redemption schemes include acceptance for value (A4V), Treasury Direct Accounts (TDA) and secured party creditor "kits," collections of pseudolegal tactics sold to participants despite a complete lack of any actual legal basis. Such tactics are sometimes called "money for nothing" schemes, as they propose to extract money from the government by using secret methods. The name of the A4V scheme in particular has become synonymous with the movement as a whole.
Larry Alan Burns is a retired United States district judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of California.
A tax protester is someone who refuses to pay a tax claiming that the tax laws are unconstitutional or otherwise invalid. Tax protesters are different from tax resisters, who refuse to pay taxes as a protest against a government or its policies, or a moral opposition to taxation in general, not out of a belief that the tax law itself is invalid. The United States has a large and organized culture of people who espouse such theories. Tax protesters also exist in other countries.
The kids for cash scandal centered on judicial kickbacks to two judges at the Luzerne County Court of Common Pleas in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, US. In 2008, judges Michael Conahan and Mark Ciavarella were convicted of accepting money in return for imposing harsh adjudications on juveniles to increase occupancy at a private prison operated by PA Child Care.
Guardians of the Free Republics, active around 2010, was a group based in the U.S. state of Texas regarded as being part of the sovereign citizen movement. The group was associated with Sam Kennedy, a talk-show host, and with Clive Boustred, a British-born conspiracy theorist living in California. The group was described as having an anti-government ideology.
Sean David Morton is a self-described psychic, ufologist and alleged remote viewer who has referred to himself as "America's Prophet." Until legal troubles led to his incarceration in a federal prison, he also hosted radio shows, authored books, and made documentary films about the paranormal. In 2010, Morton and his wife were charged with civil securities fraud. The director of the New York regional office of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) stated that "Morton's self-proclaimed psychic powers were nothing more than a scam to attract investors and steal their money." In 2016, Morton and his wife were indicted on Federal tax-related charges, and were found guilty in April 2017. He served a Federal prison sentence.
Jared Lee Loughner is an American mass murderer who pled guilty to 19 charges of murder and attempted murder in connection with the January 8, 2011, Tucson shooting, in which he shot and severely injured U.S. Representative Gabby Giffords, and killed six people, including Chief U.S. District Court Judge John Roll, Gabe Zimmerman, a member of Giffords's staff, and a 9-year-old girl, Christina-Taylor Green. Loughner shot and injured a total of 13 people, including one man who was injured while subduing him.
Judy Clare Clarke is an American criminal defense attorney who has represented several high-profile defendants such as Ted Kaczynski, Eric Rudolph, Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, Joseph Edward Duncan, Zacarias Moussaoui, Jared Lee Loughner, Robert Gregory Bowers, Burford Furrow, Lisa Montgomery and Susan Smith.
The freeman on the land movement, also known as the freemen of the land, the freemen movement, or simply freemen, is a loose group of individuals who adhere to pseudolegal concepts and conspiracy theories implying that they are bound by statute laws only if they consent to those laws. Freemen on the land are mostly present in Commonwealth countries. The movement appeared in Canada in the early 2000s, as an offshoot of the sovereign citizen movement which is more prevalent in the United States.
Igor Olenicoff is an American billionaire and real estate developer. In 2007, he was convicted of tax evasion stemming from his use of off-shore companies and Swiss banks to hide his financial assets.
Pseudolaw consists of statements, beliefs, or practices that are claimed to be based on accepted law or legal doctrine but have no actual basis in law and are generally rooted in conspiracy theories. Pseudolegal arguments deviate significantly from most conventional understandings of law and jurisprudence and often originate from non-existent statutes or legal principles the advocate or adherent incorrectly believes exist.
The strawman theory is a pseudolegal conspiracy theory originating in the redemption/A4V movement and prevalent in antigovernment and tax protester movements such as sovereign citizens and freemen on the land. The theory holds that an individual has two personas, one of flesh and blood and the other a separate legal personality and that one's legal responsibilities belong to the strawman rather than the physical individual.
The Moorish sovereign citizen movement, sometimes called the indigenous sovereign citizen movement or the Rise of the Moors, is a small sub-group of sovereign citizens that mainly holds to the teachings of the Moorish Science Temple of America, in that African Americans are descendants of the Moabites and thus are "Moorish" by nationality, and Islamic by faith.
Innovated Holdings, Inc, better known under the trade name Sitcomm Arbitration Association, is a "pirate" arbitration company located in Wyoming and associated with the sovereign citizen movement. It has been identified as a "sham" by courts, having filed "fraudulent arbitration awards in several states", and the Anti-Defamation League's Center on Extremism characterises it as "the largest promoter of fraudulent arbitration".
↑ Staff report (August 14, 1998). Ally of molestation suspect a 'huckster,' historian says. Right-winger: militia watchdog web site mentions Milwaukeean. Waukegan News-Sun
↑ Staff report (June 11, 1999). Ingleside man deemed sexually dangerous. To prison: will be held until safe for release. Waukegan News-Sun
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