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A bark beetle is the common name for the subfamily of beetles Scolytinae. Previously, this was considered a distinct family (Scolytidae), but is now understood to be a specialized clade of the "true weevil" family (Curculionidae). Although the term "bark beetle" refers to the fact that many species feed in the inner bark (phloem) layer of trees, the subfamily also has many species with other lifestyles, including some that bore into wood, feed in fruit and seeds, or tunnel into herbaceous plants. Well-known species are members of the type genus Scolytus, namely the European elm bark beetle S. multistriatus and the large elm bark beetle S. scolytus, which like the American elm bark beetle Hylurgopinus rufipes, transmit Dutch elm disease fungi (Ophiostoma). The mountain pine beetle Dendroctonus ponderosae, southern pine beetle Dendroctonus frontalis, and their near relatives are major pests of conifer forests in North America. A similarly aggressive species in Europe is the spruce ips Ips typographus. A tiny bark beetle, the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei is a major pest on coffee plantations around the world.
Xyleborus is by far the largest ambrosia beetle genus in the tribe Xyleborini, with over 500 species.
Xyleborus glabratus, the redbay ambrosia beetle, is a type of ambrosia beetle invasive in the United States. It has been documented as the primary vector of Raffaelea lauricola, the fungus that causes laurel wilt, a disease that can kill several North American tree species in the family Lauraceae, including redbay, sassafras, and avocado.
Xylopsocus gibbicollis, common name "common auger beetle", is a species of beetle of the family Bostrichidae.
Austroplatypus incompertus is a species of ambrosia beetle belonging to the true weevil family, native to Australia, with a verified distribution in New South Wales and Victoria. It forms colonies in the heartwood of Eucalyptus trees and is the first beetle to be recognized as a eusocial insect. Austroplatypus incompertus is considered eusocial because groups contain a single fertilized female that is protected and taken care of by a small number of unfertilized females that also do much of the work. The species likely passed on cultivated fungi to other weevils.
Euwallacea fornicatus is a species complex consisting of multiple cryptic species of ambrosia beetles, known as an invasive species in California, Israel and South Africa. The species has also been unintentionally introduced into exotic greenhouses in several European countries. As the rest of the ambrosia beetles, E. fornicatus larvae and adults feed on a symbiotic fungus carried in a specific structure called mycangium. In E. fornicatus, the mycangium is located in the mandible. The combination of massive numbers of beetles with the symbiotic fungus kills trees, even though the fungus alone is a weak pathogen.
Xyleborus affinis, the sugarcane shot-hole borer, is a species of typical ambrosia beetle in the family Curculionidae. It is found on all forested continents, primarily in areas with humid tropical climates.
Xyleborus dispar is a species of bark beetle commonly called the Pear blight beetle, or the European shothole borer. It is an invasive species in North America, and can be a pest in orchards and forests throughout its range.
Euwallacea piceus, is a species of weevil native to Oriental Asia but introduced to African and other Westerns Pacific parts of the world. It is a serious pest in tropical and subtropical parts of the Americas.
Xylosandrus arquatus, is a species of weevil endemic to Sri Lanka.
Xylosandrus mancus, is a species of weevil found in Afrotropical and Oriental regions.
Xylosandrus morigerus, is a species of weevil widespread throughout Afrotropical, Australian, Neotropical, Oceania and Oriental regions. It is also introduced to Palearctic regional countries.
Euwallacea perbrevis, commonly known as tea shot-hole borer, is a species of weevil native to South and South-East Asia through to Australia, but introduced to Western countries.
Arixyleborus malayensis, is a species of weevil found in India, Sri Lanka, China, Japan, Malaysia, Vietnam and Indonesia. This is the only species of Arixyleborus found in Japan and China.
Arixyleborus mediosectus, is a species of weevil found in India, Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Myanmar, Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia: Sumatra and Vietnam.
Arixyleborus rugosipes, is a species of weevil native to India, Sri Lanka, Philippines, Malaysia, Borneo, Vietnam, Indonesia, and in Australia, Japan, Korea, New Zealand as an exotic species.
Diuncus haberkorni, is a species of weevil found in India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Taiwan, Java, Japan, Malaysia, New Guinea, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam. It is also imported to African countried such as South Africa, and Tanzania.
Xyleborus perforans, commonly known as island pinhole borer, is a species of weevil native in the Oriental region through to Australia but shows a cosmopolitan distribution due to introduction to many parts of the world.
Euwallacea similis, is a species of weevil native in the Oriental region through to Australia but shows a cosmopolitan distribution due to introduction to many parts of the world.
Xyleborus monographus, the Mediterranean oak borer, is a species of ambrosia beetle in the family Curculionidae. It is native to oaks in the regions around the Mediterranean Sea, but since 2019 has been found in California, where the oak trees it infests may be more vulnerable.
References
- ↑ Hulcr, Jiri (2010-09-17). "Taxonomic changes in palaeotropical Xyleborini (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae)". ZooKeys (56): 105–119. Bibcode:2010ZooK...56..105H. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.56.520 . PMC 3088323 . PMID 21594174 . Retrieved 2021-09-05.
- 1 2 "Xyleborus emarginatus". www.cabi.org. Retrieved 2021-09-05.
- ↑ "SE Asian Ambrosia Beetle ID | Fact sheet". idtools.org. Retrieved 2021-09-05.
- ↑ "Debus species". www.ambrosiasymbiosis.org. Retrieved 2021-09-05.
- ↑ "Bark and Ambrosia Beetles of, Debus emarginatus (Eichhoff 1878)". www.barkbeetles.info. Retrieved 2021-09-05.
- ↑ "Xyleborus emarginatus (Eichhoff). [pest/pathogen]". www.cabdirect.org. Retrieved 2021-09-05.
- ↑ "Knowledge Bank: Xyleborus emarginatus". www.plantwise.org. Retrieved 2021-09-05.
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