Carl Ransom Rogers was an American psychologist who was one of the founders of humanistic psychology and was known especially for his person-centered psychotherapy. Rogers is widely considered one of the founding fathers of psychotherapy research and was honored for his pioneering research with the Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions by the American Psychological Association (APA) in 1956.
A psychologist is a professional who practices psychology and studies mental states,perceptual,cognitive,emotional,and social processes and behavior. Their work often involves the experimentation,observation,and interpretation of how individuals relate to each other and to their environments.
Counseling psychology is a psychological specialty that began with a focus on vocational counseling,but later moved its emphasis to adjustment counseling,and then expanded to cover all normal psychology psychotherapy. There are many subcategories for counseling psychology,such as marriage and family counseling,rehabilitation counseling,clinical mental health counseling,educational counseling,etc. In each setting,they are all required to follow the same guidelines.
Beverly Christine Daniel Tatum is an American psychologist,administrator,and educator who has conducted research and written books on the topic of racism. Focusing specifically on race in education,racial identity development in teenagers,and assimilation of black families and youth in white neighborhoods. Tatum uses works from her students,personal experience,and psychology learning. Tatum served from 2002 to 2015 as the ninth president of Spelman College,the oldest historically black women's college in the United States.
Indigenous psychology is defined by Kim and Berry as "the scientific study of human behavior or mind that is native,that is not transported from other regions,and that is designed for its people." There is a strong emphasis on how one's actions are influenced by the environment surrounding them as well as the aspects that make it up. This would include analyzing the context,in addition to the content that combine to make the domain that one is living in. The context would consist of the family,social,cultural,and ecological pieces and the content would consist of the meaning,values,and beliefs. Since the mid 1970s,there has been outcry about the traditional views from psychologists across the world,from Africa to Australia and many places in between about how the methods only reflect what would work in Europe and the Americas.
Cross-cultural psychology is the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes,including both their variability and invariance,under diverse cultural conditions. Through expanding research methodologies to recognize cultural variance in behavior,language,and meaning it seeks to extend and develop psychology. Since psychology as an academic discipline was developed largely in North America and Europe,some psychologists became concerned that constructs and phenomena accepted as universal were not as invariant as previously assumed,especially since many attempts to replicate notable experiments in other cultures had varying success. Since there are questions as to whether theories dealing with central themes,such as affect,cognition,conceptions of the self,and issues such as psychopathology,anxiety,and depression,may lack external validity when "exported" to other cultural contexts,cross-cultural psychology re-examines them using methodologies designed to factor in cultural differences so as to account for cultural variance. Some critics have pointed to methodological flaws in cross-cultural psychological research,and claim that serious shortcomings in the theoretical and methodological bases used impede,rather than help the scientific search for universal principles in psychology. Cross-cultural psychologists are turning more to the study of how differences (variance) occur,rather than searching for universals in the style of physics or chemistry.
Microaggression is a term used for commonplace verbal,behavioral or environmental slights,whether intentional or unintentional,that communicate hostile,derogatory,or negative attitudes toward those of different races,cultures,beliefs,or genders. The term was coined by Harvard University psychiatrist Chester M. Pierce in 1970 to describe insults and dismissals which he regularly witnessed non-black Americans inflicting on African Americans. By the early 21st century,use of the term was applied to the casual disparagement of any socially marginalized group,including LGBT people,poor people,and disabled people. Psychologist Derald Wing Sue defines microaggressions as "brief,everyday exchanges that send denigrating messages to certain individuals because of their group membership". The persons making the comments may be otherwise well-intentioned and unaware of the potential impact of their words.
William E. Cross Jr. is a theorist and researcher in the field of ethnic identity development,specifically Black identity development. He is best known for his nigrescence model,first detailed in a 1971 publication,and his book,Shades of Black,published in 1991. Cross's nigrescence model expanded upon the work of Black psychologists who came before him and created an important foundation for racial/ethnic identity psychology. It has proved a framework for both individual and collective social change. Throughout his career,Cross has been concerned with racial/ethnic identity theory and the negative effects of Western thought and science on the psychology of Black Americans,specifically the need for “psychological liberation under conditions of oppression.”
Madonna G. Constantine was an American psychology and education professor who formerly taught at Teachers College,Columbia University. She was fired in 2008 on grounds of plagiarism.
The Institute for International and Cross-Cultural Psychology (IICCP) at St. Francis College,New York City was founded in 1998. During its 21 years of existence it has become known for the advancement of cross-cultural psychology and international psychology. Supported by an International Advisory Board of psychologists from six countries,members of the institute have engaged in a series of research projects,edited books on a broad variety of topics in international psychology,sponsored numerous conferences,symposia and colloquia,given lectures at many conferences and institutions around the world,and introduced innovative curriculum development.
Allen Eric Bergin is a clinical psychologist known for his research on psychotherapy outcomes and on integrating psychotherapy and religion. His 1980 article on theistic values was groundbreaking in the field and elicited over 1,000 responses and requests for reprints,and including those from Carl Rogers and Albert Bandura. Bergin is also noted for his interchanges with probabilistic atheist Albert Ellis.
Black psychology,also known as African-American psychology and African/Black psychology,is a scientific field that focuses on how people of African descent know and experience the world. The field,particularly in the United States,largely emerged as a result of the lack of understanding of the psychology of Black people under traditional,Westernized notions of psychology. Overall,the field combines perspectives from both Black studies and traditional psychology encapsulating a range of definitions and approaches while simultaneously proposing its own framework of understanding.
Social privilege is an advantage or entitlement that benefits individuals belonging to certain groups,often to the detriment of others. Privileged groups can be advantaged based on social class,wealth,education,caste,age,height,skin color,physical fitness,nationality,geographic location,cultural differences,ethnic or racial category,gender,gender identity,neurodiversity,physical disability,sexual orientation,religion,and other differentiating factors. Individuals can be privileged in one area,such as education,and not privileged in another area,such as health. The amount of privilege any individual has may change over time,such as when a person becomes disabled,or when a child becomes a young adult.
Cultural differences can interact with positive psychology to create great variation,potentially impacting positive psychology interventions. Culture differences have an impact on the interventions of positive psychology. Culture influences how people seek psychological help,their definitions of social structure,and coping strategies. Cross cultural positive psychology is the application of the main themes of positive psychology from cross-cultural or multicultural perspectives.
Adelbert H. Jenkins is an African American clinical psychologist who is known for his humanistic approach to Black psychology at the start of the field in the early 1970s. Jenkins was also one of the 28 founding members of the National Association of Black Psychologists,along with other notable psychologists such as Robert V. Guthrie and Joseph White. He is currently an associate professor of psychology at New York University.
Janet E. Helms is an American research psychologist known for her study of ethnic minority issues. A scholar,author and educator,she is most known for her racial identity theory that is applied to multiple disciplines,including education and law. She received the 2006 Award for Distinguished Contributions to Education and Training in Psychology from the American Psychological Association.
Joseph G. Ponterotto is an American psychologist,author and professor. He is currently coordinator of the Mental Health Counseling Program at Fordham University's Graduate School of Education. He is a licensed psychologist and mental health counsellor,as well as a psychobiographer and multicultural consultant. His research interests include multicultural counselling,education and psychobiography.
White Racial Identity Development is a field of research looking at how white identity can develop and affect a person throughout their life. Through the process,White people become more aware of their role in society,with the power and privilege they hold through systematic racism. Dr. Janet Helms created the White Racial Identity Model in 1992 to provide a way to categorize white racial identity. Another theory,the White Racial Consciousness Theory was created as an alternative to Helm's model.
Multicultural counseling is a type of counseling where the therapist addresses the struggles of a client whose race,gender,socioeconomic background,religion,or any other part of their identity doesn't fit in with the majority. Minorities have a history of dealing with racism and oppression,and in this lens,a counselor that doesn't take that information into account isn't able to effectively counsel. In the therapy session,the sociocultural environment of the individual and issues of power and privilege are given attention. This is a strengths based approach;counselors focus on positive change in both the process and the outcome.
Stanley Sue was an American clinical psychologist known for his contributions to the field of multicultural studies,specifically in relation to the mental health issues of ethnic minorities and the need for cultural competence in the treatment of psychological disorders. Sue was a Distinguished Professor of Clinical Psychology at Palo Alto University. His work is often cited in discussions about the educational achievements of Asian Americans and the model minority stereotype.
