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Sulfur-reducing bacteria are microorganisms able to reduce elemental sulfur (S0) to hydrogen sulfide (H2S). These microbes use inorganic sulfur compounds as electron acceptors to sustain several activities such as respiration, conserving energy and growth, in absence of oxygen. The final product or these processes, sulfide, has a considerable influence on the chemistry of the environment and, in addition, is used as electron donor for a large variety of microbial metabolisms. Several types of bacteria and many non-methanogenic archaea can reduce sulfur. Microbial sulfur reduction was already shown in early studies, which highlighted the first proof of S0 reduction in a vibrioid bacterium from mud, with sulfur as electron acceptor and H2 as electron donor. The first pure cultured species of sulfur-reducing bacteria, Desulfuromonas acetoxidans, was discovered in 1976 and described by Pfennig Norbert and Biebel Hanno as an anaerobic sulfur-reducing and acetate-oxidizing bacterium, not able to reduce sulfate. Only few taxa are true sulfur-reducing bacteria, using sulfur reduction as the only or main catabolic reaction. Normally, they couple this reaction with the oxidation of acetate, succinate or other organic compounds. In general, sulfate-reducing bacteria are able to use both sulfate and elemental sulfur as electron acceptors. Thanks to its abundancy and thermodynamic stability, sulfate is the most studied electron acceptor for anaerobic respiration that involves sulfur compounds. Elemental sulfur, however, is very abundant and important, especially in deep-sea hydrothermal vents, hot springs and other extreme environments, making its isolation more difficult. Some bacteria – such as Proteus, Campylobacter, Pseudomonas and Salmonella – have the ability to reduce sulfur, but can also use oxygen and other terminal electron acceptors.
In taxonomy, the Methanosarcinales are an order of the Methanomicrobia.
Desulfobacter latus is a sulfate-reducing bacteria, with type strain AcRS2.
Desulfobacter curvatus is a sulfate-reducing bacteria, with type strain AcRM3.
Desulfobacter vibrioformis is a sulfate-reducing bacteria. It is mesophilic, gram-negative, vibrio-shaped, marine and acetate-oxidizing.
Cohnella thermotolerans is the type species of the bacterial genus Cohnella. It is Gram-positive, rod-shaped and endospore-forming, with type strain CCUG 47242T.
Bacillus aerius is a species of bacteria first isolated from cryogenic tubes used for collecting air samples from high altitudes, hence its name. Its type strain is 24KT.
Thiorhodovibrio winogradskyi is a purple sulfur bacteria, the type species of its genus. Its cells are vibrioid-to spirilloid-shaped and motile by means of single polar flagella. It is moderately halophilic, with type strain SSP1.
Azospirillum canadense is a nitrogen-fixing bacterium isolated from corn rhizospheres. Its type strain is DS2T.
Desulfotomaculum thermoacetoxidans is an obligately anaerobic, thermophilic, spore-forming sulfate-reducing bacterium with type strain CAMZ.
Roseivivax halodurans is a species of bacteria, the type species of its genus. It is aerobic and bacteriochlorophyll-containing, first isolated from the charophytes on the stromatolites of a saline lake located on the west coast of Australia. It is chemoheterotrophic, Gram-negative, motile, rod-shaped and with subpolar flagella. Its type strain is OCh 239T.
Roseivivax halotolerans is a species of bacteria. It is aerobic and bacteriochlorophyll-containing, first isolated from the epiphytes on the stromatolites of a saline lake located on the west coast of Australia. It is chemoheterotrophic, Gram-negative, motile, rod-shaped and with subpolar flagella. Its type strain is OCh 210T.
Deinococcus indicus is a species of arsenic-resistant bacterium. It is Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-motile, non-sporulating and red-pigmented, with type strain Wt/1aT.
Lentibacillus salicampi is a moderately halophilic bacterium, the type species of its genus. It is Gram-variable, aerobic, endospore-forming and rod-shaped, with type strain SF-20(T).
Lentibacillus juripiscarius is an aerobic, spore-forming, Gram-positive, moderately halophilic bacteria, with type strain IS40-3T.
Marinobacter bryozoorum is a marine, Gram-negative, aerobic and halophilic bacteria with type strain KMM 3840T.
Marinobacter sediminum is a marine, Gram-negative, aerobic and halophilic bacteria with type strain KMM 3657T.
Desulfotomaculum halophilum is a halophilic sulfate-reducing bacterium. It is endospore-forming, long, straight to curved rod-shaped and with type strain SEBR 3139T.
Marinococcus is a Gram-positive, strictly aerobic, chemolithoautotrophic and non-spore-forming genus of bacteria from the family of Bacillaceae.
Sulfobacillus is a genus of bacteria containing six named species. Members of the genus are Gram-positive, acidophilic, spore-forming bacteria that are moderately thermophilic or thermotolerant. All species are facultative anaerobes capable of oxidizing sulfur-containing compounds; they differ in optimal growth temperature and metabolic capacity, particularly in their ability to grow on various organic carbon compounds.
References
- ↑ Brandt, Kristian Koefoed; Ingvorsen, Kjeld (1997). "Desulfobacter halotolerans sp. nov., a Halotolerant Acetate-Oxidizing Sulfate-Reducing Bacterium Isolated from Sediments of Great Salt Lake, Utah". Systematic and Applied Microbiology. 20 (3): 366–373. doi:10.1016/S0723-2020(97)80004-5. ISSN 0723-2020.
