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The green sulfur bacteria are a phylum, Chlorobiota, of obligately anaerobic photoautotrophic bacteria that metabolize sulfur.
The Desulfobacteraceae are a family of Thermodesulfobacteriota. They reduce sulfates to sulfides to obtain energy and are strictly anaerobic. They have a respiratory and fermentative type of metabolism. Some species are chemolithotrophic and use inorganic materials to obtain energy and use hydrogen as their electron donor.
Sulfur-reducing bacteria are microorganisms able to reduce elemental sulfur (S0) to hydrogen sulfide (H2S). These microbes use inorganic sulfur compounds as electron acceptors to sustain several activities such as respiration, conserving energy and growth, in absence of oxygen. The final product of these processes, sulfide, has a considerable influence on the chemistry of the environment and, in addition, is used as electron donor for a large variety of microbial metabolisms. Several types of bacteria and many non-methanogenic archaea can reduce sulfur. Microbial sulfur reduction was already shown in early studies, which highlighted the first proof of S0 reduction in a vibrioid bacterium from mud, with sulfur as electron acceptor and H
2 as electron donor. The first pure cultured species of sulfur-reducing bacteria, Desulfuromonas acetoxidans, was discovered in 1976 and described by Pfennig Norbert and Biebel Hanno as an anaerobic sulfur-reducing and acetate-oxidizing bacterium, not able to reduce sulfate. Only few taxa are true sulfur-reducing bacteria, using sulfur reduction as the only or main catabolic reaction. Normally, they couple this reaction with the oxidation of acetate, succinate or other organic compounds. In general, sulfate-reducing bacteria are able to use both sulfate and elemental sulfur as electron acceptors. Thanks to its abundancy and thermodynamic stability, sulfate is the most studied electron acceptor for anaerobic respiration that involves sulfur compounds. Elemental sulfur, however, is very abundant and important, especially in deep-sea hydrothermal vents, hot springs and other extreme environments, making its isolation more difficult. Some bacteria – such as Proteus, Campylobacter, Pseudomonas and Salmonella – have the ability to reduce sulfur, but can also use oxygen and other terminal electron acceptors.
The Wood–Ljungdahl pathway is a set of biochemical reactions used by some bacteria. It is also known as the reductive acetyl-coenzyme A (Acetyl-CoA) pathway. This pathway enables these organisms to use hydrogen as an electron donor, and carbon dioxide as an electron acceptor and as a building block for biosynthesis.
Shewanella oneidensis is a bacterium notable for its ability to reduce metal ions and live in environments with or without oxygen. This proteobacterium was first isolated from Lake Oneida, NY in 1988, hence its name.
Desulfosporosinus is a genus of strictly anaerobic, sulfate-reducing bacteria, often found in soil.
Desulfobulbus propionicus is a Gram-negative, anaerobic chemoorganotroph. Three separate strains have been identified: 1pr3T, 2pr4, and 3pr10. It is also the first pure culture example of successful disproportionation of elemental sulfur to sulfate and sulfide. Desulfobulbus propionicus has the potential to produce free energy and chemical products.
Desulfomonile tiedjei is a bacterium. It is anaerobic, dehalogenating, sulfate-reducing, Gram-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming and rod-shaped. Its type strain is DCB-1.
Desulfovibrio sulfodismutans is a bacterium. It grows under strictly anaerobic conditions by disproportionation of thiosulfate or sulfite to sulfate and sulfide. ThAc01 is its type strain.
Thermoplasma volcanium is a moderate thermoacidophilic archaea isolated from acidic hydrothermal vents and solfatara fields. It contains no cell wall and is motile. It is a facultative anaerobic chemoorganoheterotroph. No previous phylogenetic classifications have been made for this organism. Thermoplasma volcanium reproduces asexually via binary fission and is nonpathogenic.
Desulfobacterium autotrophicum is a mesophilic sulfate-reducing bacterium. Its genome has been sequenced.
Thermodesulforhabdus norvegica is a species of thermophilic sulfate-reducing bacteria, the type and only species of its genus. It is gram-negative, acetate-oxidizing, with type strain A8444.
Desulfovibrio oxyclinae is a bacterium. It is sulfate-reducing, and was first isolated from the upper 3mm layer of a hypersaline cyanobacterial mat in Sinai.
Desulfobacterium catecholicum is a catechol-degrading lemon-shaped non-sporing sulfate-reducing bacterium. Its type strain is Nzva20.
Desulfobacter latus is a sulfate-reducing bacteria, with type strain AcRS2.
Desulfobacter curvatus is a sulfate-reducing bacteria, with type strain AcRM3.
Desulfohalobium retbaense is a bacterium and serves as the type species of its genus. It is halophilic, sulfate-reducing, motile, nonsporulating and rod-shaped with polar flagella. The type strain is strain DSM 5692. Its genome has been sequenced.
Desulfocapsa thiozymogenes is an anaerobic, gram-negative bacterium. It disproportionates elemental sulfur. It is the type species of its genus.
Microbial oxidation of sulfur is the oxidation of sulfur by microorganisms to build their structural components. The oxidation of inorganic compounds is the strategy primarily used by chemolithotrophic microorganisms to obtain energy to survive, grow and reproduce. Some inorganic forms of reduced sulfur, mainly sulfide (H2S/HS−) and elemental sulfur (S0), can be oxidized by chemolithotrophic sulfur-oxidizing prokaryotes, usually coupled to the reduction of oxygen (O2) or nitrate (NO3−). Anaerobic sulfur oxidizers include photolithoautotrophs that obtain their energy from sunlight, hydrogen from sulfide, and carbon from carbon dioxide (CO2).
Biodesulfurization is the process of removing sulfur from crude oil through the use of microorganisms or their enzymes.
References
- ↑ Bak, F.; Widdel, F. (1986). "Anaerobic degradation of indolic compounds by sulfate-reducing enrichment cultures, and description of Desulfobacterium indolicum gen. nov., sp. nov". Archives of Microbiology. 146 (2): 170–176. doi:10.1007/BF00402346. ISSN 0302-8933. S2CID 24197426.
- ↑ Johansen, S. S.; Licht, D.; Arvin, E.; Mosbæk, H.; Hansen, A. B. (1997). "Metabolic pathways of quinoline, indole and their methylated analogs by Desulfobacterium indolicum (DSM 3383)". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 47 (3): 292–300. doi:10.1007/s002530050929. ISSN 0175-7598. S2CID 45950949.
- ↑ Kareem SA, Aribike DS, Nwachukwu SC, Latinwo GK (2012). "Microbial desulfurization of diesel by Desulfobacterium indolicum". J Environ Sci Eng. 54 (1): 98–103. PMID 23741864.
