Display aspect ratio

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Some common aspect ratios for computer displays. 4:3 is an old non-widescreen monitor standard, also used in some tablet computers. The first popular widescreen ratio for computer displays was 16:10, and 16:9 has been the most common ratio since 2012. Comparison of display aspect ratios.png
Some common aspect ratios for computer displays. 4:3 is an old non-widescreen monitor standard, also used in some tablet computers. The first popular widescreen ratio for computer displays was 16:10, and 16:9 has been the most common ratio since 2012.

The display aspect ratio (DAR) is the aspect ratio of a display device and so the proportional relationship between the physical width and the height of the display. It is expressed as two numbers separated by a colon (x:y), where x corresponds to the width and y to the height. Common aspect ratios for displays, past and present, include 5:4, 4:3, 16:10, and 16:9.

Contents

To distinguish:

Because the units cancel out, all aspect ratios are unitless.

Diagonal and area

The size of a television set or computer monitor is given as the diagonal measurement of its display area, usually in inches. Wider aspect ratios result in smaller overall area, given the same diagonal.

Comparison between monitors with a diagonal of 23 inches (58 cm) [1]
DARImage dimensionsDisplay areaImage area 4:3 contentImage area 16:9 contentImage area 2.35:1 content
4:318.4 in × 13.8 in (47 cm × 35 cm)254.0 sq in (1,639 cm2)254.0 sq in (1,639 cm2)189.9 sq in (1,225 cm2)143.7 sq in (927 cm2)
16:1019.5 in × 12.2 in (50 cm × 31 cm)237.7 sq in (1,534 cm2)197.6 sq in (1,275 cm2)213.7 sq in (1,379 cm2)161.6 sq in (1,043 cm2)
16:920.1 in × 11.3 in (51 cm × 29 cm)226.0 sq in (1,458 cm2)168.9 sq in (1,090 cm2)226.0 sq in (1,458 cm2)171.2 sq in (1,105 cm2)

TVs

Most televisions were built with an aspect ratio of 4:3 until the late 2000s, when widescreen TVs with 16:9 displays became the standard. [2] This aspect ratio was chosen as the geometric mean between 4:3 and 2.35:1, an average of the various aspect ratios used in film. [3] While 16:9 is well-suited for modern HDTV broadcasts, older 4:3 video has to be either padded with bars on the left and right side (pillarboxed), cropped or stretched, while movies shot with wider aspect ratios are usually letterboxed, with black bars at the top and bottom. [4]

Since the turn of the 21st century, many music videos began shooting on widescreen aspect ratio.

Computer displays

As of 2016, most computer monitors use widescreen displays with an aspect ratio of 16:9, [5] although some portable PCs use narrower aspect ratios like 3:2 and 16:10 [6] while some high-end desktop monitors have adopted ultrawide displays. [7]

The following table summarises the different aspect ratios that have been used in computer displays:

Aspect ratioExample resolutionsNotes
1:11920×1920Used in some desktop and professional monitors.
5:4 (1.25:1) 1280×1024 Common until the early 2000s.
4:3 (1.3:1) 1024×768, 1600×1200The standard aspect ratio for computer software, videogames, and analog video until the 2000s, as well as for early 35 mm film. Used on some modern devices such as the iPad.
3:2 (1.5:1)2160×1440, 2560×1700†, 3000x2000, 1500x1000Used in some portable PCs since the early 2010s. Popularity has increased in recent years, e.g. in Microsoft Surface devices.
8:5 (1.6:1)1280×800, 1920×1200, 2560x1600, 3840x2400More commonly referred to as 16:10. Common on computer displays of the 2000s and 2010s, continued use on MacBooks, since 2021 becoming increasingly popular again in notebooks (Dell, Lenovo and others).
16:9 (1.7:1) 1366×768 †, 1920×1080, 2560x1440, 3840x2160 (4K UHD)The default aspect ratio for HDTV and modern computer displays.
256:135 (1.8962:1)4096×2160The Digital Cinema Initiatives standard for 4K resolution; specification created in 2005 but not widely sold until 2014–15 [8] [9]
64:27 (2.370:1)2560×1080, 3440×1440Used in some professional and gaming displays since the mid 2010s, roughly matches various anamorphic formats
32:9 (3.5:1)3840×1080, 5120×1440Used in some high-end displays since 2017.
4:117280×4320Used in some advertisement displays.

† The aspect ratio is approximate.

History

4:3, 5:4 and 16:10

A 4:3 monitor Macintosh Color Display.png
A 4:3 monitor

Until about 2003, most computer monitors used an aspect ratio of 4:3, and in some cases 5:4. For cathode ray tubes (CRTs) 4:3 was most common even in resolutions where this meant the pixels would not be square (e.g. 320×200 or 1280×1024 on a 4:3 display). Between 2003 and 2006, monitors with 16:10 aspect ratio became commonly available, first in laptops and later also in standalone computer monitors. Reasons for this transition was productive uses for such monitors, i.e. besides widescreen movie viewing and computer game play, are the word processor display of two standard A4 or letter pages side by side, as well as CAD displays of large-size drawings and CAD application menus at the same time. [10] [11] 16:10 became the most common sold aspect ratio for widescreen computer monitors until 2008.

16:9

In 2008, the computer industry started to move from 4:3 and 16:10 to 16:9 as the standard aspect ratio for monitors and laptops. A 2008 report by DisplaySearch cited a number of reasons for this shift, including the ability for PC and monitor manufacturers to expand their product ranges by offering products with wider screens and higher resolutions, helping consumers to more easily adopt such products and "stimulating the growth of the notebook PC and LCD monitor market". [12]

By 2010, virtually all computer monitor and laptop manufacturers had also moved to the 16:9 aspect ratio, and the availability of 16:10 aspect ratio in mass market had become very limited. In 2011, non-widescreen displays with 4:3 aspect ratios still were being manufactured, but in small quantities. The reasons for this according to Bennie Budler, product manager of IT products at Samsung South Africa was that the "demand for the old 'Square monitors' has decreased rapidly over the last couple of years". He also predicted that "by the end of 2011, production on all 4:3 or similar panels will be halted due to a lack of demand." [13]

In 2012, 1920×1080 was the most commonly used resolution among Steam users. [14] At the same time, the most common resolution globally was 1366×768, overtaking the previous leader 1024×768. [15] In 2021, the 2K resolution of 1920×1080 was used by two thirds of the Steam users for the primary display with 1366×768 and 2560×1440 both at about eight percent taking the majority of the remaining resolutions. [16]

3:2

3:2 displays first appeared in laptop computers in 2001 with the PowerBook G4 line, [17] but did not enter the mainstream until the 2010s with the Chromebook Pixel [18] [19] and 2-in-1 PCs like Microsoft's Surface line. [6] As of 2018, a number of manufacturers are either producing or planning to produce portable PCs with 3:2 displays. [20] [21]

21:9

Since 2014, a number of high-end desktop monitors have been released that use ultrawide displays with aspect ratios that roughly match the various anamorphic formats used in film, but are commonly marketed as 21:9. [22] [23] [7] Resolutions for such displays include 2560×1080 (64:27), 3440×1440 (43:18) and 3840×1600 (12:5). [24] [25]

32:9

In 2017, Samsung released a curved gaming display with an aspect ratio of 32:9 and resolution of 3840×1080. [26] [27]

256:135

Since 2011, several monitors complying with the Digital Cinema Initiatives 4K standard have been produced; this standard specifies a resolution of 4096×2160, giving an aspect ratio of ≈1.896:1.[ citation needed ]

1:1

A 1:1 aspect ratio results in a square display. One of the available monitors for desktop use of this format is Eizo EV2730Q [28] (27", 1920 × 1920 Pixels, from 2015), however such monitors are also often found in air traffic control displays (connected using standard computer cabling, like DVI or DisplayPort) and on aircraft as part of avionic equipment (often connected directly using LVDS, SPI interfaces or other specialized means). This 1920×1920 display can also be used as the centerpiece of a three-monitor array with one WUXGA set in vertical position on each side, resulting in 4320×1920 (a ratio of 9:4) - and no distortion with the Eizo 27" 1:1 if the side displays are 22".

Suitability for software and content

Games

From 2005 to 2013, most video games were mainly made for the 16:9 aspect ratio and 16:9 computer displays therefore offer the best compatibility. [29] 16:9 video games are letterboxed on a 16:10 or 4:3 display or have reduced field of view. [30]

As of 2013, many games are adopting support for 21:9 ultrawide resolutions, [31] which can give a gameplay advantage due to increased field of view, [23] although this is not always the case. [32]

4:3 monitors have the best compatibility with older games released prior to 2005 when that aspect ratio was the mainstream standard for computer displays. [30]

Video

As of 2017, the most common aspect ratio for TV broadcasts is 16:9, whereas movies are generally made in the wider 21:9 aspect ratio. Most modern TVs are 16:9, which causes letterboxing when viewing 21:9 content, and pillarboxing when viewing 4:3 content such as older films or TV broadcasts, unless the content is cropped or stretched to fill the entire display. [33]

Productivity applications

For viewing documents in A4 paper size (which has a 1.41:1 aspect ratio), whether in portrait mode or two side-by-side in landscape mode, 4:3, 2:3 or 16:10 fit best. For photographs in the standard 135 film and print size (with a 3:2 aspect ratio), 2:3 or 16:10 fit best; for photographs taken with older consumer-level digital cameras, 4:3 fits perfectly.

Smartphones

Until 2010, smartphones used different aspect ratios, including 3:2 and 5:3. [34] From 2010 to 2017 most smartphone manufacturers switched to using 16:9 widescreen displays, driven at least partly by the growing popularity of HD video using the same aspect ratio. [35] [36]

Since 2017, a number of smartphones have been released using 18:9 or even wider aspect ratios (such as 19.5:9 or 20:9); such displays are expected to appear on increasingly more phones. [37] Reasons for this trend include the ability for manufacturers to use a nominally larger display without increasing the width of the phone, [38] being able to accommodate the on-screen navigation buttons without reducing usable app area, more area available for split-screen apps in portrait orientation, as well as the 18:9 ratio being well-suited for VR applications and the proposed Univisium film format. [39] [40] On the other hand, the disadvantages of taller 18:9 aspect ratio phones with some phones even going up to 20:9, 21:9, or even 22:9 in the case of Samsung's Z Flip series, is reduced one-handed reachability, [41] being less convenient to carry around in the pocket as they stick out [42] and reduced overall screen surface area. [43]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Computer monitor</span> Computer output device

A computer monitor is an output device that displays information in pictorial or textual form. A discrete monitor comprises a visual display, support electronics, power supply, housing, electrical connectors, and external user controls.

Anamorphic widescreen is a process by which a comparatively wide widescreen image is horizontally compressed to fit into a storage medium with a narrower aspect ratio, reducing the horizontal resolution of the image while keeping its full original vertical resolution. Compatible play-back equipment can then expand the horizontal dimension to show the original widescreen image. This is typically used to allow one to store widescreen images on a medium that was originally intended for a narrower ratio, while using as much of the frame – and therefore recording as much detail – as possible.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">16:9 aspect ratio</span> Aspect ratio with a width of 16 units and height of 9 units

16:9 is a widescreen aspect ratio with a width of 16 units and height of 9 units.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Display resolution</span> Width and height of a display in pixels

The display resolution or display modes of a digital television, computer monitor, or other display device is the number of distinct pixels in each dimension that can be displayed. It can be an ambiguous term especially as the displayed resolution is controlled by different factors in cathode ray tube (CRT) displays, flat-panel displays and projection displays using fixed picture-element (pixel) arrays.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1080p</span> Video mode

1080p is a set of HDTV high-definition video modes characterized by 1,920 pixels displayed across the screen horizontally and 1,080 pixels down the screen vertically; the p stands for progressive scan, i.e. non-interlaced. The term usually assumes a widescreen aspect ratio of 16:9, implying a resolution of 2.1 megapixels. It is often marketed as Full HD or FHD, to contrast 1080p with 720p resolution screens. Although 1080p is sometimes referred to as 2K resolution, other sources differentiate between 1080p and (true) 2K resolution.

1440p is a family of video display resolutions that have a vertical resolution of 1440 pixels. The p stands for progressive scan, i.e. non-interlaced. The 1440 pixel vertical resolution is double the vertical resolution of 720p, and one-third more than 1080p. QHD or WQHD is the designation for a commonly used display resolution of 2560 × 1440 pixels in a 16:9 aspect ratio. As a graphics display resolution between 1080p and 4K, Quad HD is regularly used in smartphone displays, and for computer and console gaming.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">16:10 aspect ratio</span> Aspect ratio for computer displays

16:10 (1.6:1) is an aspect ratio commonly used for computer displays and tablet computers. It is equal to 8/5, close to the golden ratio, which is approximately 1.618. Video editing applications are commonly designed to allow editing of 16:9 content with the editing interface occupying the lower tenth of the display, allowing editing using a single display with the video occupying the full width.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Technology of television</span> Telecommunications, sound and video

The technology of television has evolved since its early days using a mechanical system invented by Paul Gottlieb Nipkow in 1884. Every television system works on the scanning principle first implemented in the rotating disk scanner of Nipkow. This turns a two-dimensional image into a time series of signals that represent the brightness and color of each resolvable element of the picture. By repeating a two-dimensional image quickly enough, the impression of motion can be transmitted as well. For the receiving apparatus to reconstruct the image, synchronization information is included in the signal to allow proper placement of each line within the image and to identify when a complete image has been transmitted and a new image is to follow.

"21:9" is a consumer electronics (CE) marketing term to describe the ultrawide aspect ratio of 64:27, designed to show films recorded in CinemaScope and equivalent modern anamorphic formats. The main benefit of this screen aspect ratio is a constant display height when displaying other content with a lesser aspect ratio.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">4K resolution</span> Video or display resolutions with a width of around 4,000 pixels

4K resolution refers to a horizontal display resolution of approximately 4,000 pixels. Digital television and digital cinematography commonly use several different 4K resolutions. In television and consumer media, 3840 × 2160 with a 16:9 aspect ratio is the dominant 4K standard, whereas the movie projection industry uses 4096 × 2160.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Display resolution standards</span> Commonly used display resolutions

A display resolution standard is a commonly used width and height dimension of an electronic visual display device, measured in pixels. This information is used for electronic devices such as a computer monitor. Certain combinations of width and height are standardized and typically given a name and an initialism which is descriptive of its dimensions.

The aspect ratio of an image is the ratio of its width to its height. It is expressed as two numbers separated by a colon, width:height. Common aspect ratios are 1.85:1 and 2.40:1 in cinematography, 4:3 and 16:9 in television, and 3:2 in still photography.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Samsung Galaxy S series</span> Series of smartphones and tablet computers

The Samsung Galaxy S series is a line of flagship Android high end smartphones and tablet computers produced by Samsung Electronics. In conjunction with the foldable Galaxy Z series, the lineup serves as Samsung's flagship smartphone lineup, and is the high end line of the wider Samsung Galaxy family of Android mobile computing devices.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">5K resolution</span> Video or display resolutions with a width of around 5,000 pixels

5K resolution refers to display formats with a horizontal resolution of around 5,000 pixels. The most common 5K resolution is 5120 × 2880, which has an aspect ratio of 16∶9 with around 14.7 million pixels, with exactly twice the linear resolution of 1440p and four times that of 720p. This resolution is typically used in computer monitors to achieve a higher pixel density, and is not a standard format in digital television and digital cinematography, which feature 4K resolutions and 8K resolutions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ultrawide formats</span> Photo and video display formats

Ultrawide formats refers to photos, videos, and displays with aspect ratios greater than 2. There were multiple moves in history towards wider formats, including one by Disney, with some of them being more successful than others.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Samsung Galaxy A51</span> Mid-range Android phone from Samsung

The Samsung Galaxy A51 is an Android smartphone manufactured by Samsung Electronics as part of its Galaxy A series. It was announced and released in December 2019. The phone has a Super AMOLED FHD+ 6.5in display, a 48MP wide, 12 MP ultrawide, 5MP depth, and 5MP macro camera, a 4000mAh battery, and an optical in-screen fingerprint sensor.

32K resolution refers to a display resolution of approximately 32,000 pixels horizontally. A resolution of 30720 × 17280 for an aspect ratio of 16:9 is speculated to be standardized. This doubles the pixel count of 16K in each dimension, for a total of 530.8 megapixels, 4 times as many pixels as the 16K resolution. It has 16 times as many pixels as 8K resolution, 64 times as many pixels as 4K resolution, and 256 times the pixels as HD or 1080p resolution.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Samsung Galaxy M51</span> Mid-range Android smartphone from Samsung

The Samsung Galaxy M51 is a mid-range Android smartphone manufactured by Samsung Electronics as part of their M series. It was announced in late August 2020 and released the following month. The phone has a 6.7 in sAMOLED Plus display, a 64 MP quad-camera setup, and a 7000 mAh battery. It is primarily derived from the Samsung Galaxy A71 in terms of design and specifications.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Samsung Galaxy A52</span> Android smartphone from Samsung

The Samsung Galaxy A52 is a mid-range Android-based smartphone developed and manufactured by Samsung Electronics as a part of its Galaxy A series. The phone was announced on 17 March 2021 at Samsung's virtual Awesome Unpacked event alongside the Galaxy A72.

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