Nanotechnology is the manipulation of matter with at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometers (nm). At this scale, commonly known as the nanoscale, surface area and quantum mechanical effects become important in describing properties of matter. This definition of nanotechnology includes all types of research and technologies that deal with these special properties. It is common to see the plural form "nanotechnologies" as well as "nanoscale technologies" to refer to research and applications whose common trait is scale. An earlier understanding of nanotechnology referred to the particular technological goal of precisely manipulating atoms and molecules for fabricating macroscale products, now referred to as molecular nanotechnology.
Nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) are a class of devices integrating electrical and mechanical functionality on the nanoscale. NEMS form the next logical miniaturization step from so-called microelectromechanical systems, or MEMS devices. NEMS typically integrate transistor-like nanoelectronics with mechanical actuators, pumps, or motors, and may thereby form physical, biological, and chemical sensors. The name derives from typical device dimensions in the nanometer range, leading to low mass, high mechanical resonance frequencies, potentially large quantum mechanical effects such as zero point motion, and a high surface-to-volume ratio useful for surface-based sensing mechanisms. Applications include accelerometers and sensors to detect chemical substances in the air.
A nanomotor is a molecular or nanoscale device capable of converting energy into movement. It can typically generate forces on the order of piconewtons.
Nanochemistry is an emerging sub-discipline of the chemical and material sciences that deals with the development of new methods for creating nanoscale materials. The term "nanochemistry" was first used by Ozin in 1992 as 'the uses of chemical synthesis to reproducibly afford nanomaterials from the atom "up", contrary to the nanoengineering and nanophysics approach that operates from the bulk "down"'. Nanochemistry focuses on solid-state chemistry that emphasizes synthesis of building blocks that are dependent on size, surface, shape, and defect properties, rather than the actual production of matter. Atomic and molecular properties mainly deal with the degrees of freedom of atoms in the periodic table. However, nanochemistry introduced other degrees of freedom that controls material's behaviors by transformation into solutions. Nanoscale objects exhibit novel material properties, largely as a consequence of their finite small size. Several chemical modifications on nanometer-scaled structures approve size dependent effects.
Charles M. Lieber is an American chemist, inventor, nanotechnologist, and writer. In 2011, Lieber was named the leading chemist in the world for the decade 2000–2010 by Thomson Reuters, based on the impact of his scientific publications. He is known for his contributions to the synthesis, assembly and characterization of nanoscale materials and nanodevices, the application of nanoelectronic devices in biology, and as a mentor to numerous leaders in nanoscience.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to nanotechnology:
Nanomechanics is a branch of nanoscience studying fundamental mechanical properties of physical systems at the nanometer scale. Nanomechanics has emerged on the crossroads of biophysics, classical mechanics, solid-state physics, statistical mechanics, materials science, and quantum chemistry. As an area of nanoscience, nanomechanics provides a scientific foundation of nanotechnology.
Green nanotechnology refers to the use of nanotechnology to enhance the environmental sustainability of processes producing negative externalities. It also refers to the use of the products of nanotechnology to enhance sustainability. It includes making green nano-products and using nano-products in support of sustainability.
A device generating linear or rotational motion using carbon nanotube(s) as the primary component, is termed a nanotube nanomotor. Nature already has some of the most efficient and powerful kinds of nanomotors. Some of these natural biological nanomotors have been re-engineered to serve desired purposes. However, such biological nanomotors are designed to work in specific environmental conditions. Laboratory-made nanotube nanomotors on the other hand are significantly more robust and can operate in diverse environments including varied frequency, temperature, mediums and chemical environments. The vast differences in the dominant forces and criteria between macroscale and micro/nanoscale offer new avenues to construct tailor-made nanomotors. The various beneficial properties of carbon nanotubes makes them the most attractive material to base such nanomotors on.
A nanoscale plasmonic motor is a type of nanomotor, converting light energy to rotational motion at nanoscale. It is constructed from pieces of gold sheet in a gammadion shape, embedded within layers of silica. When irradiated with light from a laser, the gold pieces rotate. The functioning is explained by the quantum concept of the plasmon. This type of nanomotor is much smaller than other types, and its operation can be controlled by varying the frequency of the incident light.
Apparao M Rao is the Robert A. Bowen Endowed Professor of Physics in the department of physics and astronomy, the founding director of the Clemson Nanomaterials Institute, and a former associate dean for discovery in the college of science at Clemson University. His research in nanoscience and nanotechnology has been cited over 54,600 times in open literature and his h-index is 98. He is a Fellow of the American Physical Society, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the National Academy of Inventors, and the Materials Research Society. In 2012, he received the Alumni Award for Outstanding Achievements in Research, and has served on the Advisory Panel for the Dean and the Vice-President of Research, Clemson University. His research and development efforts led to the establishment of Clemson Nanomaterials Institute, which supports sustainable research and development capacity and competitiveness in the U.S. and the State of South Carolina. The State of South Carolina conferred on him its highest honor - the 2014 Governor’s award for excellence in scientific research.
Yuval Golan is an Israeli materials scientist at Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (BGU). Golan, a professor of materials engineering, studies materials at the nanoscale level and focuses on their synthesis, characterization and applications. Golan is the Director of the Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, and chairman of the synchrotron committee of the Israeli Academy of Sciences and Humanities.
Nanshu Lu is an associate professor at the University of Texas at Austin where she leads the Lu Research Group in the department of aerospace engineering and engineering mechanics. She also holds a courtesy appointment in the department of biomedical engineering. Lu is recognized for her work on the integration of electronics into stretchable materials compatible with human tissue, for which she was named one of the Top 35 innovators under the age of 35 by the MIT Technology Review in 2012.
Christy Lynn Haynes is a chemist at the University of Minnesota. She works at the interface of analytical, biological, and nanomaterials chemistry.
Ambarish Ghosh is an Indian scientist, a faculty member at the Centre for Nano Science and Engineering (CeNSE), Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore. He is also an associate faculty at the Department of Physics. He is known for his work on nanorobots, active matter physics, plasmonics, metamaterials and electron bubbles in liquid helium.
Delia J. Milliron is the T. Brockett Hudson Professor in Chemical Engineering at the University of Texas at Austin. Milliron leads a research team that focuses on developing and studying the properties of new electronic nanomaterials. Her team pursues studies on nanocrystals, nanoscale interfaces, and controlled assemblies of nanocrystals. Her team takes a systematic approach towards elucidating effects that arise at the nanoscale with a special focus on structure-property relationships.
Nathan C. Gianneschi is the Jacob & Rosaline Cohn Professor of Chemistry, Materials Science & Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering at Northwestern University and the Associate Director for the International Institute for Nanotechnology. Gianneschi's lab takes an interdisciplinary approach to nanomaterials research, with a focus on multifunctional materials for biomedical applications, programmed interactions with biomolecules and cells, and basic research into nanoscale materials design, synthesis and characterization.
Yi Cui is a Chinese-American scientist specializing in the fields of nanotechnology, materials science, sustainable energy, and chemistry. Cui is Fortinet Founders Professor at Stanford University, where he also serves as a professor of materials science and engineering and of energy science and engineering. He is a Highly Cited Researcher in the fields of materials science, environment and ecology, engineering, and chemistry as of 2023. From 2020 to 2023, Cui was the director of the Precourt Institute for Energy, and since 2023 he has served as the inaugural faculty director of the Sustainability Accelerator in the Doerr School of Sustainability.
Elisa Riedo is a physicist and researcher known for her contributions in condensed matter physics, nanotechnology and engineering. She is the Herman F. Mark Chair Professor of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at the New York University Tandon School of Engineering and the director of the picoForce Lab.
Texas Engineers Build World's Smallest, Fastest Nanomotor, Cockrell School of Engineering 