Elections in Naples

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Democratic elections have been held in Naples, Italy, since the collapse of Benito Mussolini's fascist regime. Today, all residents of Naples who are at least 18 years old and hold an EU citizenship are eligible to vote for the mayor and the 48 members of the city council. [1] They also vote for the president and the 30 or 40 members of the municipal council in which they reside.[ citation needed ]

Contents

Since 1993, Italian mayors are elected directly. In the cities with a population higher than 15,000, voters can choose for a candidate for mayor and/or for a party or civic list that is not necessarily linked to the same mayor-candidate (panachage or voto disgiunto). If no candidate receives an absolute majority, the top two candidates go to a runoff election (ballottaggio) after two weeks. The city council and municipal council elections are based on a proportional system with preferences: for each list, the candidates with the most preferences are elected proportionally to the seats assigned to the list, with the lists supporting the elected mayor being granted around 60% of the total seats to guarantee stability.

Elections are normally scheduled every five years, usually between 15 April and 15 June. The last election was held in June 2016.

Italian Republic (since 1946)

City council election, 1946

The first democratic election after the fall of fascism took place on 10 November 1946.

After the Liberation of Naples in August 1943, Independent lawyer Giuseppe Solimene had been appointed as Provisional Mayor by the National Liberation Committee under approval of the United Nations military government. Between 1943 and 1946 the office had been filled by politicians from centre-left minor parties such as the liberal-socialist Action Party and the social-democratic Labour Democratic Party.

When the authority of the Italian government was restored in 1946, local elections in the whole country were called. Proportional representation and the Westminster system were the principles chosen for the restoration of municipal democracy in Italy.

For the first time, the inhabitants of the city, including men and women, without distinction, could vote for their representatives in the city council. The conservative and right-wing parties, such as the Monarchist National Party and Common Man's Front, received the combined majority of the votes and extensive representation in the city council, while the leftist alliance Popular Democratic Bloc, an alliance between the Communists, Socialists and centre-left minor parties, received just the 31% of the votes. [2] However, the turnout of the election remains noted as extremely low.

PartiesVotes %Seats Naples Council 1946.svg
Popular Democratic Bloc [lower-alpha 1] 73,61731.225
Common Man's Front UQ46,85119.816
Monarchist National Party PNM44,48418.815
Italian Liberal Party PLI35,32315.012
Christian Democracy DC32,16913.611
National Reconstruction UnionURN3,8271.61
Total236,271100.080

Sunday 10 November 1946. Sources: La Stampa , 1946–1955 Local Elections (Italian), Electoral Archives of Naples (Italian)

Notes
  1. Alliance including PCI, PSIUP, PdA and PRI.

City council election, 1952

Achille Lauro, monarchist Mayor (1952-1958; 1961). He is still today considered one of the most influential and controversial political figures in the history of Naples Achille Lauro (Senato).jpg
Achille Lauro, monarchist Mayor (1952–1958; 1961). He is still today considered one of the most influential and controversial political figures in the history of Naples

The incumbent city council's mandate expired in November 1951; however, a new election was postponed to next spring. During the maintenance of the previous council, the national political situation had deeply changed during the previous six years. In 1951, Alcide De Gasperi's government changed the local electoral law to a block voting system, to ensure the leadership of its local administrations. Two thirds of the seats would be assigned to the winning coalition, abolishing proportional representation.

The election took place on 25 May 1952, resulting in the unexpected defeat of the Centrist Coalition, with a right-wing coalition formed by monarchists and neo-fascists obtaining the majority of votes. The monarchist and former fascist businessman Achille Lauro, who had received almost 140,000 preference votes, higher than any number of votes received by any candidate in a local election up to that point, was elected mayor on 9 July and formed an far-right executive composed by members of PNM and MSI. [3]

Coalitions and partiesVotes %+/-Seats+/- Naples Council 1952.svg
Seats by party

Naples Council (coa) 1952.svg
Seats by coalition
Rightist Coalition213,38442.653
Monarchist National Party 147,81429.5Increase2.svg 10.737Increase2.svg 22
Italian Social Movement 59,11711.8Increase2.svg 11.815Increase2.svg 15
National Monarchist Front6,4531.3Increase2.svg 1.31Increase2.svg 1
Centrist Coalition 149,84129.814
Christian Democracy 119,67923.8Increase2.svg 10.211Steady2.svg
Italian Liberal Party 20,5314.1Decrease2.svg 10.92Decrease2.svg 10
Italian Democratic Socialist Party 7,6481.5Increase2.svg 1.51Increase2.svg 1
Italian Republican Party 1,9830.40
Leftist Coalition135,27327.013
Italian Communist Party 107,91621.511
Italian Socialist Party 15,0753.01
Pine List
(Leftist Independents)
12,2822.5Increase2.svg 2.51Increase2.svg 1
Others2,9880.6Increase2.svg 0.60Steady2.svg
Total501,426100.080

Sunday 25 May 1952. Sources: La Stampa , 1946–1955 Local Elections (Italian), Electoral Archives of Naples (Italian)

City council election, 1956

The occurrence of the 1956 election was anticipated by the effect of a new law which ordered a new legislature for a term of 4 years. A varying electoral system was additionally implemented; after Alcide De Gasperi's government had retired in 1953, the 1951 electoral law, based on a block voting system was restored.

In June 1953 the incumbent mayor Achille Lauro ran both as deputy and senator in the national election. Being elected in both the Chamber and the Senate, and despite having received more than 180,000 preference votes in the election for the Chamber of Deputies, he opted to remain in the Senate. [3] However, in 1954, his election was invalidated, since he could not hold the offices of mayor and senator at the same time.

Due to his expulsion from the Senate and to his increasing popularity across Naples, in June 1954 Lauro founded a new monarchist party (People's Monarchist Party, PMP), breaking with the PNM's leader Alfredo Covelli. The new PMP party characterized itself for being closer to Christian Democracy, the support of which was necessary for Lauro to expand and enforce his political strength across the city. [4]

The election, which took place on 27 May 1956, resulted in a landslide victory for Lauro's new monarchist party, with the Mayor himself obtaining more than 260,000 preference votes.

In 1958, after an inquiry sponsored by the national government, several administrative irregularities emerged and Lauro was ousted from the office, after the Zoli Cabinet nominated a special commissioner to rule the city. [3]

PartiesVotes %+/-Seats+/- Naples Council 1956.svg
People's Monarchist Party PMP276,59951.2Increase2.svg 51.244Increase2.svg 44
Italian Communist Party PCI102,30719.1Decrease2.svg 2.416Increase2.svg 5
Christian Democracy DC87,63016.4Decrease2.svg 7.411Increase2.svg 2
Italian Socialist Party PSI23,7654.4Increase2.svg 1.33Increase2.svg 2
Italian Social Movement MSI16,9363.2Decrease2.svg 8.62Decrease2.svg 13
Monarchist National Party PNM10,3061.9Decrease2.svg 27.61Decrease2.svg 36
Italian Liberal Party PLI9,0421.7Decrease2.svg 2.41Decrease2.svg 1
Italian Democratic Socialist Party PSDI4,3750.8Decrease2.svg 0.70Decrease2.svg 1
Others3,4050.6Steady2.svg0Steady2.svg
Total534,365100.080

Sunday 27 May 1956. Source: La Stampa , Electoral Archives of Naples (Italian)

City council election, 1960

In 1959 the two main monarchist parties (the PMP and PNM) merged into the new Italian Democratic Party, later the Italian Democratic Party of Monarchist Unity (PDIUM). Despite the political scandal that led to a long period of suspension of the democratic institutions of the city, the election, which occurred upon 6 November 1950, resulted in a new political success for the monarchists; their leader, Achille Lauro, was again elected mayor in January 1961, thanks to the support of the Christian Democracy party. However he was forced to resign after 11 months, due to a political crisis that again led to the suspension of the city council and to a snap election in June 1962.

PartiesVotes %+/-Seats+/- Naples Council 1960.svg
Italian Democratic Party of Monarchist Unity PDIUM201,52236.0Increase2.svg 36.029Increase2.svg 29
Christian Democracy DC146,66126.2Increase2.svg 9.822Increase2.svg 11
Italian Communist Party PCI130,90823.4Increase2.svg 4.319Increase2.svg 3
Italian Socialist Party PSI34,1526.1Increase2.svg 1.75Increase2.svg 2
Italian Social Movement MSI23,2264.1Increase2.svg 0.93Increase2.svg 1
Italian Liberal Party PLI11,8542.1Increase2.svg 0.41Steady2.svg
Italian Democratic Socialist Party PSDI11,1812.0Increase2.svg 1.21Increase2.svg 1
Others9070.2Decrease2.svg 0.40Steady2.svg
Total560,441100.080

Sunday 6 November 1960. Source: La Stampa , Electoral Archives of Naples (Italian)

City council election, 1962

The snap election, which took place on 10 June 1962, resulted within PDIUM obtaining the largest number of votes, despite considerable losses. For the first time the Christian Democracy party emerged as a possible challenger for Lauro's political dominance. After the election, a new alliance between PDIUM and DC was formed. However, in 1964 another political crisis between the two coalition partners occurred and another snap election was called.

PartiesVotes %+/-Seats+/- Naples Council 1962.svg
Italian Democratic Party of Monarchist Unity PDIUM176,78031.0Decrease2.svg 5.025Decrease2.svg 4
Christian Democracy DC158,82827.8Increase2.svg 1.623Increase2.svg 1
Italian Communist Party PCI119,59420.9Decrease2.svg 2.517Decrease2.svg 2
Italian Socialist Party PSI47,8418.4Increase2.svg 2.37Increase2.svg 2
Italian Social Movement MSI31,7155.5Increase2.svg 1.44Increase2.svg 1
Italian Democratic Socialist Party PSDI18,2583.2Increase2.svg 1.22Increase2.svg 1
Italian Liberal Party PLI15,4212.7Increase2.svg 0.62Increase2.svg 1
Others2,5710.5Increase2.svg 0.30Steady2.svg
Total571,008100.080

Sunday 10 June 1962. Source: La Stampa , Electoral Archives of Naples (Italian)

City council election, 1964

The snap election took place on 22 November 1964, with the Christian Democracy party becoming the largest party; the monarchists obtained their worst result ever in a local election in Naples during the election. On 27 January 1965, the first Neapolitan centre-left executive was formed and the Christian democrat Ferdinando Clemente di San Luca was elected mayor by an alliance that comprehended DC, PSI and PSDI.

PartiesVotes %+/-Seats+/- Naples Council 1964.svg
Christian Democracy DC200,60134.7Increase2.svg 6.929Increase2.svg 6
Italian Communist Party PCI142,34924.6Increase2.svg 3.720Increase2.svg 3
Italian Social Movement MSI59,54410.3Increase2.svg 4.88Increase2.svg 4
Italian Democratic Party of Monarchist Unity PDIUM48,3378.7Decrease2.svg 22.37Decrease2.svg 18
Italian Liberal Party PLI46,3078.0Increase2.svg 5.36Increase2.svg 4
Italian Socialist Party PSI37,8506.5Decrease2.svg 1.95Decrease2.svg 2
Italian Democratic Socialist Party PSDI33,0215.7Increase2.svg 2.54Increase2.svg 2
Italian Socialist Party of Proletarian Unity PSIUP9,3961.6Increase2.svg 1.61Increase2.svg 1
Others1,0730.2Decrease2.svg 0.30Steady2.svg
Total578,478100.080

Sunday 22 November 1964. Source: La Stampa , Electoral Archives of Naples (Italian)

City council election, 1970

The election took place on 7 June 1970; this election, six years after the last, took place simultaneously with the first regional elections of Campania. The centre-left alliance was easily reconfirmed as the major political alliance in the city council.

PartiesVotes %+/-Seats+/- Naples Council 1970.svg
Christian Democracy DC209,15333.8Decrease2.svg 0.928Decrease2.svg 1
Italian Communist Party PCI161,54726.1Increase2.svg 1.522Increase2.svg 2
Italian Social Movement MSI74,72012.1Increase2.svg 1.810Increase2.svg 2
Italian Socialist Party PSI45,6557.4Increase2.svg 0.96Increase2.svg 1
Italian Democratic Socialist Party PSDI43,3267.0Increase2.svg 1.35Increase2.svg 1
Italian Liberal Party PLI28,2704.6Decrease2.svg 3.43Decrease2.svg 3
Italian Democratic Party of Monarchist Unity PDIUM23,2203.8Decrease2.svg 4.83Decrease2.svg 4
Italian Republican Party PRI16,2452.6Increase2.svg 2.62Increase2.svg 2
Italian Socialist Party of Proletarian Unity PSIUP11,1601.8Increase2.svg 0.21Steady2.svg
Others4,7230.8Increase2.svg 0.60Steady2.svg
Total618,019100.080

Sunday 7 June 1970. Source: La Stampa , Electoral Archives of Naples (Italian)

City council election, 1975

Maurizio Valenzi, first communist Mayor (1975-1983) Maurizio Valenzi.jpg
Maurizio Valenzi, first communist Mayor (1975–1983)

The election took place on 15 June 1975.

Reflecting the national vote, the Italian Communist Party became, for the first time in history, the largest party within the city council, with 32% of electorate support. This extraordinary result led to the birth of the first red-giunta in the history of the city: a new coalition was formed by the leftist Socialist, Democratic-Socialist and Communist Party, while Maurizio Valenzi (PCI) was elected mayor on 27 September.

A notable fact in the election was the surge of the post-fascist Italian Social Movement.

PartiesVotes %+/-Seats+/- Naples Council 1975.svg
Italian Communist Party PCI228,38532.3Increase2.svg 6.227Increase2.svg 5
Christian Democracy DC200,50728.4Decrease2.svg 5.424Decrease2.svg 4
Italian Social Movement MSI130,99218.5Increase2.svg 6.415Increase2.svg 5
Italian Democratic Socialist Party PSDI49,0196.9Decrease2.svg 0.15Steady2.svg
Italian Socialist Party PSI48,9786.9Decrease2.svg 0.54Decrease2.svg 2
Italian Republican Party PRI21,9083.1Increase2.svg 0.52Steady2.svg
Italian Liberal Party PLI14,0992.0Decrease2.svg 2.62Decrease2.svg 1
Proletarian Democracy DP10,3811.5Increase2.svg 1.51Increase2.svg 1
Others2,7460.4Decrease2.svg 0.40Steady2.svg
Total707,015100.080

Sunday 15 June 1975. Source: La Stampa , Electoral Archives of Naples (Italian)

City council election, 1980

The election took place on 8 June 1980 and the Italian Communist Party was confirmed again as the largest party. However, the ruling left-wing coalition was not able to win more seats in the city council and assure a more stable majority. After a political crisis, a snap election was called in 1983.

PartiesVotes %+/-Seats+/- Naples Council 1980.svg
Italian Communist Party PCI223,72631.7Decrease2.svg 0.627Steady2.svg
Christian Democracy DC178,85425.4Decrease2.svg 3.021Decrease2.svg 3
Italian Social Movement MSI157,16722.3Increase2.svg 3.818Increase2.svg 3
Italian Socialist Party PSI54,0137.7Increase2.svg 0.85Increase2.svg 1
Italian Democratic Socialist Party PSDI45,5656.5Decrease2.svg 0.44Decrease2.svg 1
Italian Republican Party PRI20,9373.0Decrease2.svg 0.12Steady2.svg
Italian Liberal Party PLI12,9501.8Decrease2.svg 0.22Steady2.svg
Proletarian Democracy DP7,0541.0Decrease2.svg 0.51Steady2.svg
Others5,1790.8Increase2.svg 0.40Steady2.svg
Total705,445100.080

Sunday 8 June 1980. Source: La Stampa , Electoral Archives of Naples (Italian)

City council election, 1983

The snap election took place on 20 November 1983. Despite notable losses, the Italian Communist Party was confirmed again as the largest party. However, the Christian Democracy party managed to form a transitional centre-left coalition with socialists and social-democrats. In November 1984 a Pentapartito coalition was finally formed and the socialist Carlo D'Amato was elected mayor.

PartiesVotes %+/-Seats+/- Naples Council 1983.svg
Italian Communist Party PCI181,74527.0Decrease2.svg 4.723Decrease2.svg 4
Christian Democracy DC163,77724.3Decrease2.svg 1.120Decrease2.svg 1
Italian Social Movement MSI140,54220.8Decrease2.svg 1.517Decrease2.svg 1
Italian Socialist Party PSI70,61510.5Increase2.svg 2.89Increase2.svg 4
Italian Democratic Socialist Party PSDI44,9676.6Increase2.svg 0.15Increase2.svg 1
Italian Republican Party PRI33,3334.9Increase2.svg 1.94Increase2.svg 2
Italian Liberal Party PLI14,8182.2Increase2.svg 0.41Decrease2.svg 1
Radical Party PR8,9811.3Increase2.svg 1.31Increase2.svg 1
Proletarian Democracy DP6,4160.9Decrease2.svg 0.10Decrease2.svg 1
Others8,8501.4Increase2.svg 0.60Steady2.svg
Total674,044100.080

Sunday 20 November 1983. Source: La Stampa , Electoral Archives of Naples (Italian)

City council election, 1987

Another snap election took place on 14 June 1987.

Despite a high degree of fragmentation and instability during the previous years, the Pentapartito coalition managed to obtain again the majority of the seats in the city council. Christian Democracy became the largest party.

PartiesVotes %+/-Seats+/- Naples Council 1987.svg
Christian Democracy DC212,08230.4Increase2.svg 6.126Increase2.svg 6
Italian Communist Party PCI160,36223.0Decrease2.svg 4.019Decrease2.svg 4
Italian Socialist Party PSI106,77215.3Increase2.svg 4.814Increase2.svg 5
Italian Social Movement MSI70,72310.2Decrease2.svg 10.68Decrease2.svg 9
Italian Democratic Socialist Party PSDI45,6716.6Steady2.svg5Steady2.svg
Italian Republican Party PRI38,1885.6Increase2.svg 0.74Steady2.svg
Radical Party PR19,7932.8Increase2.svg 1.52Increase2.svg 1
Italian Liberal Party PLI18,0712.6Increase2.svg 0.41Steady2.svg
Proletarian Democracy DP10,1301.4Increase2.svg 0.51Increase2.svg 1
Others15,2602.1Increase2.svg 0.70Steady2.svg
Total697,092100.080

Sunday 14 June 1987. Source: La Stampa , Electoral Archives of Naples (Italian)

City council election, 1992

The election took place on 7 June 1992, resulting within a Christian democracy victory.

PartiesVotes %+/-Seats+/- Naples Council 1992.svg
Christian Democracy DC178,09629.8Decrease2.svg 0.625Decrease2.svg 1
Italian Socialist Party PSI116,90419.5Increase2.svg 4.216Increase2.svg 2
Democratic Party of the Left PDS75,97212.7Decrease2.svg 9.310Decrease2.svg 9
Italian Social Movement MSI55,2569.2Decrease2.svg 1.07Decrease2.svg 1
Italian Republican Party PRI37,5676.3Increase2.svg 0.75Increase2.svg 1
Italian Liberal Party PLI36,0996.3Increase2.svg 3.75Increase2.svg 4
Italian Democratic Socialist Party PSDI35,5335.9Decrease2.svg 0.75Steady2.svg
Communist Refoundation Party PRC24,3464.1Increase2.svg 4.13Increase2.svg 3
Federation of the Greens FdV15,3172.6Increase2.svg 2.62Increase2.svg 2
The Network LR11,5791.9Increase2.svg 1.91Increase2.svg 1
Pannella List LP9,5251.6Increase2.svg 1.61Increase2.svg 1
Others2,0160.3Decrease2.svg 1.80Steady2.svg
Total598,210100.080

Sunday 7 June 1992. Source: La Stampa , Electoral Archives of Naples (Italian)

Mayoral and city council election, 1993

The election took place on two rounds, the first on 21 November and the second on 5 December 1993.

Mayoral and city council election, 1997

The election took place on 16 November 1997.

Mayoral and city council election, 2001

The election took place in two rounds: the first on 13 May, the second on 27 May 2001.

CandidatePartyCoalitionFirst roundSecond round
Votes%Votes%
Rosa Russo Iervolino DL The Olive Tree 262,81848.82278,18352.91
Antonio Martusciello FI House of Freedoms 246,08945.71247,56447.09
Others29,4575.47
Eligible voters849,798100.00849,798100.00
Voted579,20468.16534,59062.91
Blank or invalid ballots40,8408,843
Total valid votes538,364525,747

Mayoral and city council election, 2006

The election took place on 28–29 May 2006.

CandidatePartyCoalitionFirst round
Votes%
Rosa Russo Iervolino DL The Olive Tree 304,97557.20
Franco Malvano FI House of Freedoms 201,24237.74
Others26,9625.06
Eligible voters828,496100.00
Voted552,11066.64
Blank or invalid ballots18,931
Total valid votes533,179

Mayoral and city council election, 2011

The election took place in two rounds: the first on 15–16 May, the second on 29–30 May 2011.

CandidatePartyCoalitionFirst roundSecond round
Votes%Votes%
Luigi De Magistris IdV IdV-FdS 128,30327.52264,73065.38
Gianni Lettieri PdL PdL-FdS-NS-PID-PRI-LD-AdC 179,57538.52140,20334.62
Mario Morcone PD PD-SEL 89,28019.15
Raimondo Pasquino UDC UDC-FLI-ApI 45,4499.75
Clemente Mastella UDEUR 10,1242.17
Roberto Fico M5S 6,4411.38
Others7,0021.51
Eligible voters812,450100.00812,450100.00
Voted490,14260.33410,90750.58
Blank or invalid ballots23,9685,974
Total valid votes466,174404,933
Summary of the 2011 Naples city council election results
Parties and coalitionsVotes %Seats
The People of Freedom (Il Popolo delle Libertà)PdL97,75223.85%8
Force of the South (Forza del Sud)FdS21,4285.23%1
We the South (Noi Sud)NS14,6583.58%1
Lettieri List (Lista Lettieri)LL12,5713.07%1
Others30,4907.43%0
Lettieri coalition (Centre-right)176,90143.16%11
Democratic Party (Partito Democratico)PD68,01816.59%5
Left Ecology Freedom (Sinistra Ecologia Libertà)SEL16,2833.97%0
Others8,6822.12%0
Morcone coalition (Centre-left)92,98322.68%5
Italy of Values (Italia dei Valori)IdV33,3208.13%15
Naples is Yours (Napoli è Tua)NT18,9024.61%8
Federation of the Left (Federazione della Sinistra)FdS15,0083.66%6
Others1,2920.32%0
De Magistris coalition (Left-wing)68,52216.72% [5] 29
Union of the Centre (Unione di Centro)UDC21,3355.21%2
Future and Freedom (Futuro e Libertà)FLI13,8073.37%1
Alliance for Italy (Alleanza per l'Italia)ApI6,0031.46%0
Others5,9041.44%0
Pasquino coalition (Centre)47,06911.48%3
Others24,4205.96%0
Total409,895100%48
Votes cast / turnout490,14260.33%
Registered voters812,450
Source: Ministry of the Interior

Mayoral and city council election, 2016

The election took place in two rounds, the first on 5 June and the second on 19 June 2016.

CandidatePartyCoalitionFirst roundSecond round
Votes%Votes%
Luigi De Magistris DemA DemA-SI-FdV-PRC-PCd'I-IdV 172,71042.82185,90766.85
Gianni Lettieri FI 96,96124.0492,17433.15
Valeria Valente PD PD-AP-UDC-CD-Mod-PSI 85,22521.13
Matteo Brambilla M5S 38,8639.64
Marcello Tagliatela FdI 5,1861.29
Others4,3361.08
Eligible voters788,291100.00788,291100.00
Voted426,60254.12283,54235.97
Blank or invalid ballots23,2915,461
Total valid votes403,311278,081
Summary of the 2016 Naples city council election results
Parties and coalitionsVotes %Seats
De Magistris List (Lista De Magistris)LDM51,89613.79%10
Democracy and Autonomy (Democrazia e Autonomia)DemA28,5877.60%5
Naples in Common to the Left (Napoli in Comune a Sinistra)NCS19,9455.30%4
Federation of the Greens (Federazione dei Verdi)FdV11,3413.01%2
Others37,97110.08%3
De Magistris coalition (Left-wing)149,74039.80%24
Forza Italia FI36,1459.61%4
Lettieri List (Lista Lettieri)LL28,8697.67%2
Others27,3477.27%1
Lettieri coalition (Centre-right)92,36124.55%7
Democratic Party (Partito Democratico)PD43,79011.64%6
Popular Area (Area Popolare)AP7,5212.00%1
Others37,67510.01%0
Valente coalition (Centre-left)88,98623.65%7
Five Star Movement (Movimento Cinque Stelle)M5S36,3599.66%2
Others8,8172.35%0
Total376,263100%40
Votes cast / turnout426,60254.12%
Registered voters788,291
Source: Ministry of the Interior

Notes

  1. "Cittadini comunitari alle urne". Ministero dell‘Interno (in Italian). Retrieved 2020-01-17.
  2. Napoli, Comune di. "Il Comune – Area statistica – Archivio storico statistico delle elezioni – amministrative – Consiglio Comunale 1946". www.comune.napoli.it. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  3. 1 2 3 "Lauro, Achille". treccani.it (in Italian). Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  4. M. Mourre, Dizionario enciclopedico di storia, Mondadori, Milan 1988
  5. Despite not winning the majority of votes, the coalition won the majority bonus of seats granted by the electoral law to the alliance whose candidate is elected Mayor. This mechanism works just if no coalition obtains more than the 50% of votes.

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1953 Italian Senate election in Lombardy

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The Pentapartito, commonly shortened to CAF, refers to the coalition government of five Italian political parties that formed between June 1981 and April 1991. The coalition comprised the Christian Democracy (DC) party and four secular parties: the Italian Socialist Party (PSI), Italian Democratic Socialist Party (PSDI), Italian Liberal Party (PLI) and Italian Republican Party (PRI).

2009 Portuguese local elections

The Portuguese local elections of 2009 took place on 11 October. The elections consisted of three separate elections in the 308 Portuguese municipalities, the election for the Municipal Chambers, whose winner is elected mayor, another election for the Municipal Assembly and a last one for the lower-level Parish Assembly, whose winner is elected parish president. This last was held separately in the more than 4,000 parishes around the country.

Elections in Milan Political elections for public offices in Milan

All Milan residents who are at least 18 years old and hold an EU citizenship are eligible to vote for the Mayor and the 48 members of the City Council, as well as for the President and the 30 or 40 members of the Council of the Municipality where they reside.

1993 Milan municipal election

Municipal elections were held in Milan on 6 and 20 June 1993 to elect the Mayor of Milan and the 60 members of the City Council.

All Rome residents who are at least 18 years old and hold an EU citizenship are eligible to vote for the Mayor and the 48 members of the Capitoline Assembly, as well as for the President and the 30 or 40 members of the Council of the Municipality where they reside.