Emigma

Last updated
EMIGMA
Developer(s) Petros Eikon Incorporated
Initial releaseMarch 1994;30 years ago (1994-03)
Stable release
V9.1 / October 2016;7 years ago (2016-10)
Operating system Windows 95 and later
License Proprietary non-transferable
Website www.petroseikon.com/emigma

EMIGMA is a geophysics interpretation software platform developed by Petros Eikon Incorporated for data processing, simulation, inversion and imaging as well as other associated tasks. The software focuses on non-seismic applications and operates only on the Windows operating system. It supports files standard to the industry, instrument native formats as well as files used by other software in the industry such as AutoCAD, Google Earth and Oasis montaj. [1] There is a free version of EMIGMA called EMIGMA Basic developed to allow viewing of databases created by licensed users. It does not allow data simulation nor modeling nor data import. [2] The software is utilized by geoscientists for exploration and delineating purposes in mining, [3] oil and gas [4] and groundwater as well as hydrologists, [5] environmental engineers, [6] archaeologists [7] and academic institutions [8] for research purposes. Principal contributors to the software are R. W. Groom, [9] H. Wu, E. Vassilenko, [10] R. Jia, [9] C. Ottay and C. Alvarez. [9]

Contents

EMIGMA tools

Forward simulation of geophysical models

These applications were the initial motivation for the platform [11] and are still given attention in new releases. [12]

Geological models can be simulated for a variety of geophysical measurement systems such as conventional dipole-dipole, FEM, time domain electromagnetics(TEM), Magnetotellurics(MT), CSEM/CSAMT, magnetic, gravity, resistivity and induced polarization systems. Surveys can be airborne, ground, down a hole, crosshole, underwater or on the water. A survey is defined by properties related to a transmitter, a receiver and other system properties. The system and survey parameters are stored with the input data allowing the user freedom from continually specifying these parameters for every model. Synthetic measurements at the receiver due to the model are what are calculated during a simulation. Early versions of EMIGMA could simulate the responses of 3D blocks, thin plates and the response of a many layered earth model. [3] Simulation algorithms now include one for a sphere model, and alternate algorithms for thin plates and various algorithms for 3D prisms and polyhedra. [13] Blocks and polyhedra components of a model are simulated by algorithms based on the LN approximation. [14] When compared with a real world electromagnetic system, it has been found that simulation results for a thin plate tended to agree in some situations. One case study required other algorithms for initial analysis of data due to EMIGMA's complexity. EMIGMA was then used when the limitations of the other software was reached. EMIGMA is the only commercial EM modelling tool that can model a thick prism, a complex polyhedra as well as a thin plates. Another advantage is the ability to simulate the response of multiple types of targets on more than one profile. [8]

Inversion of geophysical data

A model response can be simulated and compared to a measured response adjusted by the user and repeated. But another approach, which is often taken, is to make this process for forward simulation and model adjustment automatic. After enough iterations, a model can be found that has a response that matches the measured response within a limit specified by the user. This is termed inversion. [15] Petros Eikon has been developing inversion processes for almost 2 decades. Initial inversion procedures provided one dimensional (1D)models for frequency domain electromagnetic data both controlled source and natural field for ground and airborne data. [16] Later, capabilities for 3d inversion were added.

1D inversion determines the model for a single station. It is available for FEM, TEM, MT, CSAMT and Resistivity data. This process can be repeated for each station that exists to produce what is termed inversion sections. [13]

3D inversion determines the properties of a model in the form of a network of 3D cells. This tool is available for magnetic, gravity, MT, CSEM, CSAMT and Resistivity data. [13] Petros Eikon has moved from standard steepest descent inversion techniques to a Trust Region technique. [17]

3D visualization

The design of a survey, geological model and data can be displayed in 3D. The geometry and parameters of model structures can be edited in 3D space. Measured and synthetic data can be viewed in different formats including vectors, lines, surfaces and contours in association with the models. Results from inversion tools can be displayed as a volume. [13]

2D plotter

A plotter designed to analyze geophysical data. Data can be displayed on a 2D axis as a function of time, frequency, position or tx-rx separation. Measured data can be compared with simulated and inverted data by displaying multiple plots on the same axis or calculating a residual plot. Data can be converted to different properties such as apparent resistivity. [13]

Survey editor

The design of a survey is displayed on a two dimensional X-Y (North/South)display including transmitters and data stations. Data stations and models can be interactively edited. Files from mapping software can be imported to display the survey overlaid on a map. Projections of models can also be displayed. The application allows export to GIS graphic formats. [13]

Gridding

Multiple data can be interpolated into a multi-dimensional grid to allow viewing of maps of such things as multi-time windows or multi-transmitter receiver settings. Grid cells need not be square but may be rectangular to correspond to different spatial densities of stations and lines. Data can be interpolated to a defined grid and viewed in Grid Presentation and a 3D contour application. Grid Presentation also supports map overlays from other mapping software as well as export to all the common geophysical mapping software. [13]

Other tools

The data spreadsheet displays survey data in a spreadsheet format. Data can be edited. PseudoShow displays data from a series of points as a cross section by assigning tx-rx separation, frequency or time values to depth. The CDI tool calculates resistivity for frequency domain and helicopter data collected at different transmitter frequencies. Results can be displayed in the CDI viewer that also displays 1d inversion results. The poly generator creates synthetic topography and complex anomalies for modeling. Models can also be imported from CAD applications. FFT processing is available for gravity and magnetic data including derivative generation, windowing and upward/downward continuation. Other tools provide features such as digital and spatial data filtering as well as survey editing. [13]

Version history

EMIGMA 1

Released in 1994. DOS application to simulate EM responses of a thin-sheet. [18]

EMIGMA 5

Released in 1997. WINDOWS 95/NT application. Simulation of geophysical models for various EM systems such as surface and borehole TDEM, airborne and ground FDEM, IP/Resistivity, Magnetotellurics, and CSAMT as a controlled source application. The earliest commercial example of a 3D modeling CSEM application. Application included plotting and visualization capabilities. [19] [20]

EMIGMA 6

This version featured forward simulation, 2D and 3D plotting, contouring, a pseudosection tool, 1d inversion of FEM, MT and CSAMT data and 3D inversion of magnetic data. This design has since been renamed and is now sold as GeoTutor for educational purposes. GeoTutor is now in its 5th version as GeoTutor 5. [21]

EMIGMA 7

Released in 2000, EMIGMA 7 changed the manner in which data was stored. The basic stored data structure was changed from an ASCII text file structure in a full relational database. With a database structure it was now possible to add many associated tools such as a range of filtering and editing tools. [10] New geophysical features added included source conductivity depth imaging, 1D TEM inversion, Euler deconvolution, FFT tools for magnetic and gravity data, 3D resistivity inversion and magnetization vector inversion. [22]

EMIGMA 8

Full compatibility with Windows Vista was added to EMIGMA with the April 2008 release of version 8. [23] Support was added for new data collection instruments. Other new features include the freespace eikplate simulation algorithm, [24] inversion tools for MT and CSAMT and more efficient inversion algorithms. [25]

EMIGMA 9

October 2015 was the release date of EMIGMA 9. A new Fortran compiler was used to rebuild the algorithm code for numerical algorithms such as 3D magnetic and gravity inversion, data interpolation and freespace plate simulation, increasing the scale of problems that could be processed and increasing speed by 5 times. [26] New features were also added to the 1D TEM inversion tool [27] and IP modeling. [12]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Geophysics</span> Physics of the Earth and its vicinity

Geophysics is a subject of natural science concerned with the physical processes and physical properties of the Earth and its surrounding space environment, and the use of quantitative methods for their analysis. Geophysicists, who usually study geophysics, physics, or one of the Earth sciences at the graduate level, complete investigations across a wide range of scientific disciplines. The term geophysics classically refers to solid earth applications: Earth's shape; its gravitational, magnetic fields, and electromagnetic fields ; its internal structure and composition; its dynamics and their surface expression in plate tectonics, the generation of magmas, volcanism and rock formation. However, modern geophysics organizations and pure scientists use a broader definition that includes the water cycle including snow and ice; fluid dynamics of the oceans and the atmosphere; electricity and magnetism in the ionosphere and magnetosphere and solar-terrestrial physics; and analogous problems associated with the Moon and other planets.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Geophysical survey (archaeology)</span> Non-invasive physical sensing techniques used for archaeological imaging or mapping

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Magnetotellurics</span> Electromagnetic geophysical technique

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References

  1. ↑ "EMIGMA Complete" (PDF). 2 January 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 27, 2020.
  2. ↑ "EMIGMA Basic". 2 January 2017.
  3. 1 2 Groom, R.W.; Hyde, C.H.; Lajoie, J. (1996). "A case study of the application of the EMIGMA modelling package in interpretation of UTEM data over the Cominco Cerattepe deposit in Turkey" (PDF). 66th SEG Conference. Denver, Colorado.
  4. ↑ "EMIGMA EM for Oil and Gas". 2 January 2017.
  5. ↑ Dadfar, H.; Heck, R. J.; Parkin, G. W.; et al. (October 2011), "Evaluation of a Geonics EM31-3RT probe to delineate hydrologic regimes in a tile-drained field.", Precision Agriculture, 12 (5): 623–638, doi:10.1007/s11119-010-9203-4, S2CID   19104152
  6. ↑ Zogala, B.; Dubiel, R.; et al. (July 2009), "Geoelectrical investigation of oil contaminated soils in former underground fuel base: Borne Sulinowo, NW Poland", Environmental Geology, 58 (1): 1–9, Bibcode:2009EnGeo..58....1Z, doi:10.1007/s00254-008-1458-y, S2CID   128620414
  7. ↑ Bevan, Bruce W.; Smekalova, Tatiana N. (2013), "Magnetic Exploration of Archaeological Sites", Good Practice in Archaeological Diagnostics, Springer International Publishing, ISBN   978-3-319-01783-9
  8. 1 2 Cheng, Li Zhen (Jan 2006), "Geophysical case study of the Iso and New Insco deposits, Québec, Canada: Part II, modeling and interpretation" (PDF), Exploration and Mining Geology, 15 (1–2): 67
  9. 1 2 3 Groom, R.W.; Jia, R.; Alvarez, C. (2003), "Investigations into Inversion of Magnetic and Gradient Magnetic Data for Detection and Discrimination of Metallic Objects" (PDF), 2003 SAGEEP Annual Symposium, San Antonio, Texas{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  10. 1 2 "EMIGMA V7.0 Ready For Beta Testing" (PDF). 2 January 2017.
  11. ↑ "MITEC Project" (PDF). 2 January 2017.
  12. 1 2 "Release of Version 9.1". 2 January 2017.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "EMIGMA Full Manual" (PDF). 2 January 2017. pp. 3–18.
  14. ↑ Duckworth, K. (December 2005), "Comparison of Theoretical and Physical Model Studies of the Responses of Moving Source and Fixed Loop Electromagnetic Exploration Systems" (PDF), Pure and Applied Geophysics, 162 (12): 2519, Bibcode:2005PApGe.162.2505D, doi:10.1007/s00024-005-2782-8, S2CID   129523217
  15. ↑ Parker, Robert L. (1994), Geophysical Inverse Theory , Princeton University Press, ISBN   978-0-691-03634-2
  16. ↑ "3D Data Representation and Multiple Plates Now Available" (PDF). 2 January 2017.
  17. ↑ Jia, R.; Davis, L. J.; Groom, R. W. (November 2011), "1D-Time Domain Inversion Incorporating Various Data Strategies with a Trust-Region Method" (PDF), 10th China International Geo-Electromagnetic Workshop, Nanchang, China{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  18. ↑ "VH Plate Development" (PDF). 2 January 2017.
  19. ↑ "Sneak Preview into EMIGMA Version 5" (PDF). 2 January 2017.
  20. ↑ "Focus: Improved Induction" (PDF). 2 January 2017.
  21. ↑ "GeoTutor Key Features". 2 January 2017. Archived from the original on 4 April 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
  22. ↑ "EMIGMA V7.8 - New Features". 2 January 2017.
  23. ↑ "EMIGMA V8.1 is now available". 2 January 2017.
  24. ↑ "New features in EMIGMA and QCTool". 2 January 2017.
  25. ↑ "EMIGMA developments". 2 January 2017.
  26. ↑ "EMIGMA V9.0 release" (PDF). 2 January 2017.
  27. ↑ "Extensions to 1D TDEM Inversion capabilities". 2 January 2017.
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