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References
- ↑ Slakaityte, Veronika; Surwillo, Izabela (9 January 2024). "Energy as a weapon - decoding blackmail tactics in Europe". Danish Institute for International Studies.
- ↑ Ganapathy, Cauvery (2024). "Leverage in Energy Security: Weaponising For Good and Bad". In Mishra, Omprakash; Sen, Souradeep (eds.). Global Political Economy, Geopolitics and International Security: The World in Permacrisis. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 176. doi:10.1007/978-981-97-2231-0. ISBN 978-981-97-2230-3.
Given that there is evidence now to suggest that by March 2021 (Kramer 2021), President Putin had made up his mind regarding the invasion of Ukraine in the coming spring, the decision by the Russians to reduce the supply of gas to Europe, could well account for a case of energy blackmail.
- ↑ Bryjka, Filip (12 May 2023). "How the War in Ukraine Impacts NATO Policy in the Black Sea Region". PISM Bulletin. 57 (2176). Polish Institute of International Affairs: 1.
Through hybrid methods, Russia is destabilising the internal situation in Moldova where it uses energy blackmail, disinformation, and financing of protests to undermine the pro-European Action and Solidarity Party (PAS) government and replace it with the pro-Russian Şor Party.
- ↑ Kirkegaard, Jacob Funk (30 September 2023). "Russia's invasion of Ukraine has cemented the European Union's commitment to carbon pricing". Policy Brief 23-13. Peterson Institute for International Economics. p. 1.
Despite the energy shock of 2022, the price of EU carbon emissions permits was maintained in the €85 per ton range once Russia's energy blackmail became apparent in late 2021.
- ↑ Shelest, Hanna (13 December 2015). "Hybrid War & the Eastern Partnership: Waiting for a Correlation" (PDF). Turkish Policy Quarterly . Vol. 14, no. 3. p. 46.
This pressure in the form of trade wars, energy blackmail, discreditable propaganda, diplomatic deceit, and coercion to join alternative regional integration projects has been felt by almost all Eastern Partnership states (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine).
- ↑ Ekmanis, Indra (28 October 2024). "Contesting Russia: The Baltic Perspective". Baltic Bulletin. Eurasia Program. Foreign Policy Research Institute.
The Baltic states, in turn, have responded by turning areas of risk into areas of expertise: for example, [...] on Energy Security in Lithuania (2012), where previous dependency on Russia left the country vulnerable to energy blackmail;
- ↑ Korybko, Andrew (6 June 2014). "The Prospects for the South Stream Pipeline after the Ukrainian Crisis" (PDF). Foreign Policy Journal.
- ↑ Blank, Stephen (27 August 2013). "Russia Pressures Armenia to Join Customs Union". The Central Asia-Caucasus Analyst. Central Asia-Caucasus Institute.
Moscow's two abiding goals are to integrate the entire post-Soviet space under its domination and as part of that larger multi-dimensional process, ensure that it is the only security manager in the Caucasus. Not only is it now using energy blackmail against Armenia; [...]
- ↑ Güngör, Yasin (16 November 2024). "EU Commission chief accuses Russia of energy 'blackmail'". Anadolu Agency .
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