Epicormic shoot

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Epicormic shoots sprouting vigorously from epicormic buds beneath the bushfire damaged bark on the trunk of a Eucalyptus tree Epicormic Shoots from an Epicormic Bud on Eucalyptus following Bushfire 2, near Anglers Rest, Vic, Aust, jjron 27.3.2005.jpg
Epicormic shoots sprouting vigorously from epicormic buds beneath the bushfire damaged bark on the trunk of a Eucalyptus tree

An epicormic shoot is a shoot growing from an epicormic bud, which lies underneath the bark of a trunk, stem, or branch of a plant.

Contents

Epicormic buds lie dormant beneath the bark, their growth suppressed by hormones from active shoots higher up the plant. Under certain conditions, they grow into active shoots, such as when damage occurs to higher parts of the plant, [1] or light levels are increased following removal of nearby plants. [2] Epicormic buds and shoots occur in many woody species, but are absent from many others, such as most conifers. [3]

Function

Human horticultural practices that exploit epicormic growth rely on plants that have epicormic budding capabilities for regenerative function in response to crown damage, such as through wind or fire. [1]

Epicormic shoots are the means by which trees regrow after coppicing or pollarding, where the tree's trunk or branches are cut back on a regular cycle. These forestry techniques cannot be used on species which do not possess strong epicormic growth abilities.[ citation needed ]

Pruning leads to growth of suppressed shoots below the cut – these may be from epicormic buds, but they may also be other growth, such as normal buds or small shoots which are only partly suppressed.[ citation needed ]

Examples

Epicormic resprouting is typical of some tree species from fire-prone ecosystems. [4]

Epicormic shoot on Callistemon, showing the fragility of the attachment before the parental wood has grown thick enough to supply a deep, firm attachment Epicormic shoot on Callistemon showing fragile attachment IMG 5058-63L.jpg
Epicormic shoot on Callistemon , showing the fragility of the attachment before the parental wood has grown thick enough to supply a deep, firm attachment

As one of their responses to frequent bushfires which would destroy most other plants, many Eucalypt trees found widely throughout Australia have extensive epicormic buds which sprout following a fire, allowing the vegetative regeneration of branches from their trunks. [5] [6] These epicormic buds are highly protected, set deeper beneath the thick bark than in other tree species, allowing both the buds and vascular cambium to be insulated from the intense heat. [5] Not all eucalypt trees possess this means of vegetative recovery, [6] and the ability of a tree to survive and re-sprout depends on many factors, such as fire intensity, scorch height, and tree height, species, age, and size. [5] Jarrah trees, found in the south-west of Western Australia, have epicormic buds which are activated after a bushfire or other extreme conditions.[ citation needed ]

The Mediterranean Quercus suber (cork oak) resprouts from epicormic buds after fire. [7]

Dogwood trees which are susceptible to a fungal infection known as dogwood anthracnose ( Discula destructiva ) will sometimes send out epicormic shoots when they are dying from the disease. [8] Similarly, ash trees may develop epicormic shoots when infested by the emerald ash borer. [9]

Epicormic shoots can be used in mass propagation of oak trees. [10]

The long-lived Pseudotsuga macrocarpa (bigcone Douglas fir) forms epicormic shoots both in response to fire damage and as a means of forming growth on existing branches. The epicormic branching pattern has been observed to six iterations. [11] [12]

Pseudotsuga macrocarpa showing branch regeneration after a crown fire through epicormic shoots. Note the charred tree trunks. Pseudotsuga macrocarpa LytleCreek2.jpg
Pseudotsuga macrocarpa showing branch regeneration after a crown fire through epicormic shoots. Note the charred tree trunks.

See also

Banksia attenuata resprouting from epicormic buds following a bushfire Banksia attenuata resprouter.jpg
Banksia attenuata resprouting from epicormic buds following a bushfire

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bud</span> Immature or embryonic shoot

In botany, a bud is an undeveloped or embryonic shoot and normally occurs in the axil of a leaf or at the tip of a stem. Once formed, a bud may remain for some time in a dormant condition, or it may form a shoot immediately. Buds may be specialized to develop flowers or short shoots or may have the potential for general shoot development. The term bud is also used in zoology, where it refers to an outgrowth from the body which can develop into a new individual.

<i>Eucalyptus</i> Genus of flowering plants in the myrtle family

Eucalyptus is a genus of more than 700 species of flowering plants in the family Myrtaceae. Most species of Eucalyptus are trees, often mallees, and a few are shrubs. Along with several other genera in the tribe Eucalypteae, including Corymbia and Angophora, they are commonly known as eucalypts or "gum trees". Plants in the genus Eucalyptus have bark that is either smooth, fibrous, hard, or stringy, the leaves have oil glands, and the sepals and petals are fused to form a "cap" or operculum over the stamens. The fruit is a woody capsule commonly referred to as a "gumnut".

<i>Pseudotsuga macrocarpa</i> Species of conifer

Pseudotsuga macrocarpa, commonly called the bigcone spruce or bigcone Douglas-fir, is an evergreen conifer native to the mountains of southern California. It is notable for having the largest cones in the genus Pseudotsuga, hence the name.

<i>Fraxinus americana</i> Species of ash

Fraxinus americana, the white ash or American ash, is a fast-growing species of ash tree native to eastern and central North America.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coppicing</span> Method of woodland management

Coppicing is the traditional method in woodland management of cutting down a tree to a stump, which in many species encourages new shoots to grow from the stump or roots, thus ultimately regrowing the tree. A forest or grove that has been subject to coppicing is called a copse or coppice, in which young tree stems are repeatedly cut down to near ground level. The resulting living stumps are called stools. New growth emerges, and after a number of years, the coppiced trees are harvested, and the cycle begins anew. Pollarding is a similar process carried out at a higher level on the tree in order to prevent grazing animals from eating new shoots. Daisugi, is a similar Japanese technique.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pollarding</span> Technique of severe pruning of trees

Pollarding is a pruning system involving the removal of the upper branches of a tree, which promotes the growth of a dense head of foliage and branches. In ancient Rome, Propertius mentioned pollarding during the 1st century BCE. The practice has occurred commonly in Europe since medieval times, and takes place today in urban areas worldwide, primarily to maintain trees at a determined height or to place new shoots out of the reach of grazing animals.

<i>Eucalyptus regnans</i> Species of eucalyptus

Eucalyptus regnans, known variously as mountain ash, swamp gum, or stringy gum, is a species of medium-sized to very tall forest tree that is native to the Australia states of Tasmania and Victoria. It is a straight-trunked tree with smooth grey bark, but with a stocking of rough brown bark at the base, glossy green, lance-shaped to curved adult leaves, flower buds in groups of between nine and fifteen, white flowers, and cup-shaped or conical fruit. It is the tallest of all flowering plants; the tallest measured living specimen, named Centurion, stands 100 metres tall in Tasmania.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eucalypt</span> Type of plant

Eucalypt is any woody plant with capsule fruiting bodies belonging to one of seven closely related genera found across Australia: Eucalyptus, Corymbia, Angophora, Stockwellia, Allosyncarpia, Eucalyptopsis and Arillastrum. In Australia, they are commonly known as gum trees.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lignotuber</span> Swelling of the root which protects against fire and other hazards

A lignotuber is a woody swelling of the root crown possessed by some plants as a protection against destruction of the plant stem, such as by fire. Other woody plants may develop basal burls as a similar survival strategy, often as a response to coppicing or other environmental stressors. However, lignotubers are specifically part of the normal course of development of the plants that possess them, and often develop early on in growth. The crown contains buds from which new stems may sprout, as well as stores of starch that can support a period of growth in the absence of photosynthesis. The term "lignotuber" was coined in 1924 by Australian botanist Leslie R. Kerr.

<i>Quercus velutina</i> Species of oak tree

Quercus velutina, the black oak, is a species of oak in the red oak group, native and widespread in eastern and central North America. It is sometimes called the eastern black oak.

<i>Quercus macrocarpa</i> Species of oak tree

Quercus macrocarpa, the bur oak or burr oak, is a species of oak tree native to eastern North America. It is in the white oak section, Quercus sect. Quercus, and is also called mossycup oak, mossycup white oak, blue oak, or scrub oak. The acorns are the largest of any North American oak, and are important food for wildlife.

<i>Pinus rigida</i> Species of pine tree

Pinus rigida, the pitch pine, is a small-to-medium-sized pine. It is native to eastern North America, primarily from central Maine south to Georgia and as far west as Kentucky. It is found in environments which other species would find unsuitable for growth, such as acidic, sandy, and low-nutrient soils.

<i>Angophora costata</i> Species of tree

Angophora costata, commonly known as Sydney red gum, rusty gum or smooth-barked apple, is a species of tree that is endemic to eastern Australia. Reaching 30 m (100 ft) in height, the species has distinctive smooth bark that is pinkish or orange-brown when new and fades to grey with age. Its lance-shaped leaves are arranged in opposite pairs along the stems, with white or creamy white flowers appearing from October to December. The flower buds are usually arranged in groups of three, followed by ribbed, oval or bell-shaped fruit.

<i>Eucalyptus botryoides</i> Species of eucalyptus

Eucalyptus botryoides, commonly known as the bangalay, bastard jarrah, woollybutt or southern mahogany, is a small to tall tree native to southeastern Australia. Reaching up to 40 metres high, it has rough bark on its trunk and branches. It is found on sandstone- or shale-based soils in open woodland, or on more sandy soils behind sand dunes. The white flowers appear in summer and autumn. It reproduces by resprouting from its woody lignotuber or epicormic buds after bushfire. E. botryoides hybridises with the Sydney blue gum in the Sydney region. The hard, durable wood has been used for panelling and flooring.

<i>Carya tomentosa</i> Species of hickory tree

Carya tomentosa, commonly known as mockernut hickory, mockernut, white hickory, whiteheart hickory, hognut, bullnut, is a species of tree in the walnut family Juglandaceae. The most abundant of the hickories, and common in the eastern half of the United States, it is long lived, sometimes reaching the age of 500 years. A straight-growing hickory, a high percentage of its wood is used for products where strength, hardness, and flexibility are needed. The wood makes excellent fuel wood, as well. The leaves turn yellow in Autumn.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Resprouter</span>

Resprouters are plant species that are able to survive fire by the activation of dormant vegetative buds to produce regrowth.

<i>Corymbia flavescens</i> Species of plant

Corymbia flavescens, commonly known as cabbage ghost gum, bastard ghost gum, scraggy cabbage gum, or wrinkle-leaf ghost gum, is a species of tree that is endemic to northern Australia. It has smooth powdery bark, egg-shaped to lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds in groups of three, white flowers and variably-shaped fruit. The Jaru peoples know it as warlarri.

Corymbia sphaerica, commonly known as big-fruited bloodwood, is a species of tree, sometimes a mallee or shrub, that is endemic to a small area in the Northern Territory of Australia. It has rough bark on the trunk and branches, a crown of heart-shaped to lance-shaped juvenile leaves, flower buds in groups of three and shortened spherical fruit.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fire adaptations</span> Traits of plants and animals

Fire adaptations are traits of plants and animals that help them survive wildfire or to use resources created by wildfire. These traits can help plants and animals increase their survival rates during a fire and/or reproduce offspring after a fire. Both plants and animals have multiple strategies for surviving and reproducing after fire. Plants in wildfire-prone ecosystems often survive through adaptations to their local fire regime. Such adaptations include physical protection against heat, increased growth after a fire event, and flammable materials that encourage fire and may eliminate competition.

References

  1. 1 2 "Glossary: epicormic buds". EUCLID - Eucalypts of Australia. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research. Archived from the original on 14 March 2011. Retrieved 27 December 2010.
  2. "Science & Technology : : epicormic bud - Assorted references: tree growth". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 27 December 2010.
  3. Burrows, G.E. (1990). "The role of axillary meristems in coppice and epicormic bud initiation in Araucaria cunninghamii". Botanical Gazette. 151 (3): 293–301. doi:10.1086/337829. S2CID   85077847.
  4. Pausas, J.G.; Keeley, J.E. (2017). "Epicormic Resprouting in Fire-Prone Ecosystems". Trends in Plant Science. 22 (12): 1008–1015. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2017.08.010. hdl: 10261/183556 . PMID   28927652.
  5. 1 2 3 "Effects of fire on plants and animals: individual level". Fire ecology and management in northern Australia. Tropical Savannas CRC & Bushfire CRC. 2010. Archived from the original on 30 January 2011. Retrieved 27 December 2010.
  6. 1 2 "Learn about eucalypts". EUCLID - Eucalypts of Australia. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research. Archived from the original on 14 March 2011. Retrieved 27 December 2010.
  7. Pausas, Juli G. (1997). "Resprouting of Quercus suber in NE Spain after Fire". Journal of Vegetation Science. 8 (5): 703–706. doi:10.2307/3237375. JSTOR   3237375.
  8. "Dogwood Diseases in Alabama". Archived from the original on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 22 June 2009.
  9. Groot, Peter De (2006). A Visual Guide to Detecting Emerald Ash Borer Damage (PDF). Great Lakes Forestry Centre. ISBN   0-662-43152-9 . Retrieved 7 September 2022.{{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  10. Harmer, R. (1988). "Production and Use of Epicormic Shoots for the Vegetative Propagation of Mature Oak". Forestry. 61 (4): 305–316. doi:10.1093/forestry/61.4.305-a.
  11. Crown development of long-lived trees University of Washington
  12. "Pseudotsuga macrocarpa (Bigcone Douglas-fir) description". www.conifers.org. Retrieved 4 January 2023.