Eric Mann

Last updated
Eric Mann
Born (1942-12-04) December 4, 1942 (age 81)
Brooklyn, New York, US
Alma mater Cornell University
Known for Congress of Racial Equality (Field Secretary)
Students for a Democratic Society (New England Coordinator)
Labor/Community Campaign to Keep GM Van Nuys Open (Lead Organizer)
Labor/Community Strategy Center (Director)
Weather Underground
(Coordinator)
Website voicesfromthefrontlines.com

Eric Mann (born December 4, 1942) is a civil rights, anti-war, labor, and environmental organizer whose career spans more than 50 years. [1] He has worked with the Congress of Racial Equality, Newark Community Union Project, Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), the Black Panther Party, the United Automobile Workers (including eight years on auto assembly lines) and the New Directions Movement. He was also active as a leader of SDS faction the Weathermen, which later became the militant left-wing organization Weather Underground. [2] He was arrested in September 1969 for participation in a direct action against the Harvard Center for International Affairs [3] [4] and sentenced to two years in prison on charges of conspiracy to commit murder after two bullets were fired through a window of the Cambridge police headquarters on November 8, 1969. [5] He was instrumental in the movement that helped to keep a General Motors assembly plant in Van Nuys, California open for ten years. [6] [7] Mann has been credited for helping to shape the environmental justice movement in the U.S. [8] He founded the Labor/Community Strategy Center in Los Angeles, California and has been its director for 25 years. In addition, Mann is founder and co-chair of the Bus Riders Union, which sued the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority for what it called “transit racism”, resulting in a precedent-setting civil rights lawsuit, Labor Community Strategy Center et al. v. MTA. [9] [10]

Contents

Mann is the author of books published by Beacon Press, Harper & Row and the University of California, which include Taking on General Motors; The Seven Components of Transformative Organizing Theory; and Playbook for Progressives: 16 Qualities of the Successful Organizer. He is known for his theory of transformative organizing and leadership of political movements and is acknowledged by many as an effective organizer. [11] Mann is host of the weekly radio show Voices from the Frontlines: Your National Movement-Building Show on KPFK Pacifica Radio 90.7 in Los Angeles.

Early life

Eric Mann was born December 4, 1942, in Brooklyn, New York, into a Jewish home rooted in what he described as "anti-fascist, working class, pro-union, pro-'Negro', internationalist, and socialist traditions." Both sides of his family were Jews who fled the Russian Empire during the anti-Semitic pogroms of the early 1900s.[ citation needed ]

Background in social movements

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

In 1964 Mann graduated from Cornell University with a BA in Political Science and a minor in Industrial and Labor Relations. Organizers from the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee traveled to Cornell to recruit students into the civil rights movement and at 21 Mann went to work for the Congress of Racial Equality. [12] [13]

At CORE, Mann worked as field secretary for the Northeastern regional office on an anti-discrimination campaign against the Trailways Bus Company. Longtime Black and Latino porters had been refused job promotions; the workers were willing to lead the fight but wanted CORE's organizational support. [14] The campaign included a regional boycott of Trailways, sit-ins at Trailways terminals, a demonstration at New York's Port Authority Bus Terminal and filing a civil rights complaint. According to The New York Times: "Eric Mann, the field secretary of CORE’s Northeastern regional office, said he and Miss Joyce Ware, another officer, had organized the demonstration 'to bring attention to our demands that the harassment of Negro and Puerto Rican employees be stopped'." [15]

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), Weathermen, Incarceration

In 1965, Mann joined the Newark Community Union Project (NCUP). Mann worked with organizers Bessie and Thurman Smith, Tom Hayden, 100 community members, and 10 students in door-to-door organizing in Newark’s Black South and Central wards where they engaged low-income people in movement-building, challenging slum housing and police brutality. He worked as a public school teacher at the Peshine Avenue School and was fired for demanding that Stokely Carmichael challenge a campus speaker from the Virginia Military Academy, for refusing to enforce what he described as repressive discipline on Black children, and for teaching sex education to eighth graders. [3] The New York World Journal Tribune wrote that Mann put the school system on trial with 500 parents rallying to his defense. [16]

Convinced by the Black Power movement to organize white students to support the civil rights and anti-war movements, Mann moved to Boston in 1968 to become New England Coordinator of SDS. [17] In the spring of 1968, Mann played a leadership role in the Columbia University student strike led by SDS and the Black Student Union, demanding that Columbia shut down its Institute for Defense Analysis, and that it “integrate” the gymnasium, which allegedly only gave Blacks and Puerto Ricans limited access and a separate entrance. [18] [ dubious – discuss ]

As a regional coordinator for SDS, Mann organized and spoke at rallies at Boston University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Harvard University, and other New England colleges. [19] "The Columbia strike more than any other event in our history has given the radical student movement the belief that we can change this country", Mann said. [3]

Mann was elected to the national committee of SDS in 1968. [19] He told the Associated Press that he believed in "continuous resistance" against "institutions and policies of corporate capitalism" and that SDS chapters transition from campus protests groups to community groups that would guide students as a "de facto government." [20]

When SDS splintered into three groups in 1969, Mann, then a leader in the SDS faction, the Weathermen (Weather Underground), adopted the Revolutionary Youth Movement’s belief that violent direct action should be used as a tactic to dismantle the group's perceived power centers of “US imperialism”. [2] Mann and 20 others were arrested in September 1969 for participation in a direct action against the Harvard Center for International Affairs (CFIA), which the Revolutionary Youth Movement saw as a university-sponsored institution for counter-insurgency. [3] [4] Mann and 24 other Weathermen were charged with conspiracy to commit murder after two bullets were fired through a window of the police headquarters on November 8, 1969. Mann surrendered to the police on four counts stemming from the November 8 incident: conspiracy to commit murder, assault with intent to commit murder, promotion of anarchy, and threatening. [5] Mann was sentenced to two years in prison of which he spent 18 months in the Middlesex House of Correction, Deer Island Prison, and Concord State Prison (with 40 days in solitary confinement). [2]

From 1972-74, Mann was a full-time journalist, writing for Boston After Dark , the Boston Phoenix, and The Boston Globe . He traveled to California to cover the prison movement and political trials; a three-part series in the Boston Phoenix led to his first book published by Harper & Row in 1974, Comrade George: An Investigation into the Life, Political Thought, and Assassination of George Jackson. At the Boston Globe , Mann co-wrote the column "Left Field Stands", with Howard Zinn. [21]

United Auto Workers (UAW) Labor/Community Coalition to Keep GM Van Nuys Open

In 1975, Mann joined the Chicano-led August 29th Movement (ATM). [22] ATM merged with Chinese-American organization I Wor Kuen (IWK) and the Black Revolutionary Communist League (RCL) to form the League of Revolutionary Struggle (LRS) in 1978. [23]

Mann worked on automobile assembly lines as an active member of the United Auto Workers (UAW) and "transformative organizer" from 1978 to 1986, moving from the Ford assembly plant in Milpitas, California, to the General Motors assembly plant in South Gate, Los Angeles, California, to the General Motors plant in Van Nuys, California. [8]

With plants facing imminent closings, Mann, with Mark Masaoka, and UAW Local 645 president Pete Beltran initiated a coalition between labor, the community, and the Campaign to Keep GM Van Nuys Open, which Mann chaired for ten years. [24] Five thousand workers (50 percent Latino, 15 percent black, and 15 percent women) built the coalition in Black and Latino communities, where the members lived. [25] Threatened with a boycott, GM kept the plant open for ten years. Reverend Frank Higgins Sr. described the negotiation of the labor/community coalition with GM president F. James McDonald, “For the first time they have seen a coalition form in this nation that would make them come to the table. They didn’t come to bargain; they came to deal with us as though we were children. They wound up leaving knowing they had a tiger by the tail!” [26]

While at GM, Mann was active in the New Directions Movement, a national UAW reform group founded by Jerry Tucker in 1986. [27] New Directions opposed the UAW's collaboration with Ford, GM and Chrysler, its support of anti-Japanese protectionism, and its support of “labor-management cooperation”. [28] [29]

Environmental Justice and the Labor/Community Strategy Center (LCSC)

In 1989, Mann, Father Luis Olivares, Reverend Frank Higgins, Rudy Acuña and other Black and Latino leaders initiated the Labor/Community Strategy Center (LCSC) as a “think tank/act tank” that would train organizers and organize labor, environmental justice, mass transportation, and civil rights campaigns. [1] [6] [30]

In the early environmental work of the LCSC, Mann's approach distinguished environmental justice organizing from the approach of the mainstream environmental movement. [31] According to reviewer Barry Commoner, Mann's 1992 book L.A.’s Lethal Air, documented how class, race, and gender were the unspoken categories of environmental injustice. [32]

In 1993, after the 1992 Los Angeles riots, Mann, as principal author with the Urban Strategies Group, wrote Reconstructing Los Angeles and U.S. Cities from the Bottom Up. [33] This document linked transportation, the environment, and unemployment, advocating for rebuilding the manufacturing sector through “environmentally-sound production of technologies, focusing on solar electricity, non-polluting, prefabricated housing materials, electric car components, and public transportation vehicles, both buses and trains”—and called for "the social justice state not the police state". [34] Prompted by the LCSC's efforts, the South Coast Air Quality Management District implemented a “right to know” statute in which community residents were given information about the chemicals they were exposed to and the corporations that were producing them. [35]

In 1992, Mann and the Strategy Center founded the Bus Riders Union (BRU) with a group of Black and Latino bus riders and started organizing on the buses of Los Angeles. [36] Working with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Legal Defense and Educational Fund (LDF), with Mann as chief negotiator, the BRU crafted a civil rights lawsuit based on Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (which prevents discrimination by government agencies that receive federal funds). [37]

The BRU charged the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority with “transit racism”—setting up a separate and unequal transit system in which Latino and Black bus riders were subject to "a third class bus system for Third World people" while wealthy contractors built rail projects for a whiter, more affluent ridership. The BRU's “billions for buses” campaign was initiated in 1992. Sit-ins, grassroots organizing, a “no seat, no fare campaign,” court orders, and negotiations with the MTA led by Mann, resulted in a ten-year civil rights consent decree committing the Los Angeles MTA to revamp and improve its bus system. [38] [39] The BRU was designated the class representative for LA's 500,000 bus riders (of whom 50 percent were Latino and 25 percent were Black). [40] A BRU team of Eric Mann, Chris Mathis, Norma Henry, and Della Bonner worked in a "joint working group" with MTA representatives that led to replacing 2,000 diesel buses, with 2,500 new compressed natural gas buses. [41] [42] [43] This story is documented in the Haskell Wexler film Bus Riders Union. [44]

In the early 2000s, Mann helped lead the Community Rights Campaign which took up the cause of serving the transportation needs of minority students in the Los Angeles Unified School District, which it linked with "transit racism". It used the slogan of "1,000 more buses, 1,000 more schools and 1,000 fewer police", addressing what it saw as the impacts of structural racism on minority students in the Los Angeles Unified School District. Led by the Strategy Center's organizer Manuel Criollo, community rights organizers built a student pass campaign that in 2005 resulted in the LA MTA eliminating the application process, which had been limiting students’ access to low cost student passes. This was followed by the student organizing project called "Stop the Schools as Pre-Prisons". This campaign produced numerous reports and helped lead to the rolling back of truancy tickets and charges of willful defiance, as maintained in Mann's disquisition Black, Brown, and Overpoliced in 2014. [45] [46] [47] [48]

Since 2012, the work of Mann and the Strategy Center has focused on the "Fight for the Soul of the Cities" campaign. According to Mann, it opposes privatization, pollution, policing and corporate interests and proposes cities putting the Black and Latino working class as its core. [49]

Mann led the founding of the National School for Strategic Organizing that educates and trains future leaders. The school has recruited and trained more than 100 young organizers, who are active in social movements. [1] Based on his experiences, Mann wrote Playbook for Progressives, which presents his theory of transformative organizing. [50]

From 2002 to the present he has been the host of KPFK Pacifica's “Voices from the Frontlines—your national movement building show.” [51]

List of works

Books

Selected chapters and articles in edited publications

Documentaries

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Weather Underground</span> American far-left militant organization, 1969–77

The Weather Underground was a far-left Marxist militant organization first active in 1969, founded on the Ann Arbor campus of the University of Michigan. Originally known as the Weathermen, the group was organized as a faction of Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) national leadership. Officially known as the Weather Underground Organization (WUO) beginning in 1970, the group's express political goal was to create a revolutionary party to overthrow the United States government, which WUO believed to be imperialist.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee</span> Activist organization during the US civil rights movement

The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee was the principal channel of student commitment in the United States to the civil rights movement during the 1960s. Emerging in 1960 from the student-led sit-ins at segregated lunch counters in Greensboro, North Carolina, and Nashville, Tennessee, the Committee sought to coordinate and assist direct-action challenges to the civic segregation and political exclusion of African Americans. From 1962, with the support of the Voter Education Project, SNCC committed to the registration and mobilization of black voters in the Deep South. Affiliates such as the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party and the Lowndes County Freedom Organization in Alabama also worked to increase the pressure on federal and state government to enforce constitutional protections.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Congress of Racial Equality</span> Civil rights organization in the United States

The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) is an African-American civil rights organization in the United States that played a pivotal role for African Americans in the civil rights movement. Founded in 1942, its stated mission is "to bring about equality for all people regardless of race, creed, sex, age, disability, sexual orientation, religion or ethnic background." To combat discriminatory policies regarding interstate travel, CORE participated in Freedom Rides as college students boarded Greyhound Buses headed for the Deep South. As the influence of the organization grew, so did the number of chapters, eventually expanding all over the country. Despite CORE remaining an active part of the fight for change, some people have noted the lack of organization and functional leadership has led to a decline of participation in social justice.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Walter Reuther</span> Labor union leader and progressive activist (1907–1970)

Walter Philip Reuther was an American leader of organized labor and civil rights activist who built the United Automobile Workers (UAW) into one of the most progressive labor unions in American history. He considered labor movements not as narrow special interest groups but as instruments to advance social justice and human rights in democratic societies. He leveraged the UAW's resources and influence to advocate for workers' rights, civil rights, women's rights, universal health care, public education, affordable housing, environmental stewardship and nuclear nonproliferation around the world. He believed in Swedish-style social democracy and societal change through nonviolent civil disobedience. He cofounded the AFL-CIO in 1955 with George Meany. He survived two attempted assassinations, including one at home where he was struck by a 12-gauge shotgun blast fired through his kitchen window. He was the fourth and longest serving president of the UAW, serving from 1946 until his death in 1970.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United Auto Workers</span> American labor union

The United Auto Workers (UAW), fully named International Union, United Automobile, Aerospace and Agricultural Implement Workers of America, is an American labor union that represents workers in the United States and southern Ontario, Canada. It was founded as part of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) in the 1930s and grew rapidly from 1936 to the 1950s. The union played a major role in the liberal wing of the Democratic Party under the leadership of Walter Reuther. It was known for gaining high wages and pensions for automotive manufacturing workers, but it was unable to unionize auto plants built by foreign-based car makers in the South after the 1970s, and it went into a steady decline in membership; reasons for this included increased automation, decreased use of labor, mismanagement, movements of manufacturing, and increased globalization. After a successful strike at the Big Three in 2023, the union organized its first foreign plant (VW) in 2024.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">James Lawson (activist)</span> American activist (1928–2024)

James Morris Lawson Jr. was an American activist and university professor. He was a leading theoretician and tactician of nonviolence within the Civil Rights Movement. During the 1960s, he served as a mentor to the Nashville Student Movement and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. He was expelled from Vanderbilt University for his civil rights activism in 1960, and later served as a pastor in Los Angeles for 25 years.

The Worker Student Alliance (WSA) in the United States was the section of Students for a Democratic Society led by the Progressive Labor Party. The WSA argued that the best way to build a movement in the working class, like SDS wanted, was for students to become involved in workers' struggles both on and off the campuses. In practice, that usually meant students enrolled in school would get jobs as cafeteria hands and other manual labor jobs at those schools.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mark Rudd</span> American anti-war activist and math teacher

Mark William Rudd is an American political organizer, mathematics instructor, anti-war activist and counterculture icon who was involved with the Weather Underground in the 1960s.

Justice for Janitors (JfJ) is a social movement organization that fights for the rights of janitors across the US and Canada. It was started on June 15, 1990, in response to the low wages and minimal health-care coverage that janitors received. Justice for Janitors includes more than 225,000 janitors in at least 29 cities in the United States and at least four cities in Canada. Members fight for better wages, better conditions, improved healthcare, and full-time opportunities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Days of Rage</span> 1969 student activist demonstrations in Chicago, Illinois, USA

The Days of Rage were a series of protests during three days in October 1969 in Chicago, organized by the emerging Weatherman faction of Students for a Democratic Society (SDS).

Community unionism, also known as reciprocal unionism, refers to the formation of alliances between unions and non-labour groups in order to achieve common goals. These unions seek to organize the employed, unemployed, and underemployed. They press for change in the workplace and beyond, organizing around issues such as welfare reform, health care, jobs, housing, and immigration. Individual issues at work are seen as being a part of broader societal problems which they seek to address. Unlike trade unions, community union membership is not based on the workplace- it is based on common identities and issues. Alliances forged between unions and other groups may have a primary identity based on affiliations of religion, ethnic group, gender, disability, environmentalism, neighborhood residence, or sexuality.

The New American Movement (NAM) was an American New Left multi-tendency socialist and feminist political organization established in 1971.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bus Riders Union (Los Angeles)</span> Transit advocacy organization in Los Angeles, California

The Bus Riders Union (BRU) is a United States civil rights social movement organization established in Los Angeles, California in 1994. Led by a planning committee, its multilingual membership is drawn from the predominantly low-income, African-American, Latino and Asian mass transit ridership of Los Angeles County. The BRU's central focus has been policies of the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (LACMTA) that it identifies as racial discrimination. The BRU attracted international attention when it successfully sued LACMTA under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act in 1994 and its example has inspired similar efforts to organize mass transit passengers.

Stephen Phillip Yokich was an American labor union activist who served as President of the United Auto Workers from 1994 to 2002.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">American Left</span> Left politics in the United States

The American left can refer to multiple concepts. It is sometimes used as a shorthand for groups aligned with the Democratic Party. At other times, it refers to groups that have sought egalitarian changes in the economic, political, and cultural institutions of the United States. Various subgroups with a national scope are active. Liberals and progressives believe that equality can be accommodated into existing capitalist structures, but they differ in their criticism of capitalism and on the extent of reform and the welfare state. Anarchists, communists, and socialists with international imperatives are also present within this macro-movement. Many communes and egalitarian communities have existed in the United States as a sub-category of the broader intentional community movement, some of which were based on utopian socialist ideals. The left has been involved in both the Democratic and Republican parties at different times, having originated in the Democratic-Republican Party as opposed to the Federalist Party.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jerry White (socialist)</span> American politician (born 1959)

Jerome "Jerry" White is an American politician and journalist, and is the Labor Editor reporting for the World Socialist Web Site. He is a member of the Socialist Equality Party of the United States, and was a member of its predecessor the Workers League, joining the movement in 1979. White was the SEP's nominee for the United States presidential elections four times, running in 1996, 2008, 2012 and 2016.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Revolutionary Youth Movement</span> Political party in United States

In the United States, the Revolutionary Youth Movement (RYM) is the section of Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) that opposed the Worker Student Alliance of the Progressive Labor Party (PLP). Most of the national leadership of SDS joined the RYM in order to oppose PLP's party line and what they alleged to be its attempted takeover of the SDS leadership structure, particularly at the 1969 SDS convention in Chicago.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Students for a Democratic Society</span> American student activist organization (1960–1974)

Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) was a national student activist organization in the United States during the 1960s and was one of the principal representations of the New Left. Disdaining permanent leaders, hierarchical relationships and parliamentary procedure, the founders conceived of the organization as a broad exercise in "participatory democracy". From its launch in 1960 it grew rapidly in the course of the tumultuous decade with over 300 campus chapters and 30,000 supporters recorded nationwide by its last national convention in 1969. The organization splintered at that convention amidst rivalry between factions seeking to impose national leadership and direction, and disputing "revolutionary" positions on, among other issues, the Vietnam War and Black Power.

The New Left was a broad political movement that emerged from the counterculture of the 1960s and continued through the 1970s. It consisted of activists in the Western world who, in reaction to the era's liberal establishment, campaigned for freer lifestyles on a broad range of social issues such as feminism, gay rights, drug policy reforms, and gender relations. The New Left differs from the traditional left in that it tended to acknowledge the struggle for various forms of social justice, whereas previous movements prioritized explicitly economic goals. However, many have used the term "New Left" to describe an evolution, continuation, and revitalization of traditional leftist goals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Roy Reuther</span> American labor leader known for UAW organizing

Roy Louis Reuther was an American labor organizer. He was one of the leaders of the historic Flint sit-down strike that gave birth to the United Auto Workers (UAW). Along with his brothers Walter and Victor, he helped build the UAW into the most powerful industrial union in the United States. Later, as political director for the UAW, he spearheaded efforts to expand voter participation, and was deeply involved in the civil rights movement.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Kelley, Robin (1998). Yo Mama's dysfunctional! Fighting the Culture Wars in Urban America. Boston: Beacon Press. p. 154. ISBN   978-0807009413.
  2. 1 2 3 Silver, Sam (February 13, 1975). "Whipping Racism". Berkeley Barb.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Doolittle, William (March 2, 1967). "Adjourn Teacher's Defense: Attack on 'Backward' Teaching Holds Crowd to 2am". Newark Evening News.
  4. 1 2 Magalif, Jeff (October 30, 1969). "Mann, Weathermen Released After Arrests for Disruptions". thecrimson.com. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
  5. 1 2 Magalif, Jeff (November 20, 1969). "Weathermen, Police Scuffle in Cambridge". thecrimson.com. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
  6. 1 2 Valle, Victor (October 27, 1983). "Laid-Off Workers Take Aim at GM". Los Angeles Times.
  7. ↑ Acuña, Rodolfo (2014). Occupied America: A History of Chicanos. Pearson Press. ISBN   978-0205880843.
  8. 1 2 Peña, Devon (2005). Tierra y Vida: Chicano Environmental Justice Struggles in the Southwest. San Francisco: Sierra Club Books. pp. 203–204.
  9. ↑ Mann, Eric (1997). "Confronting Transit Racism in Los Angeles". In Johnson, Glen (ed.). Just Transportation: Dismantling Race and Class Barriers to Mobility. New Society Publishers. pp. 68–84. ISBN   978-0865713574.
  10. ↑ Lucas, Karen (2004). Running on empty: transport, social exclusion and environmental justice. University of Bristol: Policy Press Books. pp. 220–242. ISBN   978-1861345691.
  11. ↑ Soja, Ed (2010). Seeking Spatial Justice. University of Bristol: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 137–138. ISBN   978-0816666683.
  12. ↑ Mann, Eric (2011). Playbook for Progressives: 16 Qualities of the Successful Organizer. Beacon Press. pp. 179–188. ISBN   978-0807047354.
  13. ↑ Meier, August; Rudwick, Elliott (1975). CORE, a study in the civil rights movement, 1942-1968. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. ISBN   9780252005671.
  14. ↑ Clark, Alfred E. (November 18, 1964). "2D CORE Protest Held at Bus Line". New York Times.
  15. ↑ Lelyveld, Joseph (November 8, 1964). "Trailways Buses Picketed by CORE". New York Times. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
  16. ↑ McMain, Nina (February 20, 1967). "Teacher Claims Class Approach Led to Suspension". World Journal Tribune.
  17. ↑ Ripley, Anthony (June 16, 1968). "Student Leaders Voice Radicalism". New York Times.
  18. ↑ Keller, George (Spring 1968). "Six Weeks That Shook Morningside". Columbia Today.
  19. 1 2 Hartnett, Ken (June 19, 1969). "Vietnam War, Racism, Poverty Used As Campus Disorder Fuel". The Progress-Index.
  20. ↑ "Columbia's Demonstration: How It Started and Grew". Florence Morning News. May 12, 1968.
  21. ↑ Zinn, Howard (1991). Declarations of Independence: Cross-Examining American Ideology. Perennial. pp. 175–176. ISBN   978-0060921088.
  22. ↑ Pulido, Laura (2006). Black, Brown, Yellow and Left: Radical Activism in Los Angeles. University of California Press. pp. 75–76. ISBN   978-0520245204.
  23. ↑ Elbaum, Max (2006). Revolution in the Air: Sixties Radicals Turn to Lenin, Mao and Che. Verso Press. pp. 269–275. ISBN   978-1859846179.
  24. ↑ Acuña, Rodolfo (1996). Anything But Mexican: Chicanos in Contemporary Los Angeles . Verso Press. pp.  193–206. ISBN   978-1859840313.
  25. ↑ Tasini, Jonathan (March 23, 1984). "Jobs on the Line". Reader.
  26. ↑ Goldman, Michael (Director) (1986). Tiger by the Tail (Motion picture). Los Angeles.
  27. ↑ Schwartz, Jim (July 3, 1989). "U.A.W. New Directions: Struggle for the Soul of the Union". The Nation. Retrieved February 25, 2015.[ permanent dead link ]
  28. ↑ "New Directions for the UAW: An Interview with Jerry Tucker". Multinational Monitor. February 1990.
  29. ↑ Micah, Uetrich (October 29, 2013). "Even After Death, Jerry Tucker Inspires labor Activists". In These Times.
  30. ↑ Turner, Lisa (December 9, 1988). "The Uses of Anger: Eric Mann and Rudy Acuña Want to Bring Big Business to Heel". L.A. Weekly.
  31. ↑ Schulz, Kathryn (March 30, 2006). "Two Eco-leaders — One mainstream, One Radical — debate the movement's past and future". GRIST Magazine.
  32. ↑ Commoner, Barry (February 24, 1992). "Yearning to Breathe Free "L.A.'s Lethal Air", by Eric Mann". The Nation.
  33. ↑ Dutton, Thomas A. (Fall 2007). "Colony Over-the-Rhine" (PDF). The Black Scholar. 37 (3): 14–27. doi:10.1080/00064246.2007.11413405. S2CID   147668404 . Retrieved February 25, 2015.
  34. ↑ Pulido, Laura (1996). "Multiracial Organizing Among Environmental Justice Activists in Los Angeles". In Dear, Michael (ed.). Rethinking Los Angeles . Sage Publications. ISBN   978-0803972872.
  35. ↑ Lazarovici, Laureen (December 6, 1991). "Air Battles: The Watchdog Wades into the Pollution Wars on Behalf of the Other LA". L.A. Weekly.
  36. ↑ Simon, Richard (January 16, 1996). "A Driven Man Keeps Heat on the MTA". Los Angeles Times.
  37. ↑ Berestein, Leslie (February 3, 1995). "MID-WILSHIRE Bus Riders Savor Victory on Fare Hike, Vow to Maintain MTA Vigil". Los Angeles Times.
  38. ↑ Grengs, Joe (Spring 2002). "Community-Based Planning as a Source of Political Change: The Transit Equity Movement of Los Angeles' Bus Riders Union" (PDF). Journal of the American Planning Association. 68 (2): 165–178. doi:10.1080/01944360208976263. S2CID   155029071. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
  39. ↑ Kelley, Robin DG (February 5, 1996). "Freedom Riders (The Sequel)". The Nation.
  40. ↑ Lipsitz, George (September 2004). "Learning From Los Angeles: Another One Rides the Bus". American Quarterly. 56 (3): 511–529. doi:10.1353/aq.2004.0037. S2CID   144088300.
  41. ↑ Hong, Peter (December 31, 1996). "Riding Momentum". Los Angeles Times.
  42. ↑ Uhrich, Kevin (February 2, 1996). "Uneasy Riders: The Bus Riders Union Takes on the MTA's Separate and Unequal Transit System". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
  43. ↑ Novotny, Patrick (2000). Where We Live Work and Play: the Environmental Justice Movement and the Struggle for a New Environmentalism. Praeger Publishers. p. 70. ISBN   978-0275960261.
  44. ↑ Demetrakis, Johanna and Wexler, Haskell (Directors) (October 2000). Bus Riders' Union (Motion picture). Los Angeles: Outpost Studios.
  45. ↑ "Community Rights Campaign Report, Black, Brown and Over-Policed in LA Schools: Structural Proposals to End the School-to-Prison Pipeline in the Los Angeles Unified School District and to Build a National Movement to Stop the Mass Incarceration of Black and Latino Communities". The Labor/Community Strategy Center. August 1, 2010. Archived from the original on February 13, 2015. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
  46. ↑ Watanabe, Teresa (January 8, 2014). "Federal Guidelines unveiled to avoid racial bias in school discipline". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on February 27, 2014.
  47. ↑ Watanabe, Teresa (May 14, 2013). "Zero tolerance policies adopted after Columbine lower achievement and disproportionately affect African Americans, supporters say". Los Angeles Times.
  48. ↑ "Community Rights Campaign". The Labor/Community Strategy Center. August 1, 2010. Archived from the original on February 6, 2015. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
  49. ↑ Mann, Eric (May 27, 2013). "Fight for the Soul of the City: The Battle Over Buses in Los Angeles" (PDF). The Nation. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 2, 2015. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
  50. ↑ Uhlenbeck, Max (Feb 2011). "How It Would Feel to be Free: A Review of Transformative Organizing". Left Turn Magazine.
  51. ↑ "Voices From The Front Lines". KPFK. Archived from the original on February 28, 2015. Retrieved February 25, 2015.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.