May 19th Communist Organization

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May 19th Communist Organization
Leaders Elizabeth Ann Duke
Kathy Boudin
Judith Alice Clark
and David Gilbert
Dates of operation1978–1985
Active regions United States
Ideology Marxism–Leninism
Anti-capitalism
Anti-racism
Anti-imperialism
Antisexism
Battles and wars Edna Mahan jailbreak
1981 Brink's robbery
1983 United States Senate bombing

The May 19th Communist Organization (also variously referred to as the May 19 Coalition, May 19 Communist Coalition or M19CO) was a US-based far-left terrorist group [1] [2] formed by members of the Weather Underground Organization. The group was originally known as the New York chapter of the Prairie Fire Organizing Committee (PFOC), an organization devoted to promoting the causes of the Weather Underground legally, as part of the Prairie Fire Manifesto's change in Weather Underground Organization strategy, which demanded both aboveground mass movements and clandestine organizations. The role of the clandestine organization would be to build the "consciousness of action" and prepare the way for the development of a people's militia. Concurrently, the role of the mass movement, the above-ground Prairie Fire Collective, would include the support for and the encouragement of armed action. Such an alliance would, according to Weather, "help create the 'sea' for the guerrillas to swim in." [3] The M19CO name was derived from the birthdays of Ho Chi Minh and Malcolm X. [4] The May 19 Communist Organization was active from 1978 to 1985. M19CO was a combination of the Black Liberation Army and the Weather Underground. It also included members of the Black Panthers, White Panthers, and the Republic of New Afrika (RNA). [5] [6]

Contents

In addition to the May 19th Communist Organization being made up of the Black Liberation Army, the group was formed because of infighting in the Weather Underground Organization. [7] Following the split of the Weather Underground Organization into factions, the faction that favored more extreme actions to achieve its objectives joined the Black Liberation Army, forming the May 19th Communist Organization. One of the founders, Laura Whitehorn, was also part of the Weather Underground Organization's predecessor, the Students for a Democratic Society. In addition to being known as the May 19th Communist Organization and the New York chapter of the Prairie Fire Organizing Committee, the group was also known as the Armed Resistance Movement, the Red Guerilla Resistance, Resistance Conspiracy, and Revolutionary Fighting Group. [8] Despite these other monikers, the group was most popularly known as the May 19th Communist Organization, predicated on the Communist Vietnamese leader Ho Chi Minh's birthday. [9]

Objectives

This alliance between the Weather Underground and the Black Liberation Army had three objectives:

The group also had the broader goal of violently toppling established power in the United States. These goals were aimed at the eventual goal of transforming the political landscape in the United States from one of capitalism to one of communism. This regime change was predicated on the idea that capitalism oppressed the public, particularly those that were imprisoned under the capitalist system, believing that such actions could not be undertaken in the American political system. [10]

Activities

From 1982 to 1985 M19CO committed a series of bombings, including bombings of the National War College, the Washington Navy Yard Computing Center, the Israeli Aircraft Industries Building, New York City's South African consulate, the Washington Navy Yard Officers' Club, New York City's Patrolmen's Benevolent Association, and the United States Capitol Building. Three officers were killed during the Brinks Robbery, but no one was injured or killed in their bombings. [11] Almost all the M19CO members were convicted in a US Court of Law for these offenses, but Elizabeth Ann Duke remains at large.

Arrests

By May 23, 1985, all members of the group had been arrested, with the exception of Elizabeth Duke, who remains a fugitive. [14] Alleged rioter Donna Joan Borup was arrested after tossing a caustic substance in a Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Police officer's eye during a riot at the New York John F. Kennedy International Airport. The officer, Evan Goodstein, was left with permanent vision impairment. [15] Borup was arrested after the incident, however failed to appear at trial and is currently on the FBI Most Wanted Terrorist list. [16] Donna Borup "is thought to have a photographic memory and is highly intelligent," according to the FBI. [17]

Marilyn Jean Buck was arrested in 1985 and was, prior to joining the May 19th Communist Organization, the only white member of the Black Liberation Army, one of the two groups that formed the May 19th Communist Organization. While the May 19th Communist Organization was made up of individuals of several racial heritages, the Black Liberation Army was previously entirely made up of black Americans, save for Marilyn Jean Buck. [18]

On October 20, 1981, Judith Clark was arrested in connection to the attack on the armored Brinks truck. [19] Clark was the spokesperson of the May 19th Communist Organization as of 1978, and was previously a member of one of the May 19th Communist Organization's predecessor groups, the Prairie Fire Organizing Committee. Judith Clark was released on May 10, 2019, 37 years after she was arrested on the same day as the robbery of the armored Brinks truck. [20]

Impact

The May 19th Communist Organization, along with other domestic terrorist organizations like the United Freedom Front and the Aryan Nations, are noted as having advanced the FBI's strategy and capacity to investigate domestic terrorism in the United States. [21]

In 1982, FBI director William H. Webster reported to the Senate Subcommittee on Security and Terrorism that the Justice Department was relaxing rules that allowed the FBI to keep surveillance on domestic terrorist groups, inspired by the actions of the May 19th Communist Organization, as well as the Socialist Workers Party, the Progressive Labor Party, and the May 19th Communist Organization's predecessor group, the Weather Underground Organization. [22] These new guidelines were aimed at repressing domestic terrorist organizations while not curtailing legitimate political protest and dissent.

See also

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References

  1. ↑ Smith, Brent L. (1994). Terrorism in America : pipe bombs and pipe dreams. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN   0-585-06052-5. OCLC   42855404. Archived from the original on 2022-02-15. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
  2. ↑ Rosenau, William (2019). Tonight we bombed the U.S. Capitol : the explosive story of M19, America's first female terrorist group (First Atria Books hardcover ed.). New York. ISBN   978-1-5011-7012-6. OCLC   1096235272. Archived from the original on 2022-01-09. Retrieved 2023-01-05.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  3. ↑ Jacobs, Ron (1997). The Way The Wind Blew: A History Of The Weather Underground. Verso. pp. 76–77. ISBN   978-1-85984-167-9 . Retrieved December 28, 2009.
  4. ↑ Let freedom ring : a collection of documents from the movements to free U.S. political prisoners. Meyer, Matt. Montreal, Quebec: Kersplebedeb. 2008. ISBN   9781604861471. OCLC   435638256.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  5. 1 2 3 4 Karl a. Seger (2001). "Left-Wing Extremism: The Current Threat Prepared for U.S. Department of Energy Office of Safeguards and Security" (PDF). Oak Ridge, TN: Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education: Center for Human Reliability Studies ORISE 01-0439: 1. doi:10.2172/780410. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved December 27, 2009.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  6. ↑ National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and the Responses to Terrorism, DHS (March 1, 2008). "Terrorist Organization Profile: May 19 Communist Order". National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and the Responses to Terrorism. Archived from the original on June 7, 2010. Retrieved December 27, 2009.
  7. ↑ Kushner, Harvey (2003), "May 19 Communist Organization" , Encyclopedia of Terrorism (1 ed.), SAGE Publications, Inc., pp.  224, doi:10.4135/9781412952590, ISBN   9780761924081 , retrieved 2019-05-02
  8. ↑ "May 19 Communist Order (M19CO) | Terrorist Groups | TRAC". www.trackingterrorism.org. Archived from the original on 2019-05-02. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
  9. ↑ "May 19 Communist Order (M19CO)". TRAC Terrorism. Archived from the original on 2020-05-02. Retrieved 2020-05-07.
  10. ↑ Meyer, Matt. (2009). Let Freedom Ring: A Collection of Documents From the Movements to Free U.S. Political Prisoners. PM Press. OCLC   938890598.
  11. ↑ PHILIP SHENON (May 12, 1988). "U.S. Charges 7 In the Bombing At U.S. Capitol". New York Times . Archived from the original on 2020-05-03. Retrieved 2020-04-04.
  12. ↑ Horowitz, David (September 4, 2001). "Pardoned, but unforgiving". Salon.
  13. ↑ Czopek, Madison (2022-02-22). "A far-left group bombed the Capitol in 1983. Here's how that's different from the Jan. 6 attack". Politifact . Archived from the original on 2022-06-17. Retrieved 2022-06-17.
  14. ↑ "Elizabeth Anna Duke". Archived from the original on 2017-05-23. Retrieved 2017-06-04.
  15. ↑ "FBI still seeks suspect in '81 JFK terror attack on PA cop". Queens Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2023-07-26. Retrieved 2023-07-26.
  16. ↑ "Donna Joan Borup". Archived from the original on 2017-05-23. Retrieved 2017-06-04.
  17. ↑ Boyette, Chris (April 17, 2015). "Today's most-wanted domestic terrorists". CNN.
  18. ↑ "AND NOW FOR THE REST OF THE STORY". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2019-05-02. Retrieved 2019-05-17.
  19. ↑ Farber, M.A. (February 16, 1982). "BEHIND THE BRINK'S CASE: RETURN OF THE RADICAL LEFT". The New York Times.
  20. ↑ Gold, Michael (April 18, 2019). "Getaway Driver In a 1981 Heist Receives Parole". The New York Times.
  21. ↑ Oakley, Robert (August 1986). "International Terrorism". Department of State Bulletin.
  22. ↑ "RULES ON F.B.I.'S SURVEILLANCE OF POLITICAL GROUPS TO CHANGE". The New York Times. June 25, 1982.
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