Eva Moskowitz

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The first Success Academy Charter School opened in 2006, with Moskowitz serving as Principal. There were 165 students. The school was co-located in a building in Harlem with two other zoned district public schools. [36] [37] [38] According to the podcastStartUp, Moskowitz had succeeded in closing the achievement disparity between disadvantaged students and more elite public-school students in New York in standardized tests as required by the New York State Education Department for students in grades three and eight. With these unprecedented test scores, Moskowitz earned the support of the media, wealthy donors, including Wall Street hedge fund executives, and those with political power, such New York's Governor, David Paterson, and Mayor Bloomberg, who said that the Harlem Success Academy was "the poster child for this country." [39] President Barack Obama also recognised charter schools as being crucial in reforming the education system. [39] In March 2010, The Economist said that Harlem was viewed as the home of the charter-school movement due to the success of Harlem Success Academy. [39]

The day after her electoral defeat on September 15, 2005, Moskowitz met with Petry and Greenblatt who convinced her to lead their proposed charter school network. [40] [20] They became the Success Academy network's key funders that contributed to its growth [20] starting with Harlem Success Academy. [41] In 2008, three more schools opened. [42]

By 2012, Success Academy Charter School Inc. had made over eight million dollars in savings and cash investments, and it had spent over one million dollars on outreach services. [7] In the 2010 fiscal year, Success Charter Network has raised $4.8 million from private funding along public funds from three levels of government. [20] By 2010, charter schools had become a "favorite cause" of many of the founders of New York hedge funds, such as Anchorage Capital Group, Greenlight Capital, and Pershing Square Capital Management with over $15 billion assets under management, who used their fortunes as members of Democrats for Education Reform, (DFER) to influence educational policy [43] and push for education reform. [44] These wealthy hedge fund executives provided a significant counterweight from the political sphere to the teachers in the educational sphere who opposed charter schools. [43] Joe Williams, author of Cheating Our Kids: How Politics and Greed Ruin Education, [45] was DFER's CEO.

In 2015, hedge fund manager John Paulson, a major Trump ally, donated $8.5 million to Success. [46] By December 2017, Success Academy included 45 schools, with schools in every borough of New York except Staten Island, [19] with 17,000 students. [47] According to a 2017 article in New Yorker, it was Moskowitz' wish that she would be running 100 schools within a decade. [19]

Controversy

In an October 2015, PBS NewsHour feature, PBS special correspondent for education, John Merrow, reported on the high-profile network of charter schools in New York City. [48] A representative of a Success Academy charter school that shares the same building with a zoned public school in Brooklyn, New York, said that they did use out-of-school suspension for kindergartners and first graders. In 2014, in one school alone, 44 out-of-school suspensions were issued to 203 kindergartners and first graders. [48] A mother and her son, who was a student at the school, described the negative impact of these suspensions and how this led her to transfer her son to another school. In response to the criticism, Moskowitz wrote a detailed letter which included the young boy's school records—and his offenses. Moskowitz sent the letter to PBS, to education reporters, posted it on the Success website, and included it in her 2017 book. [49] In 2019, the US Department of Education found that these disclosures violated the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA). [50] [51] Success Academy again violated a former student's privacy rights when school officials disclosed the details of her educational records to a reporter. [52] In 2020, the New York State Education Department found the school had violated the New York State student privacy law. [53]

In 2017, hedge fund manager and Success Academy network board chair Daniel Loeb compared Democratic State Senate leader Andrea Stewart-Cousins, a black woman, to a member of the Ku Klux Klan. [54] Moskowitz retained Loeb as chairman after he deleted the post and apologized, stating that opponents of charter schools were using the incident as an opportunity to call out the entire charter system.

In Midtown Manhattan June 2018, students from Success Academy's new flagship high school, took to the streets to protest Moskovitz's policies, including the "no excuses" disciplinary policies. [55] In January 2018, Moskowitz—who was concerned the high school's principal and teachers were not being strict enough-took a measure of installing her desk in the school hallway to more closely monitor students [56] [57] As the number of new rules and severity of the consequences, increased, the students organized their first protest in the high school itself. [55] These students and their parents had been attending protests against the Mayor of New York, organized by Moskowitz, for years. [55] Moskowitz removed some rules and decreased the punishments. [55] Gimlet described the final year of the first Success Academy's graduation class, as one that was tumultuous and chaotic. [55] At the end of the school year, Moskowitz faced the ire of some parents during a school meeting. [55] Some of them were expressed feelings of guilt, worry and alarm at what was happening to their teenagers. [55] One raised concerns about the mean culture of the school, and another about the harsh manner in which teachers would talk to the students and the impact that this would have on them. [55] However, not all parents agreed.

By 2019, according to The Washington Post , the Success Academy network of 47 schools serving 17,000 students, is the "highest-performing and most criticized educational institution in New York", and perhaps in the United States. [58]

Charter school advocacy

In December 2014, Moskowitz said that public education in the U.S. is lacking in rigor. She said that children must be challenged, [59] as well as engaged, in order for them to want to be at school. [60]

In her May 15, 2015 acceptance speech of the Manhattan Institute's Alexander Hamilton Award, Moskowitz promoted "school choice" [61] which was first proposed in 1955. [Notes 1] [62] Moskowitz praised the use of tax credits as a powerful tool that allows parents' to "vote with their feet." [61]

Moskowitz believes that many underestimate the aptitude of inner city, low-income students by claiming that they "cannot achieve at the highest levels." [61]

Another approach that Moskowitz uses in Success Academy schools, is the implementation of the broken windows theory, [63] popularized in the 1990s as a policing method by Rudy Giuliani and Bill Bratton. The theory has been criticized for over-criminalizing communities of colour. [64] In every Success school there is a special business operations manager (BOM) team of several full-time staff, who are responsible for non-instructional components, such as maintenance of the school and courtyard and ensuring that the school is bright, cheerful and inviting. [63] [65] [66]

Moskowitz said that there is a need for more charter schools with socio-economic and racial diversity considering that New York City schools are "shockingly segregated". [67]

In an interview with MarketWatch, Moskowitz said that education was mostly a matter for the state and local governments, but that she would continue to form new conceptions of public education considering its importance as a civil rights issue. [68]

By 2019, the charter school movement the statewide cap on new charters was near capacity. [69] [70]

Conflict with New York City

Moskowitz has been in a battle with Mayor of New York City Bill de Blasio since they both served on the New York City Council. [7] In 2018, the New York Daily News called it a "long-running war between Moskowitz and New York's charter-skeptic mayor. [71] Under Mayor Michael Bloomberg, the number of charter schools in New York increased from 17 charter schools in 2002, to 183 in 2013. [72]

In a November 28, 2011 interview with the New York Daily News Editorial Board, Moskowitz emphasised the need for great schools and that this would only occur with a reform-minded administration. [73] By November 2011, Moskowitz was concerned about Bloomberg's potential replacement in the 2013 mayoral election. At that time de Blasio was already dubbed as an obstructionist of the charter schools, by the Daily News. Bloomberg had proven to be a strong effective advocate for charter schools in the City. By 2011, Moskowitz already had opened nine successful charter schools and had five more schools that she was preparing for opening. She told the Daily News that she was considering running for the office of mayor. [73]

Moskowitz's opposition to de Blasio intensified as she advocated for an end to caps on charter schools in general, and for Success Academy in particular. During his mayoral campaign de Blasio, in June 2013, said that he would end the policy of providing free rent for charter schools that shared buildings with district zoned public schools run by the Department of Education. Charter schools, such as Success Academy are co-housed with public schools and have access to utilities, janitorial services, and school-safety officials for free. De Blasio, said that he would end free rent for some co-located charter schools. [7] Charter schools are funded by the public but are autonomously owned and operated. [20] Charter schools can "add revenue from private sources, lengthen their academic day and year," and are in control of their own curriculum. [20] De Blasio, who had served on City of New York's Council Education Committee with Moskowitz for four years, singled out Success Academy in his comments. [74] [7]

De Blasio is a strong supporter of teachers unions, whereas charter schools are under no obligation to hire or retain non-unionized teachers. [20] By 2014, only about 12 percent of the charter schools were unionized. [75]

De Blasio's stance against charter schools was just one aspect of what was described as a rebellion against corporate-friendly education policies in New York. [76]

As New York Mayor, de Blasio announced in March 2014, that he was disapproving three of Success Academy's co-locations that had been approved under his predecessor, Bloomberg, due to concerns of placing young children in high schools or displacing special needs public school students. [77] Some in the media called this de Blasio's war on charter schools and minority students. Moskowitz, who was called a fierce critic de Blasio's, closed all of 22 Success Academy schools on March 4, 2013, and encouraged the staff, students to participate in what would be one of the largest civic field trips, with thousands of students, parents and teachers rallying in Albany. [78] [74] Moskowitz was criticized for seeking the support of hedge fund managers and other influential financial leaders on Wall Street in her fight against de Blasio. [79] Moskowitz, along with the allied charter school PAC StudentsFirst, contributed over $4 million to New York State Senate Republican campaigns, helping them maintain control of the chamber, to foster legislation for further privatization. [80] [81] [82]

Moskowitz founded and directs the Great Public Schools Political Action Committee (PAC) that supports charter schools, following an election in which a pro-Success Academy candidate lost. [83] : 382–3  [84] In the 2011–2012, the Great Public Schools (PAC) gave $50,000 to Andrew Cuomo 2014, Inc. [85]

Selected publications and films

In 1993, Moskowitz wrote, produced and directed the VHS-only Some Spirit in Me, which examined the feminist movement from non-prominent activists. [86] In 1996 she published a Journal of Women's History article on the work of Betty Friedan. [87] In 2001, Moskowitz released the book In Therapy We Trust. [88] The book argued that the American emphasis on self-fulfillment damages civic engagement. [89] In 2012, she co-authored Mission Possible: How the Secrets of the Success Academies Can Work in Any School with Arin Lavinia. [90] [91] In 2017, HarperCollins published her memoir, The Education of Eva Moskowitz. [92]

In 2010, Moskowitz was featured in the documentaries The Lottery and Waiting for "Superman" , which followed students applying to Success Academy as well as protests and legal disputes associated with charter schools. [93] [94]

Personal life

She married Eric Grannis. They have three children, [90] : 156–7  two of whom attend Success Academy Harlem East. [9]

Notes

  1. ↑ The right to choose or school choice which was first proposed in 1955, by economist and Nobel laureate Milton Friedman in an article entitled "The Role of Government in Education". He promoted the use of free market principles to improve the United States public school system. Instead of assigning children a public school based on where their parents live—zoned public schools—, Friedman proposed that parents should be able to choose their children's publicly-funded schools—public or private, religious or non-religious.

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  73. 1 2 Editorial Board (November 30, 2011). "Eva Moskowitz wants to be New York City mayor someday?". New York Daily News. Retrieved January 17, 2020.
  74. 1 2 Cramer, Philissa (September 23, 2013). "Reprising 2012 rally, charter advocates planning march for Oct. 8". The Chalkbeat. Retrieved June 10, 2014.
  75. ↑ Kahlenberg, Richard D.; Potter, Halley (August 30, 2014). "The Original Charter School Vision". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved January 19, 2020.
  76. ↑ González, Juan (September 5, 2017). Reclaiming Gotham: Bill de Blasio and the Movement to End America s Tale of Two Cities. The New Press. p. 337. ISBN   978-1-62097-286-1.
  77. ↑ Murphy, Jarrett (March 5, 2014). "De Blasio's War on Charters Isn't Much of a War". The Nation. ISSN   0027-8378 . Retrieved January 17, 2020.
  78. ↑ Carpenter, Zoë. "Were Charter Teachers and Students Pressured to Rally for Charter Schools in Albany?". The Nation. Retrieved June 10, 2014.
  79. ↑ Ravitch, Diane. "New York Schools: The Roar of the Charters". The New York Review of Books. Retrieved June 25, 2014.
  80. ↑ Bakeman, Jessica (September 12, 2014). "National pro-charter group forms New York PAC". Politico PRO.
  81. ↑ Velasquez, Josefa; Bakeman, Jessica (November 6, 2014). "Ed reformers and real estate win big in Senate election". Politico PRO.
  82. ↑ Alterman, Eric (February 13, 2015). Inequality and One City: Bill de Blasio and the New York Experiment, Year One. The Nation Co. LP. ISBN   9781940489186 – via Google Books.
  83. ↑ Brill, Steven (2011). Class Warfare: Inside the Fight to Fix America's Schools. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. ISBN   978-1-4516-1199-1.
  84. ↑ "Analysis: 127 Donors Each Gave $50,000 or More to State Committees Over Past Year" (PDF), N.Y. Public Interest Research Group (NYPIRG), February 3, 2012, retrieved July 18, 2012, document hosted online by League of Women Voters of New York State Rank 115.
  85. ↑ N.Y. Public Interest Research Group (NYPIRG), Analysis: 127 Donors Each Gave $50,000 or More to State Committees Over Past Year (document hosted online by League of Women Voters of New York State), for release February 3, 2012, as accessed July 18, 2012, Rank 115.
  86. ↑ Some Spirit in Me, OCLC 38915965, in WorldCat, as accessed September 5, 2012.
  87. ↑ Moskowitz, Eva (1996). ""It's good to blow your top": women's magazines and a discourse of discontent, 1945–1965". Journal of Women's History . 8 (3): 66–98. doi:10.1353/jowh.2010.0458. S2CID   144197986.
  88. ↑ Moskowitz, Eva (2001). In Therapy We Trust: America's Obsession with Self-Fulfillment. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN   0-8018-6403-8. OCLC   43894064.
  89. ↑ Dewan, Shaila K. (January 3, 2003). "City Council's Unapologetically Demanding Voice". The New York Times.
  90. 1 2 Moskowitz, Eva; Lavinia, Arin (2012). Mission Possible: How the Secrets of the Success Academies Can Work in Any School. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. ISBN   978-1-118-16728-1. OCLC   784126055.
  91. ↑ Hanlon, Greg (July 26, 2012). "The Limits of the Eva Moskowitz Model, at Least Until She Becomes Mayor". Capital New York. Retrieved July 28, 2012.
  92. ↑ Moskowitz, Eva (2017). The Education of Eva Moskowitz. HarperCollins. ISBN   978-0062449788.
  93. ↑ Anderson, John (June 8, 2010). "The Lottery". Variety.
  94. ↑ Resmovits, Joy (May 25, 2011). "NYC Teachers Counter 'Waiting For Superman' With Film Of Their Own" . Retrieved February 2, 2018– via Huff Post.
Eva Moskowitz
Member of the New York City Council
from the 4th district
In office
January 1, 1999 –December 31, 2005
Civic offices
Preceded by Member of the New York City Council
from the 4th district
1999–2005		Succeeded by
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