| Exobasidium arctostaphyli | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Manzanita witch's broom, Monterey County, California, 2023 | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Exobasidiomycetes |
| Order: | Exobasidiales |
| Family: | Exobasidiaceae |
| Genus: | Exobasidium |
| Species: | E. arctostaphyli |
| Binomial name | |
| Exobasidium arctostaphyli Harkn. | |
Exobasidium arctostaphyli is a species of parasitic fungus that induces witch's broom galls and leaf spots on manzanita trees. [1] [2]
Galls or cecidia are a kind of swelling growth on the external tissues of plants. Plant galls are abnormal outgrowths of plant tissues, similar to benign tumors or warts in animals. They can be caused by various parasites, from viruses, fungi and bacteria, to other plants, insects and mites. Plant galls are often highly organized structures so that the cause of the gall can often be determined without the actual agent being identified. This applies particularly to insect and mite plant galls. The study of plant galls is known as cecidology.
Manzanita is a common name for many species of the genus Arctostaphylos. They are evergreen shrubs or small trees present in the chaparral biome of western North America, where they occur from Southern British Columbia and Washington to Oregon, California, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas in the United States, and throughout Mexico. Manzanitas can live in places with poor soil and little water. They are characterized by smooth orange or red bark and stiff, twisting branches. There are 105 species and subspecies of manzanita, 95 of which are found in the Mediterranean climate and colder mountainous regions of California, ranging from ground-hugging coastal and mountain species to small trees up to 20 feet (6m) tall. Manzanitas bloom from winter to early spring and carry berries in spring and summer. The berries and flowers of most species are edible.
Adam is the name given in Genesis 1-5 to the first human. Adam is the first human-being aware of God, and features as such in various belief systems.
Exobasidium burtii is a species of fungus in the family Exobasidiaceae. It is a plant pathogen.
Exobasidium vaccinii var. japonicum is a plant pathogen.
Exobasidium vaccinii-uliginosi is a species of fungus in the family Exobasidiaceae. It is a plant pathogen.
Exobasidium vexans is a plant pathogen affecting tea.
Exobasidium vaccinii, commonly known as “red leaf disease,” or “Azalea Gall,” is a biotrophic species of fungus that causes galls on ericaceous plant species, such as blueberry and azalea. Exobasidium vaccinii is considered the type species of the Exobasidium genus. As a member of the Ustilagomycota, it is a basidiomycete closely related to smut fungi. Karl Wilhelm Gottlieb Leopold Fuckel first described the species in 1861 under the basionym Fusidium vaccinii, but in 1867 Mikhail Stepanovich Voronin later placed it in the genus Exobasidium. The type specimen is from Germany, and it is held in the Swedish Museum of Natural History. Exobasidium vaccinii, in current definition from John Axel Nannfeldt in 1981, is limited on the host Vaccinium vitis-idaea. This idea is used in most recent papers on E. vaccinii.
The Exobasidiomycetes are a class of fungi sometimes associated with the abnormal outgrowths of plant tissues known as galls. The class includes Exobasidium camelliae Shirai, the camellia leaf gall and Exobasidium vaccinii Erikss, the leaf and flower gall. There are eight orders in the Exobasidiomycetes, including the Ceraceosorales, Doassansiales, Entylomatales, Exobasidiales, Georgefischeriales, Malasseziales, Microstromatales and the Tilletiales. Four of the eight orders include smut fungi. The families Ceraceosoraceae and Malasseziaceae were formally validated in 2009 for the orders Ceraceosorales and Malasseziales, respectively.
Exobasidium is a genus of fungi in the family Exobasidiaceae. The genus has a widespread distribution, especially in northern temperate regions, and contains about 50 species. Many of the species in this genus are plant pathogens that grow on Ericaceae. The comprising fungi are parasitic in nature, especially on various heath plants where they cause galls.
Frederik Georg Emil Rostrup was a Danish botanist, mycologist and plant pathologist.
John-Axel Nannfeldt, born 18 January 1904 in Trelleborg and deceased 4 November 1985 in Uppsala, was a Swedish botanist and mycologist.
Laurobasidium is a genus of fungi in the Exobasidiaceae family. The genus contains two species. One is Laurobasidium lauri, found in Europe and described by W. Jülich in 1982, and another is L. hachijoense, found in Hachijō-jima, Japan and described in 1985.
Coleophora arctostaphyli is a moth of the family Coleophoridae. It is found in Europe.
Spruce broom rust or yellow witches' broom rust is a fungal plant disease caused by the basidiomycete fungus known as Chrysomyxa arctostaphyli. It occurs exclusively in North America, with the most concentrated outbreaks occurring in northern Arizona and southern Colorado on blue and Engelmann spruce, as well as in Alaska on black and white spruce. This disease alternates its life cycle between two hosts, with the spruce serving as the primary host and bearberry serving as the secondary or alternate host. The name for the disease comes from the distinctive “witches broom”, commonly yellow in color, which forms on the spruce after young needles have been infected. Management must be carried out through physical or mechanical methods, such as the pruning of brooms or the removal of the secondary host from the area, because no chemical control measures have yet been determined to be economically effective. Generally, spruce broom rust is seen as a mostly cosmetic issue, and it is very rarely the direct cause of tree death; however, research has shown a reduction in overall productivity and health of infected trees, making it an important issue for logging and timber companies.
Hysterographium is a genus of fungi of uncertain placement in the class Dothideomycetes. It was circumscribed by Czech mycologist August Carl Joseph Corda in 1842.
Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) rankings, which were introduced in February 2013, are generated by a voting panel made up of media members. These media members are asked to vote for whom they feel are the top fighters in the UFC by weight class and pound-for-pound. A fighter is only eligible to be voted on if they are of active status in the UFC. A fighter can appear in more than one weight division at a time. The champion and interim champion are considered to be in top positions of their respective divisions and therefore are not eligible for voting by weight class. However, the champions can be voted on for the pound-for-pound rankings.
Exobasidium camelliae is a phytopathagenic fungus that infects ornamental shrubs of the Camellia genus. It absorbs nutrients from the host through its haustoria and causes the leaves of the host plant to be thicker and lighter green than usual. It forms a hymenium between cells four to six layers above the lower epidermis which is subsequently sloughed off to reveal its basidia.