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| Islam in Bangladesh |
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The Faraizi movement (Bengali : ফরায়েজি আন্দোলন, romanized: fôrayeji andolon) was a movement led by in Eastern Bengal to give up un-Islamic practices and act upon their duties as Muslims (farāʾiḍ). [1] Founded in 1818, the movement protected the rights of tenants to a great extent.
The Faraizis adhered to the Hanafi school with certain differences in practices.
The leader of the Faraizis was called Ustad or teacher, and his disciples shaagird or students (protégé), instead of using the terms like pir and murid. A person so initiated into the Faraizi fold was called Tawbar Muslim or Mumin. [2] It was a religious reform movement founded in rural areas of East Bengal. It was initially peaceful but later turned violent. The basic aim was to discard un Islamic practices. Its epicentre was in Faridpur.
The Faraizi movement was widely taken up in the areas of greater Dhaka, Barisal, and Comilla. [1]
The landlords levied numerous abwabs (plural form of the Arabic term bab, signifying a door, a section, a chapter, a title). During Mughal India, all temporary and conditional taxes and impositions levied by the government over and above regular taxes were referred to as abwabs. More explicitly, abwab stood for all irregular impositions on Raiyats above the established assessment of land in the Pargana. Such abwabs were horribly dishonest in the eye of law. Several abwabs were of a religious nature. Haji Shariatullah then intervened to object to such a practice and commanded his disciples not to pay these dishonest cesses to the landlords. The landlords even inflicted a ban on the slaughter of cows, especially on the occasion of Eid. The Faraizis ordained their peasant followers not to obey such a ban. All these heated instances added up to tensed and stressed relationships amongst the Faraizis and the landlords, who were all Hindus. [2] [ citation needed ]
The Islamic-led Faraizi movement could be witnessed in various parts of Bengal, with overwhelming Anglo-Bangla agreement for perhaps the very first time. The outraged landlords built up a propaganda campaign with the British officials, incriminating the Faraizis with a mutinous mood. In 1837, these Hindu landlords indicted Haji Shariatullah of attempting to build up a kingdom of his own. They also brought several lawsuits against the Faraizis, in which they benefitted dynamic co-operation of the European indigo planters. Shariatullah was placed under the detention of the police in more than one instance, for purportedly inciting agrarian turbulence in Faridpur. [2] [ additional citation(s) needed ]
After the death of Haji Shariatullah, his son, Dudu Miyan, led the movement to a more agrarian character. He organised the oppressed peasantry against the oppressive landlords. In retaliation, the landlords and indigo planters tried to contain Dudu Miyan by instituting false cases against him. [2] However, he became so popular with the peasantry that in the cases, courts seldom found a witness against Dudu Miyan.
The initial victories of Dudu Miyan captured the imagination of the masses and Haji sahib the greta sought Dudu Miyan's protection against the oppressive landlords.
Dudu Miyan died in 1862 and before his death he had appointed a board of guardians to look after his minor sons, Ghiyasuddin Haydar and Abdul Gafur alias Naya Miyan who succeeded him successively. The board, with great difficulty, kept the dwindling movement from falling to pieces. It was not until Naya Miyan attained maturity that it regained some of its lost strength. Nabinchandra Sen, the then sub-divisional officer of Madaripur District, thought it prudent to enter into an alliance of mutual help with the Faraizi leaders, who, in their turn, showed a spirit of co-operation towards the government. [2]
On the death of Naya Miyan in 1884, the third and the youngest son of Dudu Miyan, Syeduddin Ahmad was acclaimed leader by the Faraizis. During this time, the conflict of the Faraizis with the Taiyunis, another reformist group reached the climax and religious debates between the two schools of thought had become a commonplace occurrence in East Bengal. He was bestowed with the title of Khan Bahadur by the government. In 1905, on the question of the partition of Bengal, he lent support to Nawab Salimullah in favour of partition, but he died in 1906. [2]
Khan Bahadur Syeduddin was succeeded by his eldest son Rashiduddin Ahmad alias Badshah Miyan. During the early years of his leadership, Badshah Miyan maintained the policy of co-operation towards the government. However, the annulment of the partition of Bengal made him anti-British and he took part in the Khilafat and non-co-operation movements. Soon after the establishment of Pakistan he summoned a conference of the Faraizis at Narayanganj and declared Pakistan as Dar-ul-Islam and gave permission to his followers to hold the congregational prayers of Jum'ah and Eid. [2]
| Name | Term |
|---|---|
| Ḥājī Sharīʿatullāh Taʿluqdār حاجي شريعة الله تعلقدار হাজী শরীয়তুল্লাহ তালুকদার | 1818-1840 |
| Muḥammad Muḥsin ad-Dīn Aḥmad Dudu Miyān محمد محسن الدين أحمد دودو میاں মুহম্মদ মুহসিনউদ্দীন আহমদ দুদু মিঞা | 1840-1862 |
| Ghiyāth ad-Dīn Ḥaydar غياث الدين حيدر গিয়াসউদ্দীন হায়দর | 1862-1864 |
| ʿAbd al-Ghafūr Nayā Miyān عبد الغفور نیا میاں আব্দুল গফূর নয়া মিঞা | 1864-1884 |
| Khān Bahādur Saʿīd ad-Dīn Aḥmad خان بهادر سعيد الدین أحمد খাঁন বাহাদুর সাঈদউদ্দীন আহমদ | 1884-1906 |
| Abū Khālid Rashīd ad-Dīn Aḥmad Bādshāh Miyā أبو خالد رشید الدین أحمد بادشاہ میاں আবু খালেদ রশীদউদ্দীন আহমদ বাদশাহ মিঞা | 1906-1959 |
| Muḥsin ad-Dīn Aḥmad Dudu Miyān II محسن الدين أحمد دودو میاں الثاني দোসরা মুহসিনউদ্দীন আহমদ দুদু মিঞা | 1959-1997 |
| Muḥi ad-Dīn Aḥmad Dādan Miyān محي الدين أحمد دادان میاں মুহিউদ্দীন আহমদ দাদন মিঞা | 1997-2005 |
| Mayeen ad-Dīn Aḥmad Zubayr Miyān معين الدين أحمد زبير میاں মঈনউদ্দীন আহমদ জুবায়ের মিঞা | 2005-2012 |
| Abd Allāh Muḥammad Ḥasan Miyān عبدالله محمد حسن میاں আব্দুল্লাহ মুহাম্মদ হাসান মিঞা | 2012-present |
Dhaka Division is an administrative division of Bangladesh. Dhaka serves as the capital city of the Dhaka Division, the Dhaka District and Bangladesh. The division remains a population magnet, covers an area of 20,508.8 km2 with a population in excess of 44 million, it is one of the fastest growing populous administrative division of the world, growing at 1.94% rate since prior count, compared with national average of 1.22%. However, national figures may include data skewing expatriation of male labor force as gender ratio is skewed towards females.
Manikganj District is a district in central Bangladesh and part of the Dhaka Division. It was established in 1845 as a subdivision of Faridpur District, then in 1953, it was transferred to Dhaka District for administrative purposes. Finally in 1984, Manikganj was declared a full district.
Faridpur District is a district in south-central Bangladesh. It is a part of the Dhaka Division. It is bounded by the Padma River to the northeast. The district was named for its headquarters, the city of Faridpur, which itself was named for Farīd-ud-Dīn Masʿūd, a 13th-century Sufi saint. A separate district was created by severing Dhaka district in 1786 and was called Dacca Jelalpur. A municipality was established in 1869. Historically, the town was known as Fatehabad. It was also called Haveli Mahal Fatehabad.
Madaripur District is a district in central Bangladesh and a part of the Dhaka Division.
Shariatpur District is a district in the Dhaka Division of central Bangladesh. Shariatpur is named after the Islamic revivalist, Haji Shariatullah.
Dhaka (Dacca) is a modern megacity with origins dating from 500 BC to 200 BC. The history of Dhaka region begins with the existence of urbanised settlements that were ruled by Gupta Empire, Gauda Kingdom, Pala Empire and Chandra dynasty before passing to the control of the Sena dynasty in the 10th century CE. After the reign of Sena dynasty, the region was ruled by the Hindu Deva dynasty of Bikrampur.
Shariatpur Sadar is an upazila of Shariatpur District in the Division of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Shariatpur Thana was converted into an upazila in 1984. It is the subdistrict where the district headquarters, Shariatpur town, is located.
Haji Shariatullah was a prominent religious leader and Islamic scholar from Bengal in the eastern subcontinent, who is best known as the founder of the Faraizi movement. In 1884, the Shariatpur District was formed and named after him.
Madaripur is a town in Dhaka division in south-central Bangladesh. It is the headquarters of Madaripur District. It is named for Shah Madar, a Sufi saint who spread Islam in the region.
Bengali Muslims are adherents of Islam who ethnically, linguistically and genealogically identify as Bengalis. Comprising over 70% of the global Bengali population, they are the second-largest ethnic group among Muslims after Arabs. Bengali Muslims make up the majority of Bangladesh's citizens, and are the largest minority in the Indian states of West Bengal, Tripura and Assam.
Muḥsin ad-Dīn Aḥmad (1819–1862), better known by his nickname Dudu Miyān, was a leader of the Faraizi Movement in Bengal. He played an active role in the Indian Rebellion of 1857.
Talukdar is a historic occupational title in South Asia which is now used as a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Abul Hafez Mohsen Uddin Ahmad, also known as Pir Dudu Miah, was a Member of the 4th National Assembly of Pakistan as a representative of East Pakistan.
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Karāmat ʿAlī Jaunpūrī, born as Muḥammad ʿAlī Jaunpūrī, was a nineteenth-century Indian Muslim social reformer and founder of the Taiyuni movement. He played a major role in propagating to the masses of Bengal and Assam via public sermons, and wrote over forty books. Syed Ameer Ali is one of his notable students.
Ḥāfiẓ Aḥmad Jaunpūrī was an Indian Muslim scholar, religious preacher and social worker. As the son and successor of Karamat Ali Jaunpuri, he led the Taiyuni reformist movement in Bengal.
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Nesaruddin Ahmad was a Bengali Islamic scholar, spiritual reformer, educationist and writer. He was the main disciple of Furfura Sharif's Mohammad Abu Bakr Siddique in eastern Bengal. Ahmad was the inaugural Pir of Sarsina, having founded the Sarsina Darbar Sharif and Darussunnat Kamil Madrasa in 1915, one of the largest Islamic institutions in South Bengal and the first major alia madrasah after Calcutta. Ahmad was among the leading Islamic leaders in colonial Barisal, and his influence extended across Bengal. The Nesarabad Upazila of Bangladesh has been named after him.
Awa Khaled Rashid Uddin Ahmad was a prominent Islamic scholar, politician, social reformer, and spiritual leader; he was also known as Pir Badshah Miah. A fourth-generation descendant of Haji Shariatullah, he assumed responsibility for the Bahadurpur sufi lodge and the Faraizi movement after his father's death in 1906.
