Fencing response

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The fencing response is an unnatural position of the arms following a concussion. Immediately after moderate forces have been applied to the brainstem, the forearms are held flexed or extended (typically into the air) for a period lasting up to several seconds after the impact. The fencing response is often observed during athletic competition involving contact, such as combat sports, American football, Ice hockey, rugby union, rugby league and Australian rules football. It is used as an overt indicator of injury force magnitude and midbrain localization to aid in injury identification and classification for events including on-field and/or bystander observations of sports-related head injuries. [1]

Contents

Relationship to fencing reflex and posturing

The fencing response is similar to the asymmetrical tonic neck reflex in infants. Like the reflex, a positive fencing response resembles the en garde position that initiates a fencing bout, with the extension of one arm and the flexion of the other.

Tonic posturing preceding convulsion has been observed in sports injuries at the moment of impact [2] [3] where extension and flexion of opposite arms occur despite body position or gravity. The fencing response emerges from the separation of tonic posturing from convulsion and refines the tonic posturing phase as an immediate forearm motor response to indicate injury force magnitude and location.

Pathophysiology

The neuromotor manifestation of the fencing response resembles reflexes initiated by vestibular stimuli. Vestibular stimuli activate primitive reflexes in human infants, such as the asymmetric tonic neck reflex, Moro reflex, and parachute reflex, which are likely mediated by vestibular nuclei in the brainstem. The lateral vestibular nucleus (LVN; Deiter’s nucleus) has descending efferent fibers in the vestibulocochlear nerve distributed to the motor nuclei of the anterior column and exerts an excitatory influence on ipsilateral limb extensor motor neurons while suppressing flexor motor neurons. The anatomical location of the LVN, adjacent to the cerebellar peduncles (see cerebellum), suggests that mechanical forces to the head may stretch the cerebellar peduncles and activate the LVN. LVN activity would manifest as limb extensor activation and flexor inhibition, defined as a fencing response, while flexion of the contralateral limb is likely mediated by crossed inhibition necessary for pattern generation.[ citation needed ]

In simpler terms, the shock of the trauma manually activates the nerves that control the muscle groups responsible for raising the arm. These muscle groups are activated by stimuli in infants for instincts such as grabbing for their mothers or breaking their falls. The LVN has neurons that connect it to motor neurons inside grey matter in the spinal cord, and sends signals to one side of the body that activate motor neurons that cause extension, while suppressing motor neurons that cause flexing. The LVN is located near the connection between the brain and the brain stem, which suggests that excessive force to the head may stretch this connection and thus activate the LVN. The neurons that are stimulated suppress neighboring neurons, which prevents neurons on the other side of the body from being stimulated.

Injury severity and sports applications

In a survey of documented head injuries followed by unconsciousness, most of which involved sporting activities, two thirds of head impacts demonstrated a fencing response, [4] indicating a high incidence of fencing in head injuries leading to unconsciousness, and those pertaining to athletic behavior. Likewise, animal models of diffuse brain injury have illustrated a fencing response upon injury at moderate but not mild levels of severity as well as a correlation between fencing, blood–brain barrier disruption, and nuclear shrinkage within the LVN, [4] all of which indicate diagnostic utility of the response.

The most challenging aspect to managing sport-related concussion (mild traumatic brain injury, TBI) is recognizing the injury. [5] Consensus conferences have worked toward objective criteria to identify mild TBI in the context of severe TBI. [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] However, few tools are available for distinguishing mild TBI from moderate TBI. As a result, greater emphasis has regularly been placed on the management of concussions in athletes than on the immediate identification and treatment of such an injury. [5] [6]

On-field predictors of injury severity can define return-to-play guidelines and urgency of care, but past criteria have either lacked sufficient incidence for effective utility, [10] [11] did not directly address the severity of the injury, [12] or have become cumbersome and fraught with inter-rater reliability issues. [13]

Fencing displays in a televised game

Related Research Articles

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A coma is a deep state of prolonged unconsciousness in which a person cannot be awakened, fails to respond normally to painful stimuli, light, or sound, lacks a normal wake-sleep cycle and does not initiate voluntary actions. The person may experience respiratory and circulatory problems due to the body's inability to maintain normal bodily functions. People in a coma often require extensive medical care to maintain their health and prevent complications such as pneumonia or blood clots. Coma patients exhibit a complete absence of wakefulness and are unable to consciously feel, speak or move. Comas can be derived by natural causes, or can be medically induced.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Head injury</span> Serious trauma to the cranium

A head injury is any injury that results in trauma to the skull or brain. The terms traumatic brain injury and head injury are often used interchangeably in the medical literature. Because head injuries cover such a broad scope of injuries, there are many causes—including accidents, falls, physical assault, or traffic accidents—that can cause head injuries.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brain damage</span> Destruction or degeneration of brain cells

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Concussion</span> Medical condition

A concussion, also known as a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), is a head injury that temporarily affects brain functioning. Symptoms may include loss of consciousness; memory loss; headaches; difficulty with thinking, concentration, or balance; nausea; blurred vision; dizziness; sleep disturbances, and mood changes. Any of these symptoms may begin immediately, or appear days after the injury. Concussion should be suspected if a person indirectly or directly hits their head and experiences any of the symptoms of concussion. Symptoms of a concussion may be delayed by 1–2 days after the accident. It is not unusual for symptoms to last 2 weeks in adults and 4 weeks in children. Fewer than 10% of sports-related concussions among children are associated with loss of consciousness.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Traumatic brain injury</span> Injury of the brain from an external source

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Diffuse axonal injury</span> Medical condition

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References

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  2. ↑ McCrory, P. R.; Berkovic, S. F. (11 April 2000). "Video analysis of acute motor and convulsive manifestations in sport-related concussion". Neurology. 54 (7): 1488–1491. doi:10.1212/wnl.54.7.1488. PMID   10751264. S2CID   43197411.
  3. ↑ McCrory, P. R; Bladin, P. F; Berkovic, S. F (18 January 1997). "Retrospective study of concussive convulsions in elite Australian rules and rugby league footballers: phenomenology, aetiology, and outcome". BMJ. 314 (7075): 171–174. doi:10.1136/bmj.314.7075.171. PMC   2125700 . PMID   9022428.
  4. 1 2 Hosseini, Ario H.; Lifshitz, Jonathan (September 2009). "Brain Injury Forces of Moderate Magnitude Elicit the Fencing Response". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 41 (9): 1687–1697. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31819fcd1b . PMID   19657303.
  5. 1 2 3 Guskiewicz, Kevin M.; Bruce, Scott L.; Cantu, Robert C.; Ferrara, Michael S.; Kelly, James P.; McCrea, Michael; Putukian, Margot; Valovich McLeod, Tamara C. (2004). "National Athletic Trainers' Association Position Statement: Management of Sport-Related Concussion". Journal of Athletic Training. 39 (3): 280–297. PMC   522153 . PMID   15514697.
  6. 1 2 "Concussion (Mild Traumatic Brain Injury) and the Team Physician". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 38 (2): 395–399. February 2006. doi: 10.1249/01.mss.0000202025.48774.31 . PMID   16531912.
  7. ↑ Aubry, Mark; Cantu, Robert; Dvorak, Jiri; Graf-Baumann, Toni; Johnston, Karen; Kelly, James; Lovell, Mark; McCrory, Paul; Meeuwisse, Willem; Schamasch, Patrick; Concussion in Sport (CIS) Group (2002). "Summary and Agreement Statement of the 1st International Symposium on Concussion in Sport, Vienna 2001". Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine. 12 (1): 6–11. doi:10.1097/00042752-200201000-00005. PMID   11854582.
  8. ↑ Cantu, Robert C. (October 2006). "An overview of concussion consensus statements since 2000". Neurosurgical Focus. 21 (4): E3. doi: 10.3171/foc.2006.21.4.4 . PMID   17112193.
  9. ↑ McCrory, P; Johnston, K.; Meeuwisse, W.; Aubry, M.; Cantu, R.; Dvorak, J.; Graf-Baumann, T.; Kelly, J.; Lovell, M.; Schamasch, P. (1 August 2005). "Summary and agreement statement of the 2nd International Conference on Concussion in Sport, Prague 2004". British Journal of Sports Medicine. 39 (Supplement 1): i78–i86. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2005.018614. PMC   1725173 . PMID   15793085.
  10. ↑ de Kruijk, J R; Leffers, P.; Menheere, P. P. C. A.; Meerhoff, S.; Rutten, J.; Twijnstra, A. (1 December 2002). "Prediction of post-traumatic complaints after mild traumatic brain injury: early symptoms and biochemical markers". Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 73 (6): 727–732. doi:10.1136/jnnp.73.6.727. PMC   1757354 . PMID   12438478.
  11. ↑ McCrory, Paul R.; Berkovic, Samuel F. (1998). "Concussive Convulsions". Sports Medicine. 25 (2): 131–136. doi:10.2165/00007256-199825020-00005. PMID   9519401. S2CID   22738069.
  12. ↑ Collins, Michael; Iverson, Grant; Lovell, Mark; McKeag, Douglas; Norwig, John; Maroon, Joseph (2003). "On-Field Predictors of Neuropsychological and Symptom Deficit Following Sports-related Concussion". Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine. 13 (4): 222–229. doi:10.1097/00042752-200307000-00005. PMID   12855924. S2CID   18035638.
  13. ↑ Gill, Michelle; Windemuth, Ryan; Steele, Robert; Green, Steven M. (January 2005). "A comparison of the Glasgow Coma Scale score to simplified alternative scores for the prediction of traumatic brain injury outcomes". Annals of Emergency Medicine. 45 (1): 37–42. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2004.07.429. PMID   15635308.
  14. ↑ "Stevan Ridley's Concussion: Biomechanics of His Injury, 'Fencing Response'". Bleacher Report .
  15. ↑ "FSU's Kenny Shaw OK after being knocked unconscious". Orlandosentinel.com. Archived from the original on June 8, 2014. Retrieved 2015-04-04.
  16. ↑ Newell, Sean (19 October 2015). "Chinese Player Knocks Out Teammate with Bicycle Kicks to the Face". Vice.
  17. ↑ Schad, Tom. "NFLPA will review Tom Savage concussion protocol". USA Today. Retrieved December 11, 2017.
  18. ↑ Lyons, Dan (December 17, 2021). "NBC Sports Medicine Analyst: Donald Parham Experienced the 'Fencing Response'". Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 19 October 2022.
  19. ↑ Maadi, Rob. "Dolphins' Tua Tagovailoa Injury, Fencing Response and NFL Protocol" . Retrieved 3 October 2022.

[1]

  1. ↑ 40. Donald Parham injury brings plenty of concern on Twitter from NFL players. https://arrowheadaddict.com/2021/12/16/donald-parham-injury-brings-plenty-concern-twitter-nfl-players/ Retrieved December 16, 2021
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