| Ferrocarriles de Cuba | |
|---|---|
| Operation | |
| National railway | FFC (also: FC, FFCC) |
| Statistics | |
| Ridership | 6.7 million (2018) [1] |
| System length | |
| Total | 4,556.25 km (2,831.12 mi) |
| Electrified | 1,055 km (656 mi) |
| Track gauge | |
| Main | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge |
Ferrocarriles de Cuba (FCC) or Ferrocarriles Nacionales de Cuba (English: National Railway Company of Cuba), provides passenger and freight services for Cuba.
Ferrocarriles de Cuba uses 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) standard gauge that extends from Guane (province Pinar del Río) in the westernmost part of the island up to the bay of Guantánamo in the eastern part. The 1,024 kilometers (636 mi) Central railway runs from Havana to Santiago de Cuba in the eastern region. Most of the 4,556.25 kilometers (2,831.12 mi) system is diesel-powered with 1,055 kilometers (656 mi) electrified. The flagship Train Number 1 travels between Havana and Baracoa. Other long-distance passenger services link Havana to Pinar del Río (western railway), Cienfuegos (South branch), Sancti Spíritus, Bayamo-Manzanillo and Guantánamo. The network connects the six first-level ports in Cuba: Havana, Mariel, Matanzas, Cienfuegos, Nuevitas and Santiago de Cuba, as well as all provincial capital cities.
The Hershey Electric Railway is an electrified railway from Havana to Matanzas that was built by the Hershey Company in order to transport workers and products after it had bought sugar plantations in 1916. It is a commuter service running in northern Havana and Matanzas provinces using some original equipment. [2]
In 1836 Gaspar Betancourt Cisneros established a horse-drawn railway service called Ferrocarril de Camagüey a Nuevitas in Camagüey (Puerto Príncipe).
Cuba's railway history began on October 12, 1834, when the Queen Regent of Spain, Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies, approved the building of the first line. When the Compañía de Caminos de Hierro de la Habana opened the 27.5 kilometers (17.1 mi) line from Havana to Bejucal on November 19, 1837, the first steam railway line in Latin America. At that date Spain itself did not possess any railway lines.
The line from Havana was extended by 17 kilometers (11 mi) to reach Güines on November 19, 1839. By December 1843 the cities San Felipe and Batabanó were added to the rail network. Further extensions were opened in 1847, adding another 17 kilometers (11 mi), followed by 21 kilometers (13 mi) the next year and then 21 kilometers (13 mi) in 1849.
Havana had its first streetcar (Ferrocarril Urbano de la Habana) when its service commenced on February 3, 1859.
American-born Canadian railway builder Sir William Cornelius Van Horne helped expand Cuba's railway network in the early 20th century. He was an investor in the Cuba Railroad Company (founded 1900).
In 1924 Ferrocarriles Consolidados de Cuba was created from a dispute between Ferrocarriles Consolidados de Cuba and Ferrocarriles de Cuba.
Other railway companies formed and merged in the 1920s:
From 1940 to 1959, Cuba's railway system was modernized by the acquisition of train stock from Budd and Fiat. These trains provided medium-speed self-propelled (diesel) four-car service on the main line between Havana and Santiago de Cuba. Also after World War II, a large network of diesel intercity buses was created with four or five major carriers competing in the east–west corridor between Havana and the provinces to the east.
A few sugar factories switched over to diesel-electric locomotives to haul freight. In 1958, Cuba had more railway trackage per square mile than any other country.[ citation needed ]
The destruction of President Fulgencio Batista's so-called armoured train (it seems to have been an ordinary train carrying soldiers and weapons) by the revolutionaries in the Battle of Santa Clara in December 1958 was an important stepping stone in the Cuban Revolution.
After the revolution in 1959, the Ferrocarriles Nacionales de Cuba was created by nationalizing the private and public railway systems. MINAZ continued to operate a separate railway system, mainly to transport sugar products.
From 1963 to 1966, British Rail helped the national railway obtain newer locomotives which were based on the Brush Type 4 locomotives (later Class 47) at the time being built at Brush Traction in Loughborough, but the final assembly of the Cuban locomotives was performed in the Clayton assembly shop at International Combustion Derby operated by Clayton Equipment Company Hatton, Derbyshire. [3] After the Cuban Missile Crisis, it became harder for Cuba to buy new railway equipment because of the United States embargo against Cuba. Some trains were shipped from third countries, British locomotives were shipped from Hull using Yugoslavian ships.
Cuba's purchase of new trains and parts from the Western Bloc, stopped from the late 1960s, was replaced through trade with the Eastern Bloc. The Soviet Union delivered 107 TE-114K locomotives between 1978 and 1984 but this trade link collapsed with the fall of the Soviet Union.
Cuba was able to obtain used trains and new locomotives, from friendly nations not affected by the embargo:
Many of Cuba's trains are diesel and only a handful of steam locomotives remain for the sugar industry and tourism.
Starting in 2000, the Cuban railway network was improved by more second-hand equipment. Used vehicles came from Canada, China, Mexico, and Europe. In 2002 used light rail-cars (BR771) were acquired from Germany.
In 2006 China became Cuba's major supplier of railway equipment. China Northern's February 7 Locomotive Works in Beijing began delivering 12 DF7G-C diesel locomotives. Follow-up orders for 40 and 60 more meant 112 locomotives were delivered between 2006 and 2010. China Railway also sold some of its retired cars. [4]
On September 25, 2007, investors from the Venezuelan Bank for Socio-Economic Development (BANDES) reached an agreement with transportation officials in Cuba to invest US$100 million for infrastructure improvements and repairs to Cuba's rail network. The work was expected to help increase the average speed of trains on Cuba's railways from 40 to 100 kilometers per hour (25 to 62 mph). As part of the agreement, Cuban engineers will also work on similar projects on Venezuela's rail network. [5]
In October 2007, the Cuban railways ordered 200 passenger and 550 freight cars from Iranian manufacturer Wagon Pars. They were never delivered because of UN sanctions against Iran, Cuba purchased coaches from China instead. [6]
In May 2010 the Cuban government announced wide-ranging plans to repair the railway network, buy new rolling stock, and open four centers to train railway workers. [7]
Improved Relations between Cuba and the United States has increased interest in Cuban rail travel. [8] However, in 2017 a new US administration imposed more sanctions. [9]
In 2016 Russian manufacturer Sinara Transport Machines signed a contract for 60 TGM8 km (ТГМ8КМ) and fifteen TGM4 km (ТГМ4КМ) diesel locomotives to be delivered in small lots by the end of 2021. The TGM8 km has been designed especially to work in the humid tropical climate conditions of Cuba. New spare parts for older Russian locomotives will be part of the order. Sinara will also begin rebuilding older locomotives. [10]
In March 2017 Russian manufacturer RM Rail, who had just delivered 363 freight cars, signed a contract to deliver an additional 225. They also contracted for twenty-eight four-car passenger train-sets. In September Russian Railways subsidiary RZD International signed a contract for modernizing the system. [11] [12]
In March 2018 France's SNCF entered into an agreement to supply equipment, upgrade two shops to modern standards, and train people in both Cuba and France. Training will include repairing and renovating older equipment. [13]
In August 2018 a decree-law updated and organized the railroad laws and regulation. From September 2018 foreign corporations can operate rail lines. A Safety Commission and other administration changes were made. Part of long-term infrastructure improvements include every track having a right-of-way of at least 15 meters for railroad use only. Any land that borders it must keep a fence in good condition. [14]
As of January 2019, Sinara Transport Machines had delivered 43 diesel locomotives to Cuba as part of a contract to supply 75 locomotives by the end of 2021. A new contract for 23 LDE-2500 diesel locomotives was signed in January 2019. Prototype four-unit DMU rail-cars are being received. [15] [16] [17]
In 2019, the Cuban railways received the first delivery of new Chinese-built coaches, and new services with these began in July 2019. [18] [19]
| Model | Manufacturer | Country | Total | Notes | Image |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| G8 [20] | General Motors Electro-Motive Division | USA | 51 | Delivered 1954–1955. Similar to Indonesia BB 200 05 shown 1,100 kW (1,500 hp) B-B |  |
| TEM2/4/15 [21] | Bryansk Engineering Works | USSR | 144 | Delivered from 1964, seven locomotives of the last order for 25 Tem15 never arrived because they were still under construction at Bryansk's when the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991. Similar to #3157 shown 883 kW (1,200 hp) C-C |  |
| DVM-9 [22] | Ganz–MÁVAG | Hungary | 70 | Delivered in 1969 Similar to DVM9 #VME 1-116 shown 750 kW (1,000 hp) 1A-A1 | 125px |
| M62K [23] | Voroshilovgrad Locomotive Factory | USSR | 20 | Imported in 1975 Similar to Soviet #0093 shown 1,260 kW (1,690 hp) C-C |  |
| MX624 [24] | Montreal Locomotive Works | Canada | 50 | Imported in 1976 1,800 kW (2,400 hp) C-C | |
| TE114K [25] | Voroshilovgrad Locomotive Factory | USSR | 108 | Delivered 1978-1984 1,910 kW (2,600 hp) C-C |  |
| GMD1 | General Motors Electro-Motive Division | Canada | 20 | From Canadian National in 1999 890 kW (1,200 hp) B-B |  |
| C30-7 | GE Transportation | USA | 19 | From Mexico Similar to A.L.L. #9220 shown 2,200 kW (3,000 hp) C-C |  |
| 040-DE [26] | Brissonneau et Lotz | France | 42 | Similar to SNCF BB #63123 shown 450 kW (600 hp) B-B |  |
| DF7K-C | China Railway Beijing Group | China | 5 | Delivered in 2008 1,000 kW (1,400 hp) B-B | |
| DF7G-C [27] | CNR Beijing Locomotive Works [28] | China | 152 | Delivered 2005–2010 Similar to CR #5036 shown 1,840 kW (2,470 hp) C-C |  |
| TGM4 [29] | Lyudinovsky Locomotive Plant | Russia | 15 | Delivered from 2017. [30] Similar to Russian #0957 shown 599 kW (814 hp) B-B |  |
| TGM8 [31] | Lyudinovsky Locomotive Plant | Russia | 60 | Delivered from 2017. [30] 882 kW (1,200 hp) C-C |  |
| RDC-1 DMU [32] | Budd Company | USA | 31 | Delivered: CONSOLIDADOS-1951(11-RDC-1's & 5-RDC-2'S) OCCIDENTALES-1957(4-RDC-1'S & 6-RDC-3'S) Similar to LVRR #40 shown Passengers (RDC-1): 90
|  |
| DR VT 2.09 [34] railbuses | Waggonbau Bautzen | GDR | 57 | 771-772-791-792 series Passengers: 40-54 |  |
| Tempo Coaches | Hawker Siddeley Canada | Canada | From Mexico Similar to Rio Grande car shown Passengers (coach): 80 |  | |
| Mistral 69 Coaches | France | From SNCF |  | ||
| NSB Y1 railcar | Fiat, Kalmar Verkstad | Norway | From Norwegian State Railways Similar to NSB #1350 shown Passengers: 68-76 |  | |
| VR Dm11 DMU | GEC-Alsthom | Spain | 6 | From Finnish State Railways [ citation needed ] Passengers: 145 | |
| Coaches | Wagon Pars | Iran | 200 | Delivered 2007-2009 | |
| SV-10 DMU [35] | Muromteplovoz. | Russia | 300 | Prototypes delivered from 2013 [36] Passengers: 45-48 |  |
Freight cars were mainly acquired from Eastern Bloc countries and the USSR, whereas passenger cars are from other countries that have diplomatic relations with Cuba (Mexico, Norway, Canada and France). [37]
Transportation in Cuba is the system of railways, roads, airports, waterways, ports and harbours in Cuba:
In rail transport, a train is a series of connected vehicles that run along a railway track and transport people or freight. The word train comes from the Old French trahiner, derived from the Latin trahere meaning "to pull, to draw". Trains are typically pulled or pushed by locomotives, though some are self-propelled, such as multiple units. Passengers and cargo are carried in railroad cars, also known as wagons. Trains are designed to a certain gauge, or distance between rails. Most trains operate on steel tracks with steel wheels, the low friction of which makes them more efficient than other forms of transport.
Ferrocarriles Argentinos (FA) was a state-owned company that managed the entire Argentine railway system for nearly 45 years. It was formed in 1948 when all the private railway companies were nationalised during Juan Perón's first presidential term, and transformed into the Empresa de Ferrocarriles del Estado Argentino (EFEA).
The M62 is a Soviet-built diesel locomotive for heavy freight trains, exported to many Eastern Bloc countries as well as to Cuba, North Korea and Mongolia. Beside the single locomotive M62 also twin versions 2M62 and three-section versions 3M62 have been built. A total number of 7164 single sections have been produced, which have been used to build 5231 single-, twin- and three-section locomotives.
The Tren Suburbano is an electric suburban rail system in Mexico City. It is operated by Ferrocarriles Suburbanos with concessioned trains from Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles (CAF). It was designed to complement the extensive Mexico City metro system, Latin America's largest and busiest urban rail network.
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Railroads in Honduras were built in late 19th and early 20th centuries by two competing U.S. corporations - United Fruit and Standard Fruit. All were in the Caribbean coastal area and never reached the capital. In 1993, the combined network had 785 km. At present (2006), only three separate segments remain in operation under the management of FNH - Ferrocarril Nacional de Honduras:
Rail transport in Costa Rica is primarily under the stewardship of Incofer, an autonomous institution of the state. Incofer owns the national railway infrastructure and operates virtually all freight and passenger services, which consist primarily of commuter trains through the highly populated Central Valley. The whole Incofer network is 1,067 mm narrow gauge, although there are several small tourist railways of other gauges.
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The State Railways Administration of Uruguay, or AFE, is the autonomous agency of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay charged with rail transport and the maintenance of Uruguayan railways.
The San Martín line is a 70-kilometre (43 mi), 22-station commuter rail service in the metropolitan area of Buenos Aires, Argentina. The San Martín line operates from the city-centre terminus of Retiro north-west to Doctor Cabred in Luján Partido along a broad gauge line built by the British-owned Buenos Aires and Pacific Railway.
The Argentine railway network consisted of a 47,000 km (29,204 mi) network at the end of the Second World War and was, in its time, one of the most extensive and prosperous in the world. However, with the increase in highway construction, there followed a sharp decline in railway profitability, leading to the break-up in 1993 of Ferrocarriles Argentinos (FA), the state railroad corporation. During the period following privatisation, private and provincial railway companies were created and resurrected some of the major passenger routes that FA once operated.
The Asturias Railway Museum or Gijón Railway museum, in Gijón, Asturias, Spain, is an institution dedicated to restore, preserve and display to the public the railway history of Asturias. It was inaugurated on October 22, 1998 by the current king Felipe VI as Prince of Asturias in that moment. The centre is economically supported by Gijón City Council and it’s integrated in the museums municipal network. It’s one of the most important Spanish railways museums.
The Hershey Electric Railway, also known as the Hershey Railway, is a standard-gauge electric interurban railway that runs from Casablanca, Havana, to the city of Matanzas, approximately 92 kilometres (57 mi) to the east. There are a number of intermediate halts and a station and depot at the town of Camilo Cienfuegos, better known by its pre-revolutionary name of Hershey. The railway is the only surviving electric line in Cuba. The railway was built by The Hershey Company to transport sugar to the port of Havana. The original electric interurban cars were bought from the JG Brill Company, but these were replaced by 60-year old cars from the Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat de Catalunya in the 1990s.
Lyudinovsky Locomotive Plant is a plant in Lyudinovsky founded in 1745. In 2007 the works became part of Sinara Transport Machines.
Havana Central is the main railway terminal in Havana and the largest railway station in Cuba, is the hub of the rail system in the country. It serves for the arrival and departure of national and divisional commuter trains, and is home to the national railway company, Ferrocarriles Nacionales de Cuba (FFCC), the only intercity passenger rail transport operating in the Caribbean.
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The Havana Suburban Railway is a passenger rail network serving the city of Havana, capital of Cuba, and its suburbs. Owned by the national company Ferrocarriles de Cuba, it represents the only suburban rail system of the Caribbean island.
Tren Francés was the name of the flagship Cuban InterCity service between Havana and Santiago. Owned by Ferrocarriles de Cuba, it was operated by SNCF ex-Trans Europ Express (TEE) PBA coaches, originally used in Europe between Paris and Amsterdam, on the Étoile du Nord service and Mistral 69 coaches used in France between Paris and Nice on Le Mistral. Both of these two French flagship trains were replaced by TGV and Thalys from 1982 (Mistral) to 1996. The Tren Francés was formed by 12 coaches and a Chinese-built diesel locomotive.
Materfer is an Argentine manufacturer of railway and road vehicles, located in the city of Ferreyra in Córdoba Province. The company was established by Fiat Concord in the late 1950s, being its subsidiary until 1980 when Sevel Argentina took over Fiat vehicles.
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