Forced induction in motorcycles

Forced induction in motorcycles is the application of forced induction (turbochargers or superchargers) to a motorcycle engine. Special automotive engineering and human factor considerations exist for the application of forced induction with motorcycles compared to other forms of motorized transportation.

Forced induction in production motorcycles

Prior to the late 2010s, forced induction was only used on a handful of production motorcycles, all from Japanese Big Four manufacturers in the early 1980s. ^{[1] [2] [3]}

• Honda 1982 CX 500 Turbo / 1983 650 Turbo
• Yamaha 1982-1983 XJ 650 Seca Turbo
• Suzuki 1983 XN 85 Turbo
• Kawasaki 1983-1985 GPZ750 Turbo

Honda CX650 Turbo had a 674 CC, 100 BHP V-twin engine. It is contestably the best forced induction production bike of the 1980s from any Japanese manufacturer. The 1983 model Honda CX650 Turbos had solved the lag problems that earlier models like the CX500 Turbo had encountered. To rectify turbo lags capacity and compression ratio was raised from 7.2:1 to 7.8:1. ^[4]

Additionally, in 1978 Kawasaki offered the Z1R-TC, a semi-production model built by Turbo Cycle Corporation and sold through Kawasaki dealers. This is generally considered to be the first Japanese turbocharged motorcycle. ^[5]

The Honda, Kawasaki and Suzuki bikes were all listed on a State Farm insurance "blacklist" published by American Motorcyclist in 1989. ^[6]

21st century

A scooter with a supercharger, the Peugeot JetForce Compressor, was available in late 2003.

Kawasaki confirmed it would be re-entering the market with the supercharged Kawasaki Ninja H2, announced in October, 2014. ^{[7] [8] [9]} This was followed by the H2 SX SE sports tourer, ^[10] and for 2020 Kawasaki announced a new naked model, designated Z H2. ^{[11] [12]}

Engineering and usability challenges

Designers have been able to address packaging issues and fit turbochargers even in fully faired motorcycles. ^{[13] [14]}

Turbo lag was noted as a problem with all four Japanese turbos of the 1980s by several critics. ^{[15] [16] [17] [18]} Motorcycle engineering expert and journalist Kevin Cameron has said that turbo lag is a critical problem with turbocharger applications on motorcycles: "[U]nless you are a pure drag racer, most of your riding will be off-boost. The lower your compression ratio, the less snap your bike will have...don't expect your turbo bike to be much use in sportbike-type canyon racing." ^[19] Using a variable-geometry turbocharger can mitigate turbo lag, ^{[20] [1]} but has not yet been used in series production (the first mass market application was to late 1980s automobiles; see Variable-geometry turbocharger#History).

Writer Mick Walker has listed turbo lag along with other challenges like a higher center of gravity and heat transfer to rider due to turbocharger and associated exhaust plumbing. ^[13] Bennett noted excessive weight and complexity in addition to weak bottom-end performance. ^[21]

The German magazine Motorrad said in 2014, that a turbocharger would probably never be practical on mass market motorcycles due to cost of high-tech materials able to withstand the high temperatures of a variable geometry turbocharger, plus weight and space considerations, though they left the door open for a good supercharged solution. ^[22]

Emissions

Emissions considerations, driven in particular by carbon dioxide limits in the European emission standards, are leading motorcycle manufacturers in the 2010s to reconsider applications of forced induction. ^{[23] [24]}

In racing

In road racing, superchargers were not uncommon in the 1930s, and machines originally built for road racing also set many land speed records (see the list below for examples). Motorcycle racing in Europe went through a hiatus during the 1940s as World War II and its aftermath, and racing only restarted in 1946. ^[25] That same year, forced induction was banned from road racing by the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM), ^{[25] [26] [27] [28]} effectively relegating it to specialized forms of racing and speed record runs, discussed further below. Rules from the FIM and other sanctioning bodies cover aspects of motorcycle design as diverse as motorcycle fairing coverage, gasoline direct injection, and the use of dual-clutch transmissions, and may influence street bike design by setting public expectations. ^[29]

Drag racing

Specialized motorcycles used in drag racing, called dragbikes, are an application for forced induction, including nitrous oxide and multistage turbochargers. ^[30] The first dragbike to run the quarter-mile in under 7 seconds was using a Roots-type supercharger. ^{[19] [31]}

Motorcycle clubs

At least one motorcycle club, Turbo Motorcycle International Owners Association, has been formed to support turbo motorcycle enthusiasts. ^[32]

Notable prototypes and record setters

BMW WR 750 from 1930s, note supercharger under rider's saddle

• BMW WR 750, supercharged boxer twin, set several Motorcycle land speed records 1930–1935 ^[33]
• BMW Type 255 RS 500, supercharged boxer twin, ridden by Georg Meier to first Isle of Man TT win by non-Briton in 1939; auctioned in 2014 for the second-highest price ever for a motorcycle ^{[34] [35]}
• Gilera Rondine, 4-cylinder DOHC, supercharged, Piero Taruffi set land speed record with it in 1937 ^[33]
• Fritz Egli's turbo Kawasaki, covered in August 1988 Cycle as "world's fastest?" ^[36]
• Bill Warner's 300+ mph turbo Hayabusa, set speed record for non-enclosed bike in 2011. Warner crashed it in 2013, resulting in his death. ^[37]
• Cabin motorcycles:
  • Peraves Ecomobile, available with turbocharged BMW K1200 inline-four engine; "the only [fully-]enclosed motorcycle to enter long-term production" ^[38]
• Motorcycle land speed record streamliners:
  • Ernst Jakob Henne's BMW RS 500-based streamliner "The Egg", set record in 1937 that stood 14 years; ^[33] integral supercharger
  • NSU Delphin III, set record in 1956; rotary supercharger
  • Lightning Bolt, Don Vesco's streamliner, set record in 1978 that stood 12 years; twin turbo (2×inline-four engines) ^[39]
  • BUB Seven streamliner, set speed records in 2006 and 2009; 500 hp (370 kW) turbo V-4 engine
  • Ack Attack, has held speed record since 2013; more than 900 hp (670 kW) twin turbo (2×inline-four engines)
  • Castrol Rocket, more than 1,000 hp (750 kW) quad turbo (2×straight-three engines)
• Guy Martin's Pikes Peak Hillclimb GSX-R 1100 turbo, ^{[40] [41]} more than 300 hp (220 kW) ^[42]
• Neander Motors diesel; 94 hp (70 kW)/129 lb⋅ft (175 N⋅m) twin turbo parallel twin turbo-diesel ^[43]
• Patrik Fürstenhoff's (aka "Ghost Rider") Guinness World Record turbo Suzuki Hayabusa – first documented wheelie over 200 mph (320 km/h); c. 500 hp (370 kW) inline-four ^[44]
• Suzuki Recursion concept motorcycle; 100 hp (75 kW) turbo intercooled straight-twin
• Kawasaki's Team 38 racing team using a Ninja H2 at Bonneville Speedway recorded a 211.621 mph speed on the first pass on August 14 2018 and a return speed of 207.263 mph on August 15 to score a combined average of 209.442 mph. This was a record for the Southern California Timing Association (SCTA) P-PB 1000 class for stock under-1,000 cc displacement production supercharged motorcycles. ^[45]

Notes

1. Motorrad 2014.
2. Walker 2006,  "other manufacturers built prototypes and small batches of turbocharged machines, only the Japanese giants attempted to exploit the turbo for series-production bikes".
3. Bennett 1999, p. 57a "Neither system [superchargers nor turbochargers] has found acceptance in the mass-produced motorcycle market, although a significant effort to build turbos was made by the Japanese motorcycle makers in the early 1980s. Factory turbos were shipped by Honda (the 82-horsepower CX500T V-twin), Yamaha (the 85-horsepower XJ650T transverse-four), Suzuki (the 85-horsepower XN85, using a GS650 transverse-four) and Kawasaki (the 110-horsepower ZX750 transverse-four)."
4. Siegal 2009.
5. Smith 2013.
6. American Motorcyclist 1989.
7. Newland 2014.
8. Stock 2014.
9. Cameron 2014b.
10. Kunitsugu 2018.
11. Motorcycle News 2019.
12. Bike Sport News 2019.
13. Walker 2006.
14. Cycle World 1981.
15. American Motorcyclist 1998  said low compression ratio made for sluggish around-town riding
16. Cycle World 1981,  Problems faced by Honda included charge stagnation with twins, no off-the-shelf turbo sized properly for a bike, and packaging inside fairing. Unsolved problems included throttle lag, throttle-close lag leading to a rider sensation like a stuck throttle..
17. Bennett 1999, p. 57b,  "At the top end, they were fantastic speed machines, but only once you got into fifth and opened the throttle. Too many compromises were made ... retarded ignition timing; extra weight due to the turbo and beefed-up crank, rods, bearings, etc.; exotic carburetion; extra cooling devices and turbo lag all hurt the bottom-end performance... mechanically... the turbos were extremely complex. Riders did not buy them.".
18. Siegal 2009 quotes an expert's dry summary of these bikes' "difficult power characteristics"
19. Cameron 2008.
20. Rook 2007.
21. Bennett 1999, p. 57b.
22. Motorrad 2014, "Kompressor oder Turbo?" "Perhaps the use of a so-called VTG charger with variable turbine geometry, which improves the responsiveness of the charger at low gas flow might be accomplished. A possible but expensive option, since the VTG charger now widely used in Diesel vehicles must deal with significantly higher exhaust gas temperatures in the gasoline engine (about 1100° instead of the usual 850° for Diesel) by resorting to special heat-resistant, but also particularly expensive alloys... A lot of expensive, heavy and space-consuming techniques are necessary. The bottom line: probably too much." [Translated from original German]
23. Tibu 2014  "With the displacement of bikes being one of the key factors in the CO2 emissions, finding ways to raise or maintain the power output of the engines while lowering the cc figures seems like one solution Honda and possibly more manufacturers will have to consider very seriously in the upcoming years."
24. Gentili 2014.
25. Hough & Setright 1966, p. 153.
26. Walker 2006b, p. 33.
27. Wilson 2002, p. 50.
28. Falloon 2011, pp. 10–11.
29. Cameron 2014a.
30. Lee 2010.
31. Cycle World 1979.
32. Holmstrom & Everett 2004.
33. d'Orléans 2014.
34. New Zealand Herald 2014.
35. Hindustan Times 2014.
36. Crowe 2006.
37. Slotnik 2013.
38. Quinn 2004.
39. Robinson 2007, p. 126.
40. Inman 2014.
41. Visordown 2014.
42. Mann 2014.
43. Cathcart 2009.
44. Clink 2012.
45. Patil 2018.

References

Books

• Bennett, Jim (1999), "Mechanics and mechanisms", The Complete Motorcycle Book: A Consumer's Guide (Second ed.), ISBN   0-8160-3854-6
• Holmstrom, Darwin; Everett, Charles (2004), "The Motorcycling Community", Complete Idiot's Guide to Motorcycles (Third ed.), ISBN   1-59257-303-7
• Rook, Bill (2007), "Supercharger and turbocharger", How to Build a Harley-Davidson Torque Monster, MotorBooks International, p. 51, ISBN   9781610609692
• Robinson, Rocky (2007), Flat Out: The Race for the Motorcycle Land Speed Record, Motorbooks, ISBN   9781610609296
• Cameron, Kevin (2008), "Turbocharging, supercharging, and nitrous oxide" (eBook), Sportbike Performance Handbook (2nd ed.), Motorbooks, p. 103, ISBN   9781616730710
• Walker, Mick (2006), "Turbocharging", Motorcycle: Evolution, Design, Passion, JHU Press, p. 166, ISBN   9780801885303
• Lee, Keith (2010), Drag Bike Racing in Britain From the Mid '60s to the Mid '80s, Veloce, p. 90, ISBN   9781845843144
• Walker, Mick (2006b), The Manx Norton, Redline Books, ISBN   9780954435790
• Wilson, Hugo (2002), Hot Bikes, DK ADULT, ISBN   978-0789483966
• Falloon, Ian (2011), The Book of the Classic MV Agusta Fours, Veloce Publishing, ISBN   9781845842031
• Hough, Richard Alexander; Setright, L.J.K. (1966), A history of the world's motorcycles, New York: Harper & Row, LCCN   66018583

Periodicals

• "Race watch—Teson/Bernard Top Fuel XS11". Cycle World. September 1979. p. 85.
• "Honda CX500 Turbo". Cycle World. January–February 1981. p. 26.
• "The insurance blacklist: Like a good neighbor, State Farm is there?". American Motorcyclist . January 1989. pp. 24–27.
• Quinn, James F. (December 26, 2004). "Motorcycle stops traffic, starts conversations: Ecomobiles offer bike riders the chance to tool around under glass, with A/C and entertainment center". The Chicago Tribune .
• "Honda CX500TC Turbo". American Motorcyclist . June 1998. p. 79.
• Crowe, Paul (June 2006). "Turbo Egli Kawasaki". The Kneeslider.
• Cathcart, Alan (February 24, 2009). "Neander 1400 Turbo Diesel Motorcycle Test & Review". Motorcycle Cruiser. Bonnier Group.
• Siegal, Margie (May–June 2009). "1983 Honda CX650 Turbo". Motorcycle Classics .
• Clink (October 19, 2012). "Guinness Book Wheelie Weekend | World's Wildest Events". Super Streetbike. Bonnier Group. Archived from the original on 2015-05-04.
• Smith, Robert (January 2013). "1978 Kawasaki Z1R-TC: Turbo Power". Motorcycle Classics .
• Slotnik, Daniel E. (July 17, 2013). "Bill Warner, Who Set Speed Record on Motorcycle, Dies at 44". The New York Times . Retrieved 2013-07-22.
• d'Orléans, Paul (January 12, 2014). "Absolute Speed, Absolute Power [Part 2; 1930–1940] – A Short History of the World Motorcycle Speed Records, Part 2 1930–1940". The Vintagent. Archived from the original on 2014-09-11. Retrieved 2014-09-04. (Originally published in Café Racer magazine 'Speed' special issue)
• "Aufladung beim Motorrad: Kommt der Turbo wieder?" [Motorcycle induction: Is the turbo coming back?]. Motorrad (in German). Motor Presse Stuttgart. January 30, 2014.
• Mann, Michael (May 9, 2014). "Guy Martin aims to break bike speed record at Pikes Peak International Hill Climb". Bennetts .
• "Guy Martin wins class at Pikes Peak on turbocharged GSX-R1100". Visordown. June 30, 2014.
• Cameron, Kevin (August 1, 2014a). "Is motorcycle development stymied by FIM rules?". Cycle World .
• Tibu, Florin (August 6, 2014). "Honda Rumored to Start Manufacturing Smaller, Supercharged Motorcycle Engines". Autoevolution .
• "BMW brings together past and present on the Isle of Man". New Zealand Herald . August 22, 2014.
• Gentili, Marco (August 15, 2014). "Honda "spezza" il motore della VFR1200F e gli mette il turbo". La Gazzetta dello Sport (in Italian).
• Newland, Richard (September 1, 2014). "Supercharged Ninja imminent". Motorcycle News .
• "Bikes sold at auction: 1939 BMW RS 255 Kompressor". Hindustan Times . September 11, 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-09-10.
• Stock, Kyle (October 1, 2014). "Check out Kawasaki's totally illegal sportbike". Bloomberg Businessweek . Archived from the original on 2014-10-02.
• Inman, Gary (October 2014). "Change in Pressure". Cycle World. Vol. 53, no. 10. p. 68.
• Cameron, Kevin (November 4, 2014b). "Kawasaki Ninja H2 Streetbike! AKA "THE DISRUPTOR"—CW EXCLUSIVE". Cycle World. Retrieved 2018-10-03.
• Kunitsugu, Kent (March 28, 2018). "Kawasaki's 2018 H2 SX SE Is The Most Powerful Sport-Tourer You Can Buy". Cycle World. Retrieved 2020-07-31.
• Patil, Sagar (August 29, 2018). "Kawasaki Team 38 Set A New World Record For The Fastest Ninja H2". Top Speed. Retrieved 2018-10-03.
• "Kawasaki launch supercharged Z H2 hypernaked". Bike Sport News. October 23, 2019. Retrieved 2020-01-13.
• "Kawasaki Z H2 Ultimate Test Ride Competition victors revealed, bike pricing confirmed". Motorcycle News . December 19, 2019. Retrieved 2020-01-13.

Further reading

• Haile, Joe (1997), Motorcycle Turbocharging, Supercharging, & Nitrous Oxide: A Complete Guide to Forced Induction and its use on Modern Motorcycle Engines, Whitehorse, ISBN   978-1884313073
• Cameron, Kevin (2013), Classic Motorcycle Race Engines, Haynes, ISBN   978-1844259946
• Walker, Mick (2013), Italian Racing Motorcycles, M-Y Books, ISBN   9781783180066
• Cameron, Kevin (November 22, 2013), "Redefining high performance: Is supercharging the future for motorcycling?", Cycle World
• Florin Tibu (September 4, 2014), Hail the New Supercharged Era, Autoevolution
• Abrahams, Dave (October 1, 2014). "Kawasaki's 220kW track-day special". IOL. Archived from the original on 2016-03-06. Retrieved 2018-10-03.