Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn | |
---|---|
Born | Friedrich Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn 26 October 1809 |
Died | 24 April 1864 54) | (aged
Nationality | Dutch (born German) |
Occupation(s) | Botanist and geologist |
Years active | 1835-1864 |
Known for | Botanical and geological studies in Dutch East Indies |
Notable work | See Bibliography |
Friedrich Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn was a German-born Dutch botanist and geologist. His father, Friedrich Junghuhn was a barber and a surgeon. His mother was Christine Marie Schiele. Junghuhn studied medicine in Halle and in Berlin from 1827 to 1831, meanwhile (1830) publishing a seminal paper on mushrooms in Linnaea. Ein Journal für Botanik.
As a student Junghuhn was given to bouts of depression and he attempted suicide. He became involved in a 'matter of honor', and in the ensuing duel was himself hit, but perhaps unknown to him his opponent died of his wounds. Junghuhn fled by taking service in the Prussian army as a surgeon but was discovered and sentenced to ten years in prison. He feigned insanity, and was able to escape in the Autumn of 1833. He was briefly a member of the French Foreign Legion in North Africa but was dismissed on account of his poor health. At Paris, he sought out the famed Dutch botanist Christiaan Hendrik Persoon, who recommended that Junghuhn "enlist in the Dutch colonial army, and have yourself sent to the Dutch East Indies as a medical doctor". [1] Junghuhn did so, leaving Europe (Hellevoetsluis) in the early Summer of 1835, arriving in Jakarta (then called "Batavia") on 13 October 1835.
Junghuhn settled on Java, where he made an extensive study of the land and its people. He discovered the Kawah Putih crater lake south of Bandung in 1837. He published extensively on his many often highly adventurous expeditions and his scientific analyses. Among his works is an important description and natural history in many volumes of the volcanoes of Java, Bijdragen tot de geschiedenis der vulkanen in den Indischen Archipel (1843). He completed Die Topographischen und Naturwissenschaftlichen Reisen durch Java ( Topographic and Scientific Journeys in Java) in 1845 and a first anthropological and topographical study of Sumatra, Die Bättalander auf Sumatra (Batak lands of Sumatra). in 1847. In 1849, ill health forced his return to the Netherlands, where he married Johanna Louisa Frederika Koch on 23 January 1850, and had a son. While in the Netherlands, Junghuhn began work on a four volume treatise published in Dutch and translated into German between 1850 and 1854: Java, deszelfs gedaante, bekleeding en inwendige struktuur (in German: Java, seine Gestalt, Pflanzendecke, und sein innerer Bau). Junghuhn was an avid humanist and socialist. In the Netherlands he published anonymously his free-thinking manifesto Licht- en Schaduwbeelden uit de Binnenlanden van Java (Images of Light and Shadow from Java's interior) between 1853 and 1855. The work was controversial, advocating socialism in the colonies and fiercely criticizing Christian and Islamic proselytization of the Javanese people. Junghuhn instead wrote of his preference for a form of Pandeism (pantheistic deism), contending that God was in everything, but could only be determined through reason. The work was banned in Austria and parts of Germany for its "denigrations and vilifications of Christianity", but was a strong seller in the Netherlands where it was first published pseudonymously. It was also popular in colonial Indonesia, despite opposition from the Dutch Christian Church there. The publisher of the first volume, Jacobus Hazenberg, refused to continue his association with the work; the remaining four were published by the outspoken liberal, Frans Günst, from volume three as installments (from 1 October 1855) of the newly founded journal for freethinkers, De Dageraad (Dawn). In 1855 Junghuhn became a corresponding member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. [2]
Recovered from his ills, Junghuhn returned to Java in 1855. Highly interested in botany and its practical applications, he (together with J.E. de Vrij of Bandung) became embroiled in a bitter and extended controversy with Johannes Elias Teijsmann, hortulanus of 's Lands Plantentuin at Buitenzorg (now Bogor) and J.C. Hasskarl about the effectiveness of Cinchona species in the treatment of malaria. This controversy was conducted in public and in print with open letters to and demands on "Het Natuurkundig Genootschap"; part of this exchange of minds can be followed in Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch Indië from 1862 onwards. At his direction massive plantation of Cinchona was carried out in Java, making it leading producer of Kina (Cinchona bark). He remained on Java until his death from liver disease in 1864. On his deathbed in his house near Lembang on the slopes of the volcano Tangkuban Perahu just north of Bandung, Java, Junghuhn asked the doctor to open the windows, so he could say goodbye to the mountains that he loved. In Lembang, there is a small monument to his memory in a grassy square named after him planted with some of his favorite trees among which the Cinchona. A minor item of trivia playing into polemical discussions of Junghuhn is his surname, literally translated as "young chicken".
The fungal genus Junghuhnia , [3] and the plants Cyathea junghuhniana and Nepenthes junghuhnii are named after Franz Junghuhn.
Specimens collected by Junghuhn are cared for in herbaria across the world, including the Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Kew Herbarium, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle and National Herbarium of Victoria (MEL), Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. [4] [5]
Note that most images are lithographs after original drawings by Junghuhn
Philipp Franz Balthasar von Siebold was a German physician, botanist and traveller. He achieved prominence by his studies of Japanese flora and fauna and the introduction of Western medicine in Japan. He was the father of the first female Japanese doctor educated in Western medicine, Kusumoto Ine.
Bandung is the capital city of the West Java province of Indonesia. Located on the island of Java, Greater Bandung is the country's second-largest and second most populous metropolitan area, with over 11 million inhabitants. Situated 768 meters above sea level, approximately 140 kilometres southeast of Jakarta, Bandung has cooler year-round temperatures than most other Indonesian cities. The city lies in a river basin surrounded by volcanic mountains that provide a natural defense system, which was the primary reason for the Dutch East Indies government's plan to move the capital from Batavia to Bandung.
Ujung Kulon National Park is a national park at the westernmost tip of Java, located in Sumur District of Pandeglang Regency, part of Banten province in Indonesia. It once included the volcanic island group of Krakatoa in Lampung province, although current maps has suggested the Krakatoa island group as its own protected area, the Pulau Anak Krakatau Marine Nature Reserve.
Pieter Bleeker was a Dutch medical doctor, ichthyologist, and herpetologist. He was famous for the Atlas Ichthyologique des Indes Orientales Néêrlandaises, his monumental work on the fishes of East Asia published between 1862 and 1877.
Charles Ludwig de Blume or Karl Ludwig von Blume was a German-Dutch botanist. The standard author abbreviation Blume is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.
Muntilan is a district (kecamatan) in the Magelang Regency, Central Java. Muntilan is about 15 km south of Magelang, 10 km from Mungkid, 25 km north of Yogyakarta, and 90 km from the main town of Semarang located on the northern coast of Java. The town of Muntilan is on the old railway route between Kebon Polo station in Magelang and the main Tugu station in Yogyakarta. Tourists on their way to the well-known Buddhist temple Borobudur usually pass through Muntilan.
Nepenthes ovata is a tropical pitcher plant endemic to Sumatra. The specific epithet ovata is Latin for "ovate" and refers to the shape of the lower pitchers.
Nepenthes junghuhnii is a tropical pitcher plant native to Sumatra. This species has been the source of much confusion since its discovery. The taxon originally named N. junghuhnii by John Muirhead Macfarlane has never been formally published. In 1994, taxonomist Jan Schlauer described N. junghuhnii as a "rather dubious species based on insufficient specimens". Nepenthes junghuhniisensu Macfarlane has not been relocated in the wild since the collection of the type specimen. It is characterised by strongly petiolate leaves and appears to be most closely related to N. bongso and N. spathulata; Schlauer considers it a possible synonym of the former.
Bandung is a city in the western part of Java island in Indonesia. Beside its own city administration, Bandung also serves as the capital of the West Java province.
Albert Frederik Aalbers is a Dutch architect who created elegant villas, hotels, and office buildings in Bandung, Indonesia, during Dutch colonial rule in the 1930s. Albert Aalbers worked in the Netherlands between 1924 and 1930 and then migrated to the Dutch East Indies, after which he returned to the Netherlands in 1942 due to World War II and political circumstances following Indonesian independence. During his stay in Bandung, in a period when the city was dubbed the city of architecture laboratory, a number of his buildings were considered architectural masterpieces. Aalbers' style was inspired by expressionist Frank Lloyd Wright and modernist Le Corbusier. In Bandung, the DENIS bank in Braga Street and the Savoy Homann Hotel in Asia-Afrika Street, still carry Aalber's ocean wave ornamentation.
Johannes Elias Teijsmann was a biologist, botanist and plant collector. He was born in Arnhem, The Netherlands. His surname is sometimes spelled Teysmann, although he spelled it Teijsmann.
Johannes (Hans) Gottfried Hallier was a German botanist born in Jena.
Adolphe Guillaume Vorderman was a Dutch physician and scientist whose study of the link between polished rice and beriberi in the Dutch East Indies in 1897 helped lead to the discovery of vitamins. In addition, he was an ornithologist and botanist. His great-granddaughter is British television presenter Carol Vorderman.
Willem Hendrik de Vriese was a Dutch botanist and physician born in Oosterhout, North Brabant.
Karel Albert Rudolf Bosscha, sometimes known as KAR Bosscha or Ru Bosscha was a planter, philanthropist and administrator of the Malabar Plantation in Bandung, Indonesia.
Justus Carl Hasskarl was a German explorer and botanist specializing in pteridophytes, bryophytes and spermatophytes.
Kawah Putih is a crater lake and tourist spot in a volcanic crater about 50 kilometres (31 mi) south of Bandung, West Java, Indonesia.
Lake Bandung was a prehistoric lake located in and around the city of Bandung, Parahyangan highlands, West Java, Indonesia. believed to exist between 126,000 and 20,000 BCE in the Pleistocene due to the violent eruption of Mount Sunda that blocked the Citarum River, causing the lowlands to begin to be inundated with water, eventually forming a lake.
Cornelis Andries Backer (1874–1963) was a Dutch botanist and pteridologist. He was born on 18 September 1874 in Oudenbosch and died on 22 February 1963 at Heemstede, The Netherlands. He stayed thirty years in the Dutch East Indies and did research on plant taxonomy on the islands of Java and Madura.
Jacob Jonas Ochse was a Dutch horticulturalist, agronomist, plant collector, and botanist, specializing in tropical and subtropical botany.
A curious 'scientific' novel about Junghuhn's life is: C.W. Wormser, Frans Junghuhn, Deventer: W. van Hoeve, 1942.