GSTZ1

GSTZ1
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 1FW1
Identifiers
Aliases	GSTZ1 , GSTZ1-1, MAAI, MAI, glutathione S-transferase zeta 1, MAAID
External IDs	OMIM: 603758 MGI: 1341859 HomoloGene: 7747 GeneCards: GSTZ1
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 14 (human) [1] Band 14q24.3 Start 77,320,996 bp [1] End 77,331,597 bp [1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 12 (mouse) [2] Band 12|12 D2 Start 87,193,939 bp [2] End 87,211,497 bp [2]
RNA expression pattern Bgee Human Mouse (ortholog) Top expressed in right lobe of liver right adrenal gland gastrocnemius muscle left adrenal gland rectum islet of Langerhans minor salivary gland skin of abdomen right lobe of thyroid gland left lobe of thyroid gland Top expressed in white adipose tissue left lobe of liver brown adipose tissue proximal tubule subcutaneous adipose tissue kidney intercostal muscle yolk sac islet of Langerhans spermatocyte More reference expression data BioGPS More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function transferase activity glutathione peroxidase activity glutathione transferase activity maleylacetoacetate isomerase activity isomerase activity catalytic activity protein homodimerization activity protein binding identical protein binding hydrolase activity, acting on acid halide bonds, in C-halide compounds Cellular component cytoplasm cytosol mitochondrion mitochondrial matrix Biological process aromatic amino acid family metabolic process metabolism L-phenylalanine catabolic process glutathione metabolic process glutathione derivative biosynthetic process tyrosine catabolic process cellular oxidant detoxification regulation of acetyl-CoA biosynthetic process from pyruvate Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs Species Human Mouse Entrez 2954 14874 Ensembl ENSG00000100577 ENSMUSG00000021033 UniProt O43708 Q9WVL0 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001312660 NM_001513 NM_145870 NM_145871 NM_001363703 NM_001252555 NM_001252556 NM_010363 NM_001364306 NM_001364307 RefSeq (protein) NP_001299589 NP_665877 NP_665878 NP_001350632 NP_001239484 NP_001239485 NP_034493 NP_001351235 NP_001351236 Location (UCSC) Chr 14: 77.32 – 77.33 Mb Chr 12: 87.19 – 87.21 Mb PubMed search [3] [4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Glutathione S-transferase Zeta 1 (also known as maleylacetoacetate isomerase) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GSTZ1 gene on chromosome 14. ^{[5] [6] [7]}

This gene is a member of the glutathione S-transferase (GSTs) super-family, which encodes multifunctional enzymes important in the detoxification of electrophilic molecules, including carcinogens, mutagens, and several therapeutic drugs, by conjugation with glutathione. This enzyme also plays a significant role in the catabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine. Thus, defects in this enzyme may lead to severe metabolic disorders, including alkaptonuria, phenylketonuria and tyrosinaemia, and new discoveries may allow the enzyme to protect against certain diseases related to oxidative stress. ^[7]

Structure

Glutathione S-transferase Zeta 1 (GSTZ1) has a predominantly hydrophobic dimer, just like many other GST members. It is composed of 24.2 kDa subunits and it consists of an N-terminal thioredoxin-like domain and a C-terminal all alpha-helical domain. Both of these domains are intertwined by a linker region between amino acids 85 and 91. The active site of this enzyme is much smaller and more polar than that of other family members of GST, which allows for GSTZ1 to be more selective in terms of substrates. Also, the C-terminus is truncated and the GSTZ1 enzyme lacks the normal V-shaped dimer interface which are usually common in other GSTs. ^[8] As for the GSTZ1 gene, it is located on chromosome 14q24.3, has 12 exons, and is approximately 10 kb long. ^[7] GSTZ1 also contains a distinct motif (Ser14–Ser15–Cys16) which is seen as the active center in catalysis. ^[9]

Function

GSTZ1 is predominantly found in liver cells; more specifically, it is localized in both the cytosol and the mitochondria. ^[10] GSTZ1 is essentially known for catalyzing glutathione-dependent isomerization of maleylacetoacetate to fumarylacetoacetate, which is the second-to-last step in the vital phenylalanine and tyrosine degradation pathway. It is the only enzyme in the GST family that catalyses a significant process in intermediary metabolism and it ensures that this enzyme can be found in a variety of species from humans to bacteria. ^[11] Another function of the GSTZ1 is that it is in control of the biotransformation of alpha-haloacids, like dichloroacetic acid (DCA), to glyoxylic acid. This prevents the buildup of DCA, which can lead to asymptomatic hepatotoxicity and a reversible peripheral neuropathy. ^[10] Both functions for this enzyme requires the presence of glutathione (GSH) in order to work. ^[9]

Clinical Significance

Deficiencies in any of the enzymes in the catabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine, like GSTZ1, has led to diseases such as alkaptonuria, phenylketonuria, and several forms of tyrosinemia. ^[8] A lack of GSTZ1, specifically, leads to the amalgamation of maleylacetoacetate and succinylacetone which has been observed to cause oxidative stress. Also, scarcities have been seen to alter the metabolism of certain drugs and xenobiotics in mice. ^[12]

Most importantly, researchers have successfully genetically engineered GSTZ1 to mimic one of the most significant antioxidant enzymes, glutathione peroxidase (GPX). GPX is most known for its role to protect cells and tissues against oxidative damage by catalyzing the reduction of hydroperoxides using GSH as a reducing substrate and blocking the radical reaction caused by lipid peroxides. By protecting against this oxidative damage, GPX essentially prevents against degenerative diseases such as atherosclerosis, myocardial ischemia, heart failure, diabetes, pulmonary fibrosis, neurodegenerative disorders, and Alzheimer's disease. However, because of GPX's poor stability and paucity, it cannot be used in clinical studies and other methods must be considered. The newfound seleno-hGSTZ1–1 (or the engineered GSTZ1 enzyme) has a high GPX activity and a very similar reaction mechanism to that of GPX. ^[13]

Interactions

GSTZ1 has been seen to interact with:

• α-haloacids ^[9]
• GSH ^[10]
• Maleylacetoacetate ^[11]

References

1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000100577 - Ensembl, May 2017
2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000021033 - Ensembl, May 2017
3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. Board PG, Baker RT, Chelvanayagam G, Jermiin LS (Dec 1997). "Zeta, a novel class of glutathione transferases in a range of species from plants to humans". The Biochemical Journal. 328. 328 (3): 929–35. doi:10.1042/bj3280929. PMC   1219006 . PMID   9396740.
6. Fernández-Cañón JM, Peñalva MA (Jan 1998). "Characterization of a fungal maleylacetoacetate isomerase gene and identification of its human homologue". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 273 (1): 329–37. doi: 10.1074/jbc.273.1.329 . hdl: 10261/169859 . PMID   9417084.
7. "Entrez Gene: GSTZ1 glutathione transferase zeta 1 (maleylacetoacetate isomerase)".
8. Polekhina G, Board PG, Blackburn AC, Parker MW (Feb 2001). "Crystal structure of maleylacetoacetate isomerase/glutathione transferase zeta reveals the molecular basis for its remarkable catalytic promiscuity". Biochemistry. 40 (6): 1567–76. doi:10.1021/bi002249z. PMID   11327815.
9. Ricci G, Turella P, De Maria F, Antonini G, Nardocci L, Board PG, Parker MW, Carbonelli MG, Federici G, Caccuri AM (Aug 2004). "Binding and kinetic mechanisms of the Zeta class glutathione transferase" (PDF). The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (32): 33336–42. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M404631200 . PMID   15173170.
10. Li W, Gu Y, James MO, Hines RN, Simpson P, Langaee T, Stacpoole PW (Feb 2012). "Prenatal and postnatal expression of glutathione transferase ζ 1 in human liver and the roles of haplotype and subject age in determining activity with dichloroacetate". Drug Metabolism and Disposition. 40 (2): 232–9. doi:10.1124/dmd.111.041533. PMC   3263939 . PMID   22028318.
11. Ketterer B (Oct 2001). "A bird's eye view of the glutathione transferase field". Chemico-Biological Interactions. 138 (1): 27–42. Bibcode:2001CBI...138...27K. doi:10.1016/s0009-2797(01)00277-0. PMID   11640913.
12. Blackburn AC, Matthaei KI, Lim C, Taylor MC, Cappello JY, Hayes JD, Anders MW, Board PG (Feb 2006). "Deficiency of glutathione transferase zeta causes oxidative stress and activation of antioxidant response pathways". Molecular Pharmacology. 69 (2): 650–7. doi:10.1124/mol.105.018911. PMID   16278372. S2CID   18371360.
13. Yin L, Song J, Board PG, Yu Y, Han X, Wei J (Jan 2013). "Characterization of selenium-containing glutathione transferase zeta1-1 with high GPX activity prepared in eukaryotic cells". Journal of Molecular Recognition. 26 (1): 38–45. doi:10.1002/jmr.2241. PMID   23280616. S2CID   20923547.

Further reading

• Ketterer B (Oct 2001). "A bird's eye view of the glutathione transferase field". Chemico-Biological Interactions. 138 (1): 27–42. Bibcode:2001CBI...138...27K. doi:10.1016/S0009-2797(01)00277-0. PMID   11640913.
• Tong Z, Board PG, Anders MW (Apr 1998). "Glutathione transferase zeta catalyses the oxygenation of the carcinogen dichloroacetic acid to glyoxylic acid". The Biochemical Journal. 331. 331 (2): 371–4. doi:10.1042/bj3310371. PMC   1219363 . PMID   9531472.
• Tong Z, Board PG, Anders MW (Nov 1998). "Glutathione transferase zeta-catalyzed biotransformation of dichloroacetic acid and other alpha-haloacids". Chemical Research in Toxicology. 11 (11): 1332–8. doi:10.1021/tx980144f. PMID   9815194.
• Blackburn AC, Woollatt E, Sutherland GR, Board PG (1999). "Characterization and chromosome location of the gene GSTZ1 encoding the human Zeta class glutathione transferase and maleylacetoacetate isomerase". Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics. 83 (1–2): 109–14. doi:10.1159/000015145. PMID   9925947. S2CID   22835884.
• Fernández-Cañón JM, Hejna J, Reifsteck C, Olson S, Grompe M (Jun 1999). "Gene structure, chromosomal location, and expression pattern of maleylacetoacetate isomerase". Genomics. 58 (3): 263–9. doi:10.1006/geno.1999.5832. PMID   10373324.
• Blackburn AC, Tzeng HF, Anders MW, Board PG (Feb 2000). "Discovery of a functional polymorphism in human glutathione transferase zeta by expressed sequence tag database analysis". Pharmacogenetics. 10 (1): 49–57. doi:10.1097/00008571-200002000-00007. PMID   10739172.
• Polekhina G, Board PG, Blackburn AC, Parker MW (Feb 2001). "Crystal structure of maleylacetoacetate isomerase/glutathione transferase zeta reveals the molecular basis for its remarkable catalytic promiscuity". Biochemistry. 40 (6): 1567–76. doi:10.1021/bi002249z. PMID   11327815.
• Blackburn AC, Coggan M, Tzeng HF, Lantum H, Polekhina G, Parker MW, Anders MW, Board PG (Nov 2001). "GSTZ1d: a new allele of glutathione transferase zeta and maleylacetoacetate isomerase". Pharmacogenetics. 11 (8): 671–8. doi:10.1097/00008571-200111000-00005. PMID   11692075.
• Ricci G, Turella P, De Maria F, Antonini G, Nardocci L, Board PG, Parker MW, Carbonelli MG, Federici G, Caccuri AM (Aug 2004). "Binding and kinetic mechanisms of the Zeta class glutathione transferase" (PDF). The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (32): 33336–42. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M404631200 . PMID   15173170.
• Hui J, Hung LH, Heiner M, Schreiner S, Neumüller N, Reither G, Haas SA, Bindereif A (Jun 2005). "Intronic CA-repeat and CA-rich elements: a new class of regulators of mammalian alternative splicing". The EMBO Journal. 24 (11): 1988–98. doi:10.1038/sj.emboj.7600677. PMC   1142610 . PMID   15889141.
• Rual JF, Venkatesan K, Hao T, Hirozane-Kishikawa T, Dricot A, Li N, Berriz GF, Gibbons FD, Dreze M, Ayivi-Guedehoussou N, Klitgord N, Simon C, Boxem M, Milstein S, Rosenberg J, Goldberg DS, Zhang LV, Wong SL, Franklin G, Li S, Albala JS, Lim J, Fraughton C, Llamosas E, Cevik S, Bex C, Lamesch P, Sikorski RS, Vandenhaute J, Zoghbi HY, Smolyar A, Bosak S, Sequerra R, Doucette-Stamm L, Cusick ME, Hill DE, Roth FP, Vidal M (Oct 2005). "Towards a proteome-scale map of the human protein-protein interaction network". Nature. 437 (7062): 1173–8. Bibcode:2005Natur.437.1173R. doi:10.1038/nature04209. PMID   16189514. S2CID   4427026.
• Fang YY, Kashkarov U, Anders MW, Board PG (May 2006). "Polymorphisms in the human glutathione transferase zeta promoter". Pharmacogenetics and Genomics. 16 (5): 307–13. doi:10.1097/01.fpc.0000205000.07054.b3. PMID   16609361. S2CID   9856864.