Galdieria

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Galdieria
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Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Clade: Archaeplastida
Division: Rhodophyta
Class: Cyanidiophyceae
Order: Cyanidiales
Family: Galdieriaceae
Genus: Galdieria
Merola et al., 1981

Galdieria is a genus of red algae belonging to the order Galdieriales; [1] family Galdieriaceae. [2] It was first described by Italian botanist Aldo Merola in 1981 to differentiate it from species of Cyanidium. [3] [4]

Species: [2]

There are around 7 species in Galdieria, with cryptic species in the species complex G. sulphuraria. The species in Galdieria are extremophilic and mixotrophic, using more than 50 external carbon source for metabolism. [5]

Recently, researchers have induced haploid cell generation and sexual reproduction in G. sulphuraria(NIES-550) , G. yellowstonesis(SAG108.79) and G. partita(NBRC102759) under the condition of pH=1.0. [6] Both diploid and haploid cells are mixotrophic, but only diploid cells have a cell wall. Diploid cells can tolerate a wider range of pH, but haploid cells might dominate at lower pH. There are two haploid cell types. One is the common round cell, while the other is the 'tadpole-shaped' cell. The latter is motile, but the tail is not a cilium. Two kinds of haploid cells were found during isogamous mating. One is heterozygous. Homozygous individuals results from self-diploidization by haploid endoreduplication under acetic acid stress. The previous observation of life cycle in Galdieria was regarded as asexual reproduction, although some molecular evidence showed up to five recombination events in the calmodulin gene of a Galdieria population from Tuscany, possibly indicating sexual reproduction. [7]

This lineage mainly thrives in acid-sulfur geothermal areas (30–60 °C, pH=0.0–4.0). They may be tolerant of such extreme environmental conditions as a result of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) from prokaryotes, which accounts for about 1% of the genes in Galdieria. [8]

The unique physiology and ecology of Galdieria make it a suitable organism to investigate the adaptation and evolution of eukaryotes on the early earth. [9]

The other application of Galdieria is in the treatment of water pollution, [10] because of its mixotrophic metabolism and high tolerance to metals.

While some cryptic species likely remain to be identified, at least 15 genomes of different strains of this genus have been reported by NCBI. [11]

References

  1. ↑ Park, S.I.; Cho, C.H.; Ciniglia, C.; Huang, T.Y.; Liu, S.L.; Bustamante, D.E.; Calderon, M.S.; Mansilla, A.; McDermott, T.; Andersen, R.A.; Yoon, H.S. (2023). "Revised classification of the Cyanidiophyceae based on plastid genome data with descriptions of the Cavernulicolales ord. nov. and Galdieriales ord. nov.(Rhodophyta)". Journal of Phycology. 59 (3): 444–466. Bibcode:2023JPcgy..59..444P. doi: 10.1111/jpy.13322 . ISSN   0022-3646. PMID   36792488.
  2. 1 2 "Galdieria Merola, 1982 :: Algaebase". www.algaebase.org. Retrieved 11 May 2021.
  3. ↑ Merola, Aldo; Castaldo, Rosa; Luca, Paolo De; Gambardella, Raffaele; Musacchio, Aldo; Taddei, Roberto (1981). "Revision of Cyanidium caldarium. Three species of acidophilic algae" . Giornale Botanico Italiano. 115 (4–5): 189–195. doi:10.1080/11263508109428026. ISSN   0017-0070.
  4. ↑ Albertano, P.; Ciniglia, C.; Pinto, G.; Pollio, A. (2000). "The taxonomic position of Cyanidium, Cyanidioschyzon and Galdieria: an update" . Hydrobiologia. 433 (1/3): 137–143. Bibcode:2000HyBio.433..137A. doi:10.1023/A:1004031123806. S2CID   11634959.
  5. ↑ Barbier, G.; Oesterhelt, C.; Larson, M.D.; Halgren, R.G.; Wilkerson, C.; Garavito, R.M.; Benning, C.; Weber, A.P.M. (2005). "Comparative genomics of two closely related unicellular thermo-acidophilic red algae, Galdieria sulphuraria and Cyanidioschyzon merolae, reveals the molecular basis of the metabolic flexibility of Galdieria sulphuraria and significant differences in carbohydrate metabolism of both algae". Plant Physiology. 137 (2): 406–474. doi:10.1104/pp.104.051169. PMC   1065348 . PMID   15710685.
  6. ↑ Hirooka, S.; Itabashi, T.; Ichinose, T.M.; Onuma, R; Fujiwara, T.; Yamashita, S.; Jong, L.W.; Tomita, R.; Iwane, A.H; Miyagishima, S.Y (2022). "Life cycle and functional genomics of the unicellular red alga Galdieria for elucidating algal and plant evolution and industrial use". PNAS. 119 (41) e2210665119. Bibcode:2022PNAS..11910665H. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2210665119 . PMC   9565259 . PMID   36194630.
  7. ↑ Yoon, H.S.; Ciniglia, C.; Wu, M.; Comeron, J.M.; Pinto, G.; Pollio, A.; Bhattacharya, D. (2006). "Establishment of endolithic populations of extremophilic Cyanidiales (Rhodophyta)". BMC Evol. Biol. 6 (1): 78. Bibcode:2006BMCEE...6...78Y. doi: 10.1186/1471-2148-6-78 . PMC   1626084 . PMID   17022817.
  8. ↑ Rossoni, A.W.; Price, D.C.; Seger, M.; Lyska, D.; Lammers, P.; Bhattacharya, D.; Weber, A.P.M. (2019). "The genomes of polyextremophilic cyanidiales contain 1% horizontally transferred genes with diverse adaptive functions". eLife. 8 e45017. doi: 10.7554/eLife.45017 . PMC   6629376 . PMID   31149898.
  9. ↑ Etten, J.V.; Cho, C.H.; Yoon, H.S.; Bhattacharya, D. (2023). "Extremophilic red algae as models for understanding adaptation to hostile environments and the evolution of eukaryotic life on the early earth". Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology. 134: 4–13. doi: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.03.007 . PMID   35339358.
  10. ↑ di Cicco, M.R.; Iovinella, M.; Palmieri, M.; Lubritto, C.; Ciniglia, C. (2021). "Extremophilic Microalgae Galdieria Gen. for Urban Wastewater Treatment: Current State, the Case of "POWER" System, and Future Prospects". Plants. 10 (11): 2343. Bibcode:2021Plnts..10.2343D. doi: 10.3390/plants10112343 . PMC   8622319 . PMID   34834705.
  11. ↑ "Assembly of Galdieria :: NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 15 December 2023.
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