| Galerucella placida | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Coleoptera |
| Infraorder: | Cucujiformia |
| Family: | Chrysomelidae |
| Genus: | Galerucella |
| Species: | G. placida |
| Binomial name | |
| Galerucella placida Baly, 1878 | |
| Synonyms | |
| |
Galerucella placida, is a species of leaf beetle found in South Asia, Southeast Asia and Australia. [1] It is widely used as a bio-control agent in many rice and wheat fields to control weeds. [2] [3] [4]
Adult female is larger than male. Adult male is about 5.60 mm in length whereas adult female is 6.25 mm in length. Total life cycle of the beetle ranges from 21 days.[ citation needed ]
Eggs are bright yellow, with pyriform basally rounded and oval tip. Length of an egg is about 0.67 mm. The incubation period is about 3 days. There are three larval stages. First instar is yellowish and 1.26 mm in length. Initially second instar is also yellowish, but turn to blackish brown after an hour of feeding. Total length of second instar is about 2.64 mm. The third and final instar is about 5.59 mm in length and blackish brown. Total larval duration is about 13 days. Pupa is black and 4.58 mm in length.[ citation needed ]
Adult beetles are often used as biocontrol agents on the many invasive weeds such as Rumex dentatus , Polygonum glabrum and Polygonum orientale . [5] [6] [7] Adults are also attracted to the leaves of the weed, Polygonum orientale . [8]
It also feeds on aquatic weed Polygonum hydropiper . Adults feed by scraping the green tissues from the leaves. With infestation, remaining tissue also falls by producing a hole. Heavy infestation can cause all leaf tissue to removed with holes. Larval stages also scrap the green tissue to lower epidermis which produces holes of irregular shape. Heavy infestations with grubs lead leaves to dried up and become brownish.[ citation needed ]
The insects of the beetle family Chrysomelidae are commonly known as leaf beetles, and include over 37,000 species in more than 2,500 genera, making up one of the largest and most commonly encountered of all beetle families. Numerous subfamilies are recognized, but the precise taxonomy and systematics are likely to change with ongoing research.
Aphthona is a genus of beetle, in the leaf beetle family Chrysomelidae, native to Europe and Asia. More specifically, Aphthona are flea beetles, meaning they have enlarged hind legs for jumping away from potential danger. There are some 300 species known worldwide.
The flea beetle is a small, jumping beetle of the leaf beetle family (Chrysomelidae), that makes up the tribe Alticini which is part of the subfamily Galerucinae. Historically the flea beetles were classified as their own subfamily.
Agasicles hygrophila is a species of leaf beetle known by the common name alligator weed flea beetle. It has been used successfully as an agent of biological pest control against the noxious aquatic plant known as alligator weed.
Cyphocleonus achates is a species of true weevil known as the knapweed root weevil. It is native to southern Europe and the Mediterranean and is used as an agent of biological pest control against noxious knapweeds, especially spotted knapweed. It has recently been spotted in India.
Aphthona czwalinae is a species of leaf beetle known as the black leafy spurge flea beetle. It is used as an agent of biological pest control against the noxious weed leafy spurge.
Pyrrhalta viburni is a species of leaf beetle native to Europe and Asia, commonly known as the viburnum leaf beetle. It was first detected in North America in 1947 in Ontario, Canada. However, specimens had been collected in Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia in 1924. In 1996 it was discovered in a park in New York, where native plantings of arrowwood were found to be heavily damaged by larval feeding. The UK-based Royal Horticultural Society stated that its members reported Pyrrhalta viburni as the "number one pest species" in 2010.
The thistle tortoise beetle is a species of beetle, situated in the subfamily Cassidinae and the genus Cassida. This leaf beetle can be easily recognized by its green, rounded back and can be found on thistle plants in many regions of North America and Europe.
Diorhabda carinulata is a species of leaf beetle known as the northern tamarisk beetle, which feeds on tamarisk trees from southern Russia and Iran to Mongolia and western China. This beetle is used in North America as a biological pest control agent against saltcedar or tamarisk, an invasive species in arid and semiarid ecosystems.
Galerucella calmariensis, sometimes Neogalerucella calmariensis, is a species of leaf beetle in the family Chrysomelidae. It is commonly known as the black-margined loosestrife beetle and is native to Europe and Northern Asia where both adults and larvae feed on purple loosestrife. It has been introduced in North America as a biological control agent for purple loosestrife.
Syneta adamsi is a species of beetles from the family of leaf beetles, subfamily Synetinae.
Galerucella is a genus of leaf beetles in the family Chrysomelidae described by George Robert Crotch in 1873. It is widely distributed but absent in the Neotropics. Some species feed on waterlilies and are used as biocontrol of introduced, invasive waterlilies. Galerucella tenella feed on strawberry plants.
Gratiana boliviana is a species of beetle in the leaf beetle family, Chrysomelidae. Its common name is tropical soda apple leaf beetle. It is native to South America, where its distribution includes Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay. It specializes on tropical soda apple, an invasive plant species. It has been released as an agent of biological pest control against the weedy plant in Florida and other parts of the United States.
Phratora laticollis is a species of leaf beetle found in Europe and Asia. This beetle is found on Populus species and the chemistry and production of its larval defensive secretions and host plant relationships have been studied extensively.
Colasposoma sellatum is a species of leaf beetle from Australia and Papua New Guinea, described by Joseph Sugar Baly in 1878. In Australia, it is found around Darwin in the Northern Territory, in the north-east of Queensland and on the Torres Strait Islands. It is the only member of the genus Colasposoma found in Australia, where it is known as a pest of sweet potatoes.
Leptispa pygmaea, commonly known as rice leaf beetle, or rice blue beetle, is a species of leaf beetle native to India and Sri Lanka. It is a major pest of Asian rice.
Platypria (Platypria) erinaceus, is a species of leaf beetle native to India and Sri Lanka.
Platypria (Platypria) hystrix, is a species of leaf beetle found in India, China, Indonesia, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Vietnam.
Silana farinosa, commonly known as curry-leaf tortoise beetle, is a species of leaf beetle native to Indo-China, India, Sri Lanka, Thailand and introduced to Peninsular Malaysia.
Altica cyanea is a species of flea beetle. It is a pest of millets such as sorghum in India. It is being investigated as a biological pest control of Ludwigia adscendens, a common weed in rice fields.
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