Gavara

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Gavara is a term used to refer to four different South Indian communities.

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References

  1. 1 2
    • Mukund, Kanakalatha (1999). The Trading World of the Tamil Merchant: Evolution of Merchant Capitalism in the Coromandel. Orient Blackswan. p. 46. ISBN   978-81-250-1661-8. Kavarai (the Tamil word for Balija merchants)
    • Brimnes, Niels (1999). Constructing the Colonial Encounter: Right and Left Hand Castes in Early Colonial South India. Psychology Press. p. 106. ISBN   978-0-7007-1106-2. The Kavarais were Tamilized Balija Chettis of Telugu origin, returned in the census as 'Wadugas' or 'Northerners'.
    • Christopher John Baker, D. A. Washbrook, ed. (1976). South India: Political Institutions and Political Change. 1880-1940. Springer. p. 223. Kavarai was merely the Tamil equivalent of the Telugu word Balija
    • Census of India, 1901: Madras (3 v.). India Census Commissioner. 1902. p. 161. Kavarai - A Tamil synonym for Balija; probably a corrupt form of Gavara.
    • Venkatesa Iyengar, ed. (1932). The Mysore Tribes and Castes. Mittal Publications. p. 102. In the Tamil Districts , Balijas are known as Kavarais
    • Alpana Pandey, ed. (2015). Medieval Andhra: A Socio-Historical Perspective. Partridge Publishing. ISBN   9781482850178. The subsects of the Balijas indicate the professions pursued by them. some prominent subdivision were Gajula Balija, Gandhamvallu, Kavarai, etc.
    • Colburn's United Service Magazine and Naval and Military Journal. University of California. 1895. p. 286. Kavarai is the Tamil name for the great Telugu trading caste , Balija , who are spread throughout the Presidency
    • Kumari, A. Vijaya; Sepuri Bhaskar (1998). Social Change Among Balijas: Majority Community of Andhra Pradesh. M. D. Publications. p. 8. ISBN   978-81-7533-072-6. Kavarai is the name for Balijas ( Telugu Trading Caste ) , who have settled in Tamil Nadu
    • P. Rajaraman, ed. (1988). The Justice Party: A Historical Perspective, 1916-37. Poompozhil Publishers. p. 19. The Balija Naidus, the chief Telugu trading caste were found scattered throughout the Presidency of Madras. In the Tamil districts they were known as Vadugan and Kavarais
    • Ananda Ranga Pillai, ed. (1984). The Private Diary of Ananda Ranga Pillai, Dubash to Joseph François Dupleix, Governor of Pondicherry: A Record of Matters, Political, Historical, Social, and Personal, from 1736-1761. Vol. 2. Asian Educational Services. p. 67. The Kavarais, known also as Balijas, are the trading caste of the Telugus, and belong to the right hand.
    • Peter Francis, ed. (2002). Asia's Maritime Bead Trade: 300 B.C. to the Present. University of Hawaii Press. p. 36. ISBN   9780824823320. The Kavarai and the Balija are equivalent and occupied low positions ( Baines 1912 , 97 )
    • S. N. Sadasivan, ed. (2000). A Social History of India. APH Publishing. p. 284.
    • Jervoise Athelstane Baines, ed. (1912). Ethnography: Castes and Tribes. Vol. 28. K.J. Trübner. p. 36.
    • R. Nagaswamy, ed. (1997). Studies in South Indian History and Culture. V.R. Ramachandra Dikshitar Centenary Committee. p. 321.
    • N. Rajasekharan Nair, A. G. Natarajan, ed. (2007). Dravidian Phonology. Centre of Advanced Study in Linguistics, Annamalai University. p. 214.
  2. ↑ Vijaya, M.; Kanthimathi, S.; Srikumari, C. R.; Reddy, P. Govinda; Majumder, P. P.; Ramesh, A. (2007). "A Study on Tamil – Speaking Immigrants of Andhra Pradesh, South India" (PDF). International Journal of Human Genetics. 7 (4): 303–306. doi:10.1080/09723757.2007.11886010. S2CID   55044174.
  3. ↑
    • K. Ramachandra Murty, ed. (2001). Parties, Elections, and Mobilisation. Anmol Publications. p. 18. ISBN   9788126109791. The Vysyas (Komati) are the most important traditional Telugu trading caste comprising 3 per cent of the State population. They are broadly divided into two endogamous sub-castes, viz., Gavara Komatis and Kalinga Komatis.
  4. 1 2 Singh, K. S. (1992). People of India: Andhra Pradesh. Anthropological Survey of India. ISBN   978-81-7671-006-0.
  5. ↑ Tapper, Bruce Elliot (1987). Rivalry and Tribute: Society and Ritual in a Telugu Village in South India. Hindustan Publishing Corporation. ISBN   978-81-7075-003-1.
  6. 1 2 Murthy, B. E. V. V. Narasimha (1989). Entrepreneurship in Small Towns. Mittal Publications. p. 91.
  7. ↑ "Kapu, Gavara votes to determine Anakapalli assembly seat's fate". The Times of India. 2 April 2019. ISSN   0971-8257 . Retrieved 10 June 2023.
  8. ↑
    • K. S. Singh, ed. (1992). People of India: pt.1-3 Kerala. Vol. 27. Anthropological Survey of India. p. 596. The Kavara also known as Gavara are distributed mainly in Ernakulam , Palakkad and Thrissur districts . The community perceives its distribution at medium range and its identification is at the regional level. Iyer ( 1981 ) writes that Kavara is a Tulu caste , found in the Chittur taluk of the Cochin State , who speak mutilated form of Tulu and make wicker work of all kinds. The Kavara still speak a mutilated form of Tulu language , called Kavara dialect with family members . With others they speak malayalam.
    • David Levinson, ed. (1991). Encyclopedia of World Cultures: South Asia. G.K. Hall. p. 325. Kavara A Tulu - speaking caste found in northern and central Kerala . They do wicker work
    • P. R. G. Mathur, ed. (1994). Applied Anthropology and Challenges of Development in India. Punthi-Pustak. p. 356. ISBN   9788185094793.
  9. ↑
    • Nagendra Kr Singh, ed. (2006). Global Encyclopaedia of the South Indian Dalit's Ethnography. Global Vision Pub House. p. 340.
    • Ajit K. Danda, S. B. Chakrabarti, ed. (1989). L.K. Ananthakrishna Iyer: 125th Birth Anniversary Tribute. Ministry of Human Resource Development, Department of Culture, Government of India. p. 118. Kavaras and Gavaras have been again listed as separate Scheduled Castes lifting the area restrictions within Kerala. As already mentioned that the Kavara / Gavaras subsist on basket making . They speak some kind of Tulu - Malayalam dialect.
    • Pradip . K Bhowmick, ed. (2002). Man and Life. Vol. 28. Institute of Social Research and Applied Anthropology. p. 58, 59. Kavara is one of those castes belonging to the sixty - eight Scheduled Castes of Kerala. They subsist on basket - making and are mainly found in the district of Palhgat.


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