Gerakan Pramuka Indonesia

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Gerakan Pramuka
Gerakan Pramuka.png
Official emblem
Pramuka, Tunas Kelapa.svg
Sprouting coconut seed, its simplified logo
Headquarters Gambir, Jakarta
Country Indonesia
Founded14 August 1961;61 years ago (1961-08-14) (first public parade of unified scout movement)
Founder Government of Indonesia under the Sukarno Guided Democracy administration
Hamengkubuwono IX, first Chief Scout
Membership21,599,748 (2011)
Chief ScoutPolice Commissioner Gen. (ret.) Budi Waseso
Affiliation World Organization of the Scout Movement
Website
www.pramuka.or.id (National Quarter)
www.pramuka.id (official news website)
WikiProject Scouting uniform template male background.svg
WikiProject Scouting uniform template male redwhite scarf shirt short sleevesM.svg
WikiProject Scouting uniform template male beretM.svg
WikiProject Scouting uniform template male trousers.svg
WikiProject Scouting fleur-de-lis dark.svg  Scouting portal
Ensign of Pramuka Movement Gerakan Pramuka ensign.png
Ensign of Pramuka Movement

The Pramuka Movement of Indonesia (Indonesian : Gerakan Pramuka Indonesia), [1] officially the Praja Muda Karana Scouting Movement (Indonesian : Gerakan Kepanduan Praja Muda Karana), is the national scouting organization of Indonesia. Scouting was founded in the Dutch East Indies in 1912, and Indonesia became a member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement (WOSM) in 1953. Its membership is compulsory for students. [2] It has 21,599,748 members (as of 2011), [3] making it the world's largest Scout association.

Contents

The organization was established on 14 August 1961 as a part of the late Sukarno government's attempt to create a Scouting-like movement "freed from (the influences of) Baden-Powell", [4] a goal largely reversed under the succeeding Suharto government. August 14 is celebrated as Pramuka Day to honour the organisation's first public parade in 1961, wherein independence hero Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX of Yogyakarta was appointed as the first Chief Scout of the GPI.

With the 2013 education curriculum in effect, it is compulsory for all Indonesian students to join the scout movement as scouting is officially one of the study units in the curriculum. This contributes to the movement's recognition as the world's largest.

Unlike other Scouting organizations the GPI uses a full military salute instead of the usual Scout sign and salute, honoring the fighting youth of the foundational organizations that formed the GPI for their service during the long Indonesian National Revolution (1945–49).

Etymology

The name Pramuka was derived from the acronym of "Praja muda karana", (Sanskrit: young people willing to work). But before this abbreviation was established, the word was originally proposed by Hamengkubuwono IX from the Javanese term poromuko (pronounced /pramukɔ/; lit. "front line soldier"). In W.J.S Poerwadarminta's 1939 Javanese Bausastra Dictionary, pramuka means pangarep or lelurah, which means "leader". The Pramuka word in Indonesia is currently often used as a term for scouting.

History

Colonial Period

Indonesian Scouting organisations around the 1920s. Indonesische Nationale Padvinderij Organisatie photo.jpg
Indonesian Scouting organisations around the 1920s.
Boy Scouts from the Netherlands Indies at the World Scout Jamboree in the Netherlands (1937)

Scouting came to Dutch East Indies in 1912, as a branch of the Nederlandse Padvinders Organisatie (NPO, Netherlands Pathfinder Organisation). After the oubreak of World War I had its own large quartier, it was called the Vereeniging Nederlandsch Indische Padvinders (Association of Dutch Indies Pathfinders). Other Scouting organizations were established by the Indonesia Scouts in 1916. [5] As the Dutch East Indies, Indonesia had been a branch of the Netherlands Scout Association, yet Scouting was very popular, and had achieved great numbers and standards.[ citation needed ]

The Scouting organisation initiated by Indonesians was the Javaansche Padvinders Organisatie ; established at the initiative of S.P. Mangkunegara VII in 1916.

As scouting organizations sprung up, scouting became inline with the national movement. Scouting organizations that sprung are the "Padvinder Muhammadiyah" which in 1920 changed its name to "Hizbul Wathan" (HW); [6] [7] "Nationale Padvinderij" founded by Budi Utomo; [8] Syarikat Islam established "Syarikat Islam Afdeling Padvinderij" which was later changed to "Syarikat Islam Afdeling Pandu" and is better known as SIAP, [9] Nationale Islamietische Padvinderij (NATIPIJ) established by Jong Islamieten Bond (JIB) and Indonesisch Nationale Padvinders Organisatie (INPO) established by Pemuda Indonesia. [8]

Flag of Indonesische Nationale Padvinderij Organisatie Flag of Indonesische Nationale Padvinderij Organisatie.jpg
Flag of Indonesische Nationale Padvinderij Organisatie

In 1923, the Scouting movement in Indonesia gained ground by the full establishment of the (Dutch) Nationale Padvinderij Organisatie (NPO) in Bandung. [10] In Jakarta, the Jong Indonesische Padvinders-Organisatie (JIPO) was established in the same year. [10] [5] These two forerunner organisations of scouting in Indonesia merged into one, named the Indonesische Nationale Padvinderij Organisatie (INPO) in Bandung in 1926. [10] Outside Java, West Sumatran religious school students founded El-Hilaal scouting in 1928. [11]

The desire for unity for Indonesian scouting organisations at that time appeared to begin with the formation of PAPI, namely "Persaudaraan Antara Pandu Indonesia", a federation of Pandu Kebangsaan, INPO, SIAP, NATIPIJ and PPS on 23 May 1928. This federation could not last long, due to the intention of fusion, as a result in 1930 the Kepanduan Bangsa Indonesia (KBI) was founded by figures from Jong Java Padvinders / Pandu Kebangsaan (JJP / PK), INPO and PPS (JJP-Jong Java Padvinderij); PK-Pandu Kebangsaan). PAPI later evolved into the Central Body of the Indonesian Scouting Fraternity (BPPKI) in April 1938.

Between 1928-1935, the Indonesian scouting movement emerged, both with a national and religious mindset. scouts with a national mindset can be noted as Pandu Indonesia (PI), Padvinders Organisatie Pasundan (POP), Pandu Kesultanan (PK), Sinar Pandu Kita (SPK) and Kepanduan Rakyat Indonesia (KRI). Meanwhile, those who follow the religious mindset founded Pandu Ansor, Al Wathoni, Hizbul Wathan, Indonesian Islamic Scouting (KII), Islamitische Padvinders Organisatie (IPO), Tri Darma (Christian), Indonesian Catholic Scouting (KAKI), Indonesian Christian Scouting (KMI).

In an effort to foster unity, the Central Board of the Indonesian Scouting Fraternity (BPPKI) planned an "All Indonesian Jamboree". This plan underwent several changes both in the time of implementation and the name of the activity, which was later agreed to be replaced with "Perkemahan Kepanduan Indonesia Oemoem" abbreviated as PERKINO and held on 19-23 July 1941 in Yogyakarta. [8] [12]

Netherlands Indies stamp from 1937 5th World Scout Jamboree Netherlands East Indies stamp 1937.png
Netherlands Indies stamp from 1937

After Independence

When Indonesia became an independent country, there were more than 60 separate Boy Scout and Girl Guide organizations. Most were directly affiliated with some certain political parties or social groups. And there was one national organization - the People's Scouts (Pandu Rakyat Indonesia), founded on 27–29 December 1945, just almost half a year since independence, in its 1st Congress in Surakarta. Attempts were made to unify all Scout organizations into one. The fact that Indonesia is made up of many islands made administration and supervision difficult, and the Japanese occupation caused some twenty separate Scout organizations to spring up, and it took time for them to coalesce. In September 1951, in a Jakarta conference, the People's Scouts, recognized by the Ministry of Education twice in 1947 and 1950 as the official Scout organization of the young nation, and the other 12 of the stronger Scout and Guide organizations nationwide met and decided to found a federating body to satisfy national and international needs. Representatives of these organizations decided that the time had come to merge into one national organization for Indonesian Scouting and Guiding.

With their cooperation, the Ikatan Pandu Indonesia (Ipindo, Indonesian Scouting Union) came into being. Government approval of Ipindo was granted on 22 February 1952, and President Sukarno consented to become patron of the unifying and correlating National Scout Council. With the formation of Ipindo, Indonesia became a full member of the World Organization of the Scout Movement in 1953 [13] as an organization of its Asia-Pacific Region. In 1955 the Ipindo hosted the country's first Scout Jamboree in Pasar Minggu, South Jakarta.

With the beginning of the Guided Democracy period came a period of unification of all Scout and Guide organizations into one. On 9 March 1961, in the State Palace of Jakarta, in the presence of Ipinido representatives and those of other organizations, President Sukarno gave his blessing for the unification of Indonesian Scouting and Guiding into one national organization. With the April 1961 decision to merge the Fadjar Harapan Pioneer movement organization (founded in 1959) into Ipindo and other organizations, the establishment of a single Scout Movement organization in Indonesia called "Gerakan Pramuka" was officially completed.

On 20 May 1961, President Sukarno signed a presidential regulation formally declaring Gerakan Pramuka as the official Scout and Guide organization in Indonesia and official heir and successor to the legacies of the former Scout and Guide organizations of the republic, inheriting thus Indonesia's membership in WOSM from Ipindo. On 30 July, at the Istora Gelora Bung Karno in Jakarta, the GPI was officially launched as the country's national co-ed Scouting and Guiding organization on the basis of the existing organizations in the republic.

Gerakan Pramuka is a former member of the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts, having left WAGGGS and added the girls' program to WOSM also in 2002.

After Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX, other Indonesian recipients of the Bronze Wolf , the only distinction of the World Organization of the Scout Movement, awarded by the World Scout Committee for exceptional services to world Scouting, include Abdul Azis Saleh in 1978, John Beng Kiat Liem in 1982 and retired Lieutenant General Mashudi in 1985.

Gerakan Pramuka was made into a compulsory extracurricular activity in 2013 with the adoption of Kurikulum 2013, the Indonesian school curriculum of 2013. Despite that, schools, especially elementary schools, have made Pramuka into a compulsory extracurricular activity long before this policy. [14] [15]

Founding Organizations

By the time the GPI was founded in 1961, the following organizations helped in its formation:

Programme

Headquarters of National Quarter (Kwartir Nasional) in Jakarta Gedung Pramuka - panoramio.jpg
Headquarters of National Quarter (Kwartir Nasional) in Jakarta

The Pramuka Movement incorporates both boys and girls. It is an educational movement through Scouting activities, the education being directed toward a new, just, peaceful and prosperous Indonesian community based on the national ideology.[ citation needed ] Activities of the boys and girls are conducted separately from one another. They have joint activities whenever possible and necessary. Management of the Scout Movement is carried out by the National Quarter (Kwartir Nasional or Kwarnas).

Education for young members is carried out through activities to achieve General Skill Requirements (Syarat Kecakapan Umum/SKU) and Special Skill Requirements (Syarat Kecakapan Khusus/SKK) (merit badge system) towards achieving Garuda Scout.

To achieve the goals of Scouting, activities are carried out on the group and national level. Routine activities are focused on the development of character, patriotism, physical fitness, skill and intelligence of the Scouts themselves which are very important for their future life. Activities of the special troops are organized in order to develop specific personal interest and talent and enable them to serve the community with the knowledge, ability and skill he/she have learned.

The Scouts take an active part in community development service projects. They take an active part in combating illiteracy. The success of the campaign against illiteracy in one province, gained the Scouts worldwide recognition and won them a UNESCO award.[ citation needed ]

The Scouts also participate in the drive to improve health and nutrition in the community, especially children under five years of age. Acting as extension workers, they practice how to raise cattle, fish, breed hens and grow vegetables.

Membership badge

The Scout emblem incorporates the seed of the coconut palm, a common native Indonesian plant and all parts of which are used in Indonesian everyday life, symbolizing the philosophy of a true Scout, who must make him or herself useful in all aspects of life. The seed form represents the growing spirit, physical toughness, adaptability, and high aspiration of the Scout. The logo is in maroon. The logo is the basis of the wider membership badge, which also incorporates the star, rice paddy and cotton from the national coat of arms Garuda Pancasila.

Age groups

Gerakan Pramuka is divided in two major educational groups: the member section and the adult section. The first is divided in further age-groups with different educational systems, the second provides the leaders and supports the younger members.

The officially recognized age-groups are:

A much younger level, Beaver Scout ("Pramuka Prasiaga"), exists in some provincial Scout Councils since it was started in Central Java in 2010 but has been a recognized part of the GPI movement with a growing following. It is made up of children ages 4 to 7 or equal to the kindergarten level.

Awards

Activities are mainly carried out to achieve advancement through the Syarat kecakapan Umum (SKU) or Advancement Badge and Syarat Kecakapan Khusus (TKK) or Merit Badge system. The highest rank in each age group is Pramuka Garuda (Eagle Scout).

Rover and Venture Scout Special Unit

In Pramuka, there are Rover and Venturer Scouts Special Units called Satuan Karya (SAKA). In those units, the Rovers and Venturers are able to learn various skills to be specialist that are useful for their future careers as well as to provide services to the community. There are ten different units:

Scout Promise (Tri Satya)

The scouts serving as colour advance platoon for the Paskibra Pasukan Pengawal Paskibra dari Pramuka.jpg
The scouts serving as colour advance platoon for the Paskibra

On My Honour, I promise that I will do my best to:

Scout Law (Dasa Darma)

Indonesian Scouts at Prambanan (8th National Rover Moot) in 2003 Gerakan Pramuka Indonesia Scouts 8th Indonesian National Rover Moot 2003.jpg
Indonesian Scouts at Prambanan (8th National Rover Moot) in 2003

Councils

Gerakan Pramuka operates and maintains 34 province-level territorial councils (kwartir daerah) each corresponding to provincial borders and a National Council or Headquarters (Kwartir Nasional) for top-level staff and employees.

The insignia of the 34 councils west to east in geographic order, except for North Kalimantan and newer Papuan provinces, generally correspond to the coat-of-arms of their province Gerakan Pramuka Indonesia kwartir.png
The insignia of the 34 councils west to east in geographic order, except for North Kalimantan and newer Papuan provinces, generally correspond to the coat-of-arms of their province

National Special Scout Jamborees

A National Special Scout Jamboree is held every five years for disabled Scouts. The seventh National Special Scouts Jamboree was held in 2007, in East Jakarta. The first jamboree of this sort to be held in Indonesia was in 1972. [16]

Controversies

In July 2017, the Indonesian government suspended support for Gerakan Pramuka Indonesia after Chairman of the Scout National Quarter (Kwarnas) Adhyaksa Dault expressed support for Hizb-ut Tahrir, [17] as Hizb-ut Tahrir is against Indonesia's legislative foundation of Pancasila, an ideology based on a multi-faith democracy. [18] Financial assistance was suspended pending clarification from Adhyaksa Dault over his presence at a Hizb-ut Tahrir rally in 2013 and interview to a Hizb-ut Tahrir videographer expressing "Caliphate is the teaching of the Prophet. If God is willing, with or without our help, the caliphate will rise. Our ways may be different but our goal is the same. That is why I'm here. We keep making small changes. We have to make big changes. World order must be changed. We must impose sharia." [17]

International units in Indonesia

In addition, there are American Boy Scouts in Jakarta linked to the Direct Service branch of the Boy Scouts of America, which supports units around the world. [19] There is also group from British Scouting Overseas which support scouting at British School Jakarta. [20]

See also

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  17. 1 2 http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/indonesian-boy-scout-leader-called-for-sharia-law/news-story/889feb92be1eefc9f06412fb6387363a Indonesian Boy Scout leader called for sharia law
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  19. Boy Scouts of America Pack 3455 - Jakarta, Indonesia
  20. British School Overseas 1st Group, Jakarta

Further reading