Gino Luzzatto, born on January 9, 1878, in Padua and deceased on March 30, 1964, in Venice, was an Italian economic historian. He initially worked as a teacher in southern Italy before joining an economic institute in Trieste and later relocated to the University of Venice in 1922, where he eventually became a rector. Luzzatto became a member of the Socialist Party in 1906. However, with the rise of Mussolini'sfascists, he faced challenges in publishing his work. He was imprisoned for several months in 1925, and despite his protests, he was compelled to retire in 1938 due to the establishment of Italian racial laws. Luzzatto was from a Jewish household. After the end of the war, he became rector again and led the institute until 1953.[1]
Under the initial influence of Werner Sombart, whose main work he translated, Gino Luzzatto's scientific pursuits gradually shifted towards the study of urban economies, particularly focusing on the late Middle Ages, with Venice being his primary area of interest. His research shed light on the growing influence of merchants over ruling authorities and the manorial aspects of the economy. In the process, he became one of the best experts on the holdings of the Venetian State Archives, which he visited almost daily from 1922 to 1964.
Life and work
Gino Luzzatto was the fifth and last son of Giuseppe and Amelia Salom. His mother was a native of Venice, while his father was from Gorizia. In 1894, following the local tradition for Venetian families, Luzzatto began his studies in humanities (Lettere) at the University of Padua. Additionally, he attended lectures on legal history taught by Nino Tamassia. After completing his doctoral degree, he relocated to Florence and joined the Istituto Superiore Giovanni Marinelli, where he became deeply involved in the research conducted by the geographer Giuseppe Pennesi (1851-1909) concerning voyages of discovery. Notably, his doctoral thesis focused on a 17th-century historian, with no particular economic objective.[2]
Southern Italy, a departure from the "heroic" historiography
Luzzatto went to a high school in the southern Italian city of Potenza. During this period, he engaged in writing studies on modern history, including a piece on Brigantism in Basilicata following the establishment of the Italian state in 1860.[3] However, this particular study remained unfinished.
Karl Lamprecht
Karl Lamprecht's publications influenced Luzzatto to concentrate on feudalism's history and society, and less on the "court."[4] Nevertheless, as he moved away from political-dynastic historiography, he was careful not to limit himself to statistically tangible points of view. Individual judgments, situational conditions, and the constellation's uniqueness were as important to him as the notion of supra-individual forces.[5] His polemic against the uncontrolled, methodologically unsupported use of statistics made him known in wider circles for the first time.[6] Without wanting to underestimate the importance of the numerical recording of historical conditions and processes, he nevertheless rejected the "mania of numbers".[7]
Urbino, Pisa, Bari, turn to urban and commercial history (1902-1919)
Luzzatto moved from Grosseto in 1901, where he had been teaching to Urbino in 1910 in order to continue his research on the Marche region.[8][note 1] Subsequently, he decided to enroll in law at the University of Urbino, not intending to change his professional career but rather to cultivate a systematic approach and provide a counterbalance to the methods of the time.[9] During this period, he dealt with Jewish bankers in ducal Urbino and also explored contemporary economic developments in Russia.[10]
In 1902, Luzzatto was among the first to start working for the magazine Le Marche, which primarily focused on local studies under the editorship of Amedeo Crivellucci (1850-1914). Even after moving to Pisa in 1910, he continued his work. For the first time, Luzzatto's research interests and capabilities became apparent, particularly in his investigations into the "subjugation" of the rural nobility by the municipalities in the Marche region.[11] He frequently explored themes such as the concentration on the markets and crafts in urban areas, the displacement of the feudal rural nobility to the communes, and the development of local laws through their own authority. However, after his work on the Servi,[note 2] his attention gradually shifted toward urban history, specifically examining the dominance of the Curtes, the farm landlords, within the context of his studies.[note 3]
Instead, he considered the urban impulses as greater, and as a result, the merchants' position was critical in this. This perspective becomes especially evident in his later writings on the economic history of the Republic of Venice, which primarily focused on trade. In 1910, Luzzatto was appointed to the Istituto Superiore in Bari, adding his expertise in the field. His publication "Storia del Commercio" in 1914 demonstrates that he was already on the right track in terms of his exploration of the history of commerce. Additionally, Luzzatto's study of the small Marche town of Matelica showcased his analytical approach.[12] He analyzed the town's fiscal organization, drawing conclusions about its political economy and the internal structure of the political elite(s). Through this approach, Luzzatto moved away from the common study of legal states solely based on legal texts and statutes, which make claims but rarely indicate if the necessary circumstances have been achieved.
Member of the PSDI (from 1906)
Gaetano Salvemini , during a session of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, founded in 1889, in New York, 1935
Luzzatto joined the Socialist Party (PSDI) in 1906 while living in Pisa. However, he never fully embraced its collectivist and internationalist ideologies. Instead, Luzzatto remained an individualist. Simultaneously, he held moderate patriotic sentiments and advocated for the rights of the marginalized "forgotten classes." Between 1911 and 1920, Luzzatto authored numerous articles published in Salvemini's L'Unità, expressing his views. After 1918, he acknowledged his previous excessive focus on materialist perspectives and admitted to underestimating the importance of morality, both at the collective and individual levels. He recognized that the struggles between the Ghibellines and Guelphs involved more than just the conflict between papal and imperial parties.[13]
Luzzatto believed in the positive interaction between his experiences and his political involvement. In Italy, he recognized the close relationship between protectionism and colonialism, which not only protected unjustified economic benefits to certain sectors but also diverted attention from social problems.[14] Although he had lived in Bari, Luzzatto was less focused on the specific issues of the Mezzogiorno (southern Italy). Instead, he discussed the costs of the Libyan conquest and the role of Irredentism in Italy as early as 1912.[15]
Trieste, Venice, economic history (from 1919)
Cà Foscari, headquarters of the University of Venice
In 1919, Luzzatto moved from Bari to Trieste, where he began to teach economic history at the Istituto Superiore di Scienze Economiche e Sociali, part of the University of Ca' Fòscari in Venice.[note 4] This institute was one of the eight national economic institutions operating under the Ministry of Economics rather than the Ministry of Education. Over time, with the efforts of individuals like Fabio Besta,[note 5] Luigi Armanni,[note 6] and Tommaso Fornari, the economic institute gradually transformed into a university with multiple faculties. During World War I, the institute temporarily moved to Pisa in 1917. Finally, in 1921, Luzzatto was appointed to the University of Venice.
Fascism (1922-1943/1945)
Luzzatto, director of the Regia Scuola Superiore di Commercio (first row, middle) in the group of sezioni magistrali of the year 1924/1925
In 1922, Mussolini's party came into power, and prior to that, the Fascists, led by Davide Giordano, had already won the elections in Venice in 1920. Due to political reasons, the Fascists in Venice held hostility towards Luzzatto's institute. However, it was after the consolidation of power and internal disputes within the regime that the pressure on Luzzatto increased. The regime fabricated a resignation request from Luzzatto, who had never submitted such a request. Eventually, this false resignation was accepted.
Luzzatto continued his work in secret. In 1927, Davide Giordano, the former fascist mayor took over the provisional direction of the Scuola superiore di economia at the Venetian University. On April 25, 1928, Luzzatto was arrested and escorted to Milan. However, Luzzatto was released in May due to insufficient evidence against him.
In 1925, Luzzatto signed Benedetto Croce's manifesto against the fascists, which was published in Il Mondo. During that year, he also served as the director of the Institute and published a translation of Werner Sombart's Modern Capitalism, which amounted to 418 pages. On November 4, 1925, socialist politician Tito Zaniboni was arrested on allegations of plotting to assassinate Mussolini.[16] The government took advantage of this event to escalate retaliation against its opponents and manipulate public opinion. In Venice, Silvio Trentin and Ernesto Cesare Longobardi, colleagues of Luzzatto, encountered threats of violence from fascist students in the Ca' Foscari courtyard unless they distanced themselves from Luzzatto. On November 16, Luzzatto was compelled to resign from his position due to pressure from the Ministry of Economy. Ferruccio Truffi succeeded him and held the office until November 1927. Silvio Trentin, Luzzatto's colleague, chose to exile in France at the end of January 1926. The Institute of Economics was placed under the Ministry of Education, known as the Ministero dell'Educazione Nazionale, in 1928. Despite this change, the institute, the only remaining one among the original eight, maintained a significant level of independence. However, the university made efforts to resist, organizing a series of lectures on the theory of civil liberties under the guidance of Luigi Armanni. Luzzatto mentioned these lectures in his inaugural speech after the end of World War II in 1945. Starting from 1932, Luzzatto noted that it became too risky to openly criticize the regime, and the constant surveillance threatened to destroy the students' freedom of thought that the intimidated lecturers were meant to teach them. This situation worsened during the 20-month period of Nazi occupation.
From 1930 to 1942, Luzzatto served as the director of the Nuova Rivista Storica. However, he had to resign from this position due to the implementation of the Italian racial laws in 1938.[17] In 1929, he wrote a comprehensive work on the bonds of the Republic of Venice.[note 7] In 1932, he provided an overview of recent works on economic history in Italy and made numerous contributions to the Enciclopedia Italiana,[18] which was formed in 1925 by Giovanni Treccani and was initially led by Giovanni Gentile, the editor of the Manifesto degli intellettuali fascisti, a manifesto of fascist intellectuals.[19] While Benedetto Croce distanced himself from this manifesto and published a counter-manifesto called the Manifesto degli intellettuali antifascisti. Gentile headed the Scuola Normale Superiore in Pisa and was the scientific director of the Treccani Institute until 1938. He additionally held the role of vice president of the institute until 1938. Despite their political differences, Luzzatto's works were mainly published in the Treccani Encyclopedia from 1929 to 1935.[note 8]
In 1931, Luzzatto signed the oath of allegiance that the regime required of all university teachers. Despite being a prominent figure in the Giustizia e Libertà group, Luzzatto found a lack of inspiration from political activity throughout Italy's fascist period. His home on Campo San Gallo, where he lived with his sister, became a gathering place for opponents of the fascist regime. In a letter to his colleague Corrado Barbagallo in January 1938, Luzzatto voiced his concern that the Fascists were not simply interested in intimidating, but were executing a well-prepared plan to accomplish "concrete results".[20]
A constant feature in Luzzatto's work was his emphasis on individual and specific sources, such as council decisions, court judgments, wills, treaties, international agreements, and theoretical treatises. He demonstrated this approach in his study on the bonds of the Republic of Venice. In contrast to Fabio Besta's research, which aimed to highlight the balance and harmony of the state and financial system to the old Venetian tradition. Luzzatto, along with Tommaso Bertelè, Roberto Cessi, and others, were able to show that the collapse of the system of borrowing to finance expensive state tasks, such as war and grain supply, was primarily caused by the nobility's desire to evade their financial responsibilities towards the state. The conflict between class interests and the emerging state, according to Luzzatto, was a crucial driving force in this context. Luzzatto's examination of the 1379 census revealed a significant division within the nobility, with a small wealthy group and a larger segment facing poverty. Among the 1,200 households included in the census, approximately two-thirds possessed limited wealth, and many were unable to contribute to the financing of state functions, which was the primary purpose of the census. Marin Sanudo expressed his disappointment, noting that the majority of the 3,000 nobles lived in extreme modesty.[21]
Luzzatto focused on the Venetian social structure known as "commenda" and its legal framework in 1934.[22]
In 1936, he translated the economic history of Italy by his Jewish colleague Alfred Doren into Italian.[23] Interestingly, Luzzatto had to publish his report on the economic activities of the Venetian patriciate in the French journal Annales in 1937.[note 9]
Due to fascist racial legislation, Luzzatto was compelled to retire in 1938, and his position was held by Amintore Fanfani, whom Luzzatto himself had recommended. From that point on, Luzzatto began publishing under the pseudonym Giuseppe Padovan. His work on The Middle Ages (313-1492)[24] could no longer be published due to the racial laws, and the second part of his Economic History of Modernity and the Present was published with a fictitious date of 1938 to bypass these laws, even though it was actually printed in 1939.[25] His translation of K. Robert Greenfield's work on the economy in the Risorgimento (1940) was published without his name being mentioned.[26] Many of his articles published in Popolo or Rivista di storia economica, under the names G. Padovan or Giuseppe Padovan, were not included in his collection of studies, Studi di storia economica, published in 1954. In 1961, Luzzatto wrote an article on the economic situation of Jewish communities between the March on Rome and the Italian racial laws, covering the period from 1922 to 1938.[27]
On the one hand, Luzzatto dealt with didactic writings; on the other, he focused mainly on the 12th and 13th centuries, a time when aristocratic forms of rule were less prevalent and small merchants contributed significantly to the overall wealth of the city than that of big capital.[28]
Luzzatto served as vice president of the Jewish community during those years. Unfortunately, despite his efforts, he was unable to prevent the marginalization and annihilation of the Jewish community.[29]
Following the downfall of the dictatorship, Luzzatto's reappointment on September 1, 1943, was prevented by the Republic of Salò, a short-lived revival of the fascist regime. Consequently, he sought accommodation with his colleague Raffaele Ciasca, an economic history lecturer at the University of Genoa.
Rector (1945-1953), library president and local politician
After the end of the war, Luzzatto returned to Ca' Foscari and was elected rector from the 6 July 1945 to 1953. In 2015, his inaugural address was rediscovered.[30] From 1946 to 1951, he also served as the financial assessor for the Partito Socialista Unitario, and later as a Consigliere until 1958. During this time, Luzzatto was able to directly address the long-standing issues that had been troubling him within a specific context. His engagement with relatively "current" matters was not entirely unfamiliar, as his work on the economic changes in Lombardy from 1860 to 1922 shows.[31]
Luzzatto's contributions were recognized when he became a corresponding member of the Accademia dei Lincei in 1947, and later a full member (socio nazionale) in 1950. In the same year, he also joined the Partito Socialista dei Lavoratori Italiani (Italian Socialist Party of Workers).[32]
He published the economic history of Italy in 1949, but he never had the chance to continue or revise it due to his numerous other commitments.[33] One of these commitments was his presidency of the Biblioteca Querini Stampalia, a position he held from 1950 to 1964. Despite his busy schedule, he continued to write articles for notable publications like Il Mondo, Critica Sociale, and Il Caffè. His articles covered various subjects, including the "crisis of social democracy"[34] and the works of Achille Loria in the Rassegna mensile di Israel.[35] Additionally, he occasionally provided commentary on Israel, addressing topics such as the country's economic situation.[36]
In 1952, he resumed the position of director of Nuova Rivista Storica, which he had left a decade earlier due to the impact of racist laws. He led the magazine until 1963 and continued to contribute to it until shortly before his death.[17]
Economic history of Venice from the 11th to the 16th century (1958-1961)
Luzzatto was nearly 80 years old when he began researching the economic history of the Republic of Venice in 1958. His primary focus had always been on trade, rather than production or consumption, and he paid little attention to guild disputes over privileges and competencies. His book "Storia economica di Veneziadall'XI al XVI secolo" published in 1961, has become a fundamental reference in the field.
Late writings
During his final years, Luzzatto dedicated himself to various economic subjects. He researched the economic history of Venice from 1797 to 1866,[37] examining the economic consequences of the First World War and sharing his insights on the RAI radio station.[38] Together with his friend and colleague Frederic Lane, he wrote a book on Venice's "Public Debt," which primarily involved a floating debt known as Monte, consisting of compulsory and voluntary bonds with interest. Luzzatto also wrote introductions for various works and continued to contribute numerous reviews.[39] Unfortunately, he was unable to complete his work on the economic history of Italy from 1861 to 1914.[40]
After Gino Luzzatto's demise, a thorough list of his publications was compiled. Angelo Tursi's list, initiated in 1949, includes 277 contributions, along with 236 reviews. However, this list does not include 65 unpublished articles written for the Treccani Encyclopedia.[41] Andrea Caracausi compiled a separate list, which contains a total of 772 titles.[42]
The estate
The estate of Luzzatto is preserved in the Ca'Foscari economics library, S. Giobbe, Cannaregio 873. Omar Mazzotti cataloged this collection, which became publicly accessible in 1965. Within the collection, there are 18 buste containing a wealth of material, including 1,236 letters spanning from 1935 to 1964.[43] These letters were likely numbered by Luzzatto's niece in an initial effort to organize them. Additionally, there are letters stored in other buste.[44] The "Inventario virtuale" is designed to assist in indexing and organizing the holdings of Luzzatto's estate.[45] Furthermore, Giovanni Zalin's research on the correspondence between Luzzatto and Luigi Einaudi in 2004 indicates that these materials can be valuable for studying other biographies as well.[46]
Effect
In 1988, Carlo Cipolla recognized Luzzatto as one of the most significant economic historians, alongside Marc Bloch and Henri Pirenne. Luzzatto's impact on the study of Venetian economics, particularly during the late Middle Ages, is difficult to overstate. Unlike focusing solely on institutional and legal history, Luzzatto extensively utilized sources that originated within the economic sphere itself. He emphasized the significance of society as a whole, drawing inspiration from Karl Lamprecht's cultural history approach. Consequently, Luzzatto rejected the limited perspective of evaluating society through legal and institutional history, as advocated by Georg von Below in Germany.[47]
The historical sciences were not immune to the repercussions of the First World War, which can be seen by the demolition of the Prussian Historical Institute in Rome in 1915. This devastation continued by the control of the Italian fascist dictatorship, followed by the German fascist regime, both of which had no interest in economic history. Furthermore, for a long time, the main focus of German historiography of Italy was on the conflict between the emperor and communes or the pope, as well as the question of continuity between late Roman institutions and those of the Italian communes. This limited the focus on Venice and, therefore, to Luzzatto and his research topics.
Luzzatto has the honor of creating some of the most important historiographical works of the German-speaking world known in Italy through his translations. However, there is still a significant gap in translating Luzzatto's own major works into German, despite the fact that the primary works of his notable students have been translated into English and German.[48]
His work was carried on by his pupils in Venice, which served as Luzzatto's primary research focus for several decades. Notably, Frederic C. Lane and his student Reinhold C. Mueller were instrumental in continuing Luzzatto's research. Furthermore, Luzzatto's work influenced the Anglo-Saxon academic sphere and, since the late 1970s, the German-speaking world, including scholars such as Gerhard Rösch.
Main works
Storia economica dell'età moderna e contemporanea. Padua 1920.
I prestiti della Repubblica di Venezia (Sec. XIII–XV). Introduzione storica e documenti. Padua 1929.
Studi di storia economica veneziana. Padua 1954.
Luzzatto, Gino (1958), Breve storia economica dell'Italia medievale. Dalla caduta dell'Impero romano al principio del Cinquecento. Turin 1958, 1993, Einaudi, ISBN88-06-04572-5 .
Storia economica di Venezia dall' XI al XVI secolo. Venedig 1961.
Il debito pubblico della Repubblica di Venezia. Dagli ultimi decenni del XII secolo alla fine del XV. Mailand 1963, Nachdruck der I prestiti von 1929.
Storia economica d’Italia il Medioevo. Florenz 1967
Notes
↑ When exactly is not mentioned in the literature, probably the year 190
↑ Servi can mean unfree servants (servi non casati), but also a variety of legal gradations up to slaves. Luzzatto was concerned with the transitions between these groups in the landed estates, which were usually difficult to discern. In addition to those who did not have their own farmstead, there were servi cottidiani, for example, who sat on their own farmsteads near the manors and had to perform work on the manor as day laborers.
↑ I servi nelle grandi proprietà ecclesiastiche italiane dei secoli IX e X, Pisa 1910.
↑ This institute was founded in 1868 on the initiative of three men: Venetian Luigi Luzzatti, Francesco Ferrara, who led the Institute for three decades, and Province President Edoardo Deodati.
↑ I prestiti della Repubblica di Venezia. (Sec. XIII–XV). Introduzione storica e documenti, Padua 1929 (R. Accademia dei Lincei. Documenti finanziari della Repubblica di Venezia, editi dalla Commissione per gli Atti delle Assemblee Costituzionali Italiane, serie III, vol. I, parte I).
↑ He wrote numerous articles on Central European urban histories, such as Altona (storia), Amburgo (storia), Amsterdam (storia: fino all'assedio di Anversa), Lega Anseatica, Anversa (storia), Brema (storia), Bruges (storia: fino al 1900), Lipsia (storia), Lubecca (storia), to terms like Schiavitù (medioevo ed età moderna), Spezie (medioevo ed età moderna), Banca, Compagnia (commercio), as well as to German historians ( Alfons Dopsch, Alfred Doren or Ernst Ludwig Dümmler ).
Giambattista Pittoni or Giovanni Battista Pittoni was a Venetian painter of the late Baroque or Rococo period. He was among the founders of the Academy of Fine Arts of Venice, of which in 1758 he became the second president, succeeding Tiepolo.
Giovanni Domenico Nardo was an Italian naturalist from Venice, although he spent most of his life in Chioggia, home port of the biggest fishing flotilla of the Adriatic. He learned taxidermy and specimen preparation from his uncle, an abbot. He went in a high school in Udine and studied medicine in Padua, where he reorganized the zoological collections. In 1832 he reorganized the invertebrate collection at the Imperial Natural History Museum in Vienna and in 1840 he became Fellow of the Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti, an academy whose aim is "to increase, promulgate, and safeguard the sciences, literature and the arts". Nardo wrote hundreds of scientific publications ranging from medicine and social sciences, philology, technology, physics, but mostly on Venetian and Adriatic zoology. In marine biology, Nardo wrote on algae, marine invertebrates, fishes and sea turtles. A vast collection of his manuscripts and his personal library is preserved in the Natural History Museum of Venice.
Giorgio Levi Della Vida was an Italian Jewish linguist whose expertise lay in Hebrew, Arabic, and other Semitic languages, as well as on the history and culture of the Near East.
Ilvo Diamanti is an Italian political scientist.
The Domini di Terraferma was the hinterland territories of the Republic of Venice beyond the Adriatic coast in Northeast Italy. They were one of the three subdivisions of the Republic's possessions, the other two being the original Dogado (Duchy) and the Stato da Màr.
Paolo Malanima is an Italian economic historian, Professor Emeritus of Economic History at the Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, and former director of the Institute of Studies on Mediterranean Societies in Naples. Malanima's main research interests are long-term developments in economic history, particularly the performance of the Italian economy since Classical antiquity, history of energy and global history.
Venice, which is situated at the north end of the Adriatic Sea, was for hundreds of years the richest and most powerful centre of Europe, the reason being that it gained large-scale profits from the adjacent middle European markets. Venice was the major centre of trade with the Arabs and indirectly the Indians during the Middle Ages. It also served as origin of the economic development and integration of the rest of Europe during the Middle Ages.
Gaetano Cozzi was an Italian historian, professor at Padua University, and researcher with the Giorgio Cini Foundation and Fondazione Benetton Studi e Ricerche. He was a specialist in Venetian history, with special attention to the institutions, the relationship between law and society and the cultural environment.
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Padua in the Veneto region of Italy.
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Vicenza in the Veneto region of Italy.
Nino Valeri was an Italian historian.
The Riformatori dello studio di Padova, also Riformatori allo studio di Padova, were the three officials of the Venetian Republic responsible for overseeing education and culture. Created in 1517, initially to reopen the University of Padua after the War of the League of Cambrai, they became responsible over time for public and private schooling at all levels, public libraries in Venice and Padua, intellectual academies, and professional schools. They also reviewed and authorized for publication all books within the mainland territory of Venice.
Roberto Cessi was an Italian historian and politician, specializing in Venetian history.
Giulio Alessio was professor of Finance and, after 1920, Political economy at the University of Padua for more than fifty years. He was not yet thirty when he produced his two volume study of the evolution of the Italian taxation system between 1861 and approximately 1900. It was one of several works that he wrote which became mainstream texts during and beyond the first half of the twentieth century. He also entered national politics, serving between 1897 and 1924 as a deputy of the Italian Parliament). As political parties developed in Italy, he became a member of the Radical Party. He accepted several ministerial appointments in centre-left governments between 1920 and the coming to power in 1922 of Benito Mussolini, whose tactics and policies he excoriated.
Pietro Badoer was a Venetian patrician who served as duke of Crete in 1358–1360. His career was derailed by his closeness to the disgraced Doge Marino Faliero and he was banished twice, the second time for poisoning his wife.
Guglielmo Berchet was an Italian patriot and historian. With regards to the latter, most of his works were related to the history of Venice.
Jacopo or Giacomo Nani was an admiral and politician active during the last decades of the Republic of Venice.
Lauro Quirini (1420–1474/1481) was a Cretan-born Venetian patrician and humanist scholar. He studied arts and law at the University of Padua, and was skilled in both Latin and Ancient Greek. He returned to Crete in 1452, where his father and Lauro himself held a concession for the mining and export of alum. He remained in Crete for the remainder of his life, which precluded his active participation in Venetian politics, unlike most of his contemporary humanist colleagues. He is notable for the series of letters exhorting the Pope and Venice to take action against the advancing Ottoman Empire, especially after the Fall of Constantinople in 1453.
In 1372–1373, the Republic of Venice and the Carrara lordship of Padua fought a border war. The war was the result of the ambitions of Francesco I da Carrara, lord of Padua since 1355, who not only overturned the informal protectorate Venice had exercised over his city, but also tried to expand his own domains at the expense of Venice's interests. The immediate cause of the war were the forts Carrata build along the Paduan–Venetian boundary, some within striking distance from the Venetian Lagoon. The war broke out in 1372, and drew in other regional powers in support of Padua, including the Kingdom of Hungary and the Duchy of Austria. Venetian forces were defeated by the Paduans and Hungarians at Narvesa on the Piave River in May 1373, before the Venetians scored a decisive victory at Fossa Nuova on 1 July 1373, capturing Stephen Lackfi, Voivode of Transylvania and nephew of the King of Hungary. The resulting treaty that ended the war confirmed the territorial status quo, but also obliged Carrara to dismantle his forts, confirm the Venetian salt monopoly, pay reparations to Venice, and visit Venice in person to accept personal responsibility for the war's outbreak. Humiliated but undaunted, the lord of Padua joined the Republic of Genoa when it attacked Venice in the War of Chioggia.
The Scaliger War was a conflict fought in 1336–1339 between the Scaliger lord of Verona, Mastino II della Scala, who had built an extensive territorial state in northern Italy, and a coalition of powers threatened by Scaliger expansion. These were chiefly the Republic of Venice, antagonized over trade duties and the salt monopoly, and the Republic of Florence, which resented the Scaliger annexation of Lucca, that Florence had claimed for itself. After the first victories of the anti-Scaliger coalition, it was joined by Milan, Mantua, and Ferrara, who all had reasons to fear Scaliger ambitions. The turning point of the war was the end of Scaliger dominion over Padua in 1337, which became a separate, Venetian-influenced lordship under Marsilio da Carrara. The peace treaty, concluded at Venice on 24 January 1339, deprived Mastino II of most of his recent gains, reducing Scaliger domains to Verona and Vicenza. The annexation of Mestre and Treviso to Venice, however, marked the beginnings of the Venetian mainland state.
↑ Cenni intorno alla vita e alle opere storiche di Girolamo Brusoni: Ateneo veneto 21 (1893) 273–306 and 22 (1899) 6–26 as well as 226–244.
↑ La reazione borbonica in Basilicata, nel 1861, Potenza 1900, first chapter of a work based on sources of the Provincial Archives of Potenza.
↑ Un tentativo di storia psicologica: La scienza sociale, Sassari 1903, A proposito del volume. pp.80–86.
↑ Luigi De Rosa. L'avventura della storia economica in Italia, Bari 1990. p.96.
↑ Un tentativo di storia psicologica, in: La Scienza sociale 6 (1903). pp.80–86.
↑ Marino Berengo. Profilo di Gino Luzzatto: Rivista Storica Italiana 76 (1964) 879–925. p.885.
↑ Comune e principato di Urbino nei secoli XV e XVI: Le Marche V (1905) 187–199 and Notizie e documenti sulle arti della lana e della seta in Urbino: Le Marche VII (1907) 185–210.
↑ I banchieri ebrei in Urbino, nell'età ducale. Appunti di storia economica, con appendice di documenti, Padua 1902.
↑ Lo sviluppo economico della Russia contemporanea: Rivista italiana di sociologia, Rom 1902.
↑ Le sottomissioni dei feudatari e le classi sociali di alcuni comuni marchigiani (sec. XII e XIII), in: Le Marche 1 n.s. (1906). pp.114–145.
↑ L'evoluzione economica della Lombardia dal 1860 al 1922, in: La Cassa di Risparmio delle Provincie Lombarde nella evoluzione economica della Regione, 1823–1923, Mailand 1923. pp.447–526.
↑ Le spese della Conquista: L'Unità, 10. Februar 1912, erneut: Sulle spese della conquista di Tripoli. Nachdruck in: L'Unità, hrsg. v. Gaetano Salvemini, Beniamino Finocchiaro, Venedig: Neri Pozza Editore 1958. pp.303–307.
↑ L’irredentismo adriatico: L’Unità, 1. Juni 1912.
↑ Il capitalismo moderno. Esposizione storico-sistematica della vita economica di tutta l’Europa, dai suoi inizi fino all'età contemporanea, Vallecchi Editore, Florenz 1925.
↑ The study of medieval economic bistory in Italy. Recent literature and tendencies, in: Journal of Economic and Business History 4 (1932). pp.708–727.
↑ Gabriele Turi. Giovanni Gentile: una biografia, Florenz 1995.
↑ Renzo Biondo; Marco Borghi. Giustizia e libertà e Partito d'azione. A Venezia e dintorni, Venedig 2005. p.154.
↑ I prestiti della Repubblica di Venezia (sec. XIII–XV), Padua 1929.
↑ La commenda nella vita economica dei secoli XIII e XIV. Con particolare riguardo a Venezia, in: Mostra bibliografica e Convegno internazionale di studi storici del diritto marittimo medioevale, Amalfi, Juli-Oktober 1934, Atti a cura dell'Avv. L.A. Senigallia, Neapel, hgg. vom Comitato regionale di Napoli dell'Associazione italiana di diritto marittimo, 1934, Bd. I. pp.39–164.
↑ Alfred Doren. Alfred Doren: Storia economica dell'Italia nel Medio Evo (Wirtschaftsgeschichte Italiens im Mittelalter). Sie wurde 1937 vom Mailänder Boccone-Institut erneut gedruckt. Luzzatto hatte sie in der Nuova Rivista Storica von 1936 rezensiert.
↑ Il Medioevo (313-1492), Carlo Signorelli Editore, Milan 1938, intended as the first volume of the Corso di storia per i licei e gli istituti magistrali, edited by Augusto Lizier and Gino Luzzatto.
↑ Storia economica dell'Età moderna e contemporanea, zweiter Teil: L'Età contemporanea, Padua 1938.
↑ Economia e liberalismo nel Risorgimento. Il movimento nazionale in Lombardia, dal 1814 al 1848, Laterza, Bari 1940.
↑ Gli ebrei in Italia dalla Marcia su Roma alle leggi razziali: appunti sulla loro situazione economica, sociale e politica, in: Gli ebrei in Italia durante il Fascismo. Quaderni della Federazione giovanile ebraica d'Italia, Turin, 25. April 1961, Mailand; Tip. S. Pinelli, 1961. pp.8–13.
↑ L'inurbamento delle popolazioni rurali in Italia, nel secoli XII e XIII, in: Studi di storia e diritto in onore di Enrico Besta, per il XL anno del suo insegnamento, Mailand 1938, Bd. II. pp.183–203.
↑ 1950 publizierte er: Sulla condizione economica degli ebrei veneziani, nel sec. XVIII, in: Scritti in onore di Riccardo Bachi. La Rassegna mensile di Israel, Città di Castello, Tip. dell'Unione Arti Grafiche, 1950. pp.161–172.
↑ Gino Luzzatto. L'evoluzione economica della Lombardia dal 1860 al 1922. In: La Cassa di risparmio delle provincie lombarde nella evoluzione economica della regione: 1823–1923, Mailand 1923. pp.447–526.
↑ Storia economica d’Italia. Bd. I.: L’Antichità e il Medioevo, Edizioni Leonardo, Rom 1949.
↑ Gino Luzzatto. Crisi della socialdemocrazia?, in: Il Caffè, Mailand 1955. pp.27–31.
↑ Gino Luzzatto. Achille Loria (1857–1943), in: Rassegna mensile di Israel XXIII (1957). pp.249–253.
↑ Gino Luzzatto: L’economia di Israele: Un paese trasformato, in: Il Mondo, 6. Dezember 1960.
↑ Gino Luzzatto. L'economia veneziana dal 1797 al 1866: La civiltà veneziana nell'età romantica, Sansoni, Florenz 1961. pp.85–108.
↑ Gino Luzzatto. Conseguenze economiche e sociali della Guerra mondiale 1914–1918, in: «Terzo programma della Radiotelevisione italiana», Rom 1962, fasc. 2. pp.41–49.
↑ Il debito pubblico della Repubblica di Venezia. Dagli ultimi decenni del XII secolo alla fine del XV. Con una appendice del Prof. F. C. Lane. Istituto Editoriale Cisalpino, Mailand / Varese 1963.
↑ Gino Luzzatto. L'economia italiana dal 1861 al 1914, Bd. I: (1861–1894), Banca Commerciale Italiana, Mailand 1963.
↑ Scritti di Gino Luzzatto. Nuova Rivista Storica, LXIX, fasc. I–II (Jan.–April 1965). pp.185–211.
↑ Giovanni Zalin. Lettere di Luigi Einaudi nell'epistolario di Gino Luzzatto (1937–1946): Nuova Rivista Storica 78 (2004). p.415.
↑ Carlo M. Cipolla. Tre maestri: Rivista Storica Italiana. Saggi di storia economica e sociale, Bologna 1988. pp.167–171.
↑ Arnold Esch. Die Gründung deutscher Institute in Italien 1870–1914. Ansätze zu einer Institutionalisierung geisteswissenschaftlicher Forschung im Ausland. Jahrbuch der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen 1997. pp.159–188.
Further reading
Marino Berengo: Profilo di Gino Luzzatto: Rivista Storica Italiana 76 (1964), pp.879–925.
Marino Berengo, Gino Luzzatto, Corrado Barbagallo e la censura fascista, in: Studi in onore di Paolo Alatri, II: L'Italia contemporanea, Neapel 1991, pp.261–274.
Ferdinando Milone: Gino Luzzatto: Discorso commemorativo pronunciato dal liceo Ferdinando Milone nella seduta ordinaria del 10 gennaio 1970, Accademia nazionale dei Lincei, 1971.
Gino Luzzatto, storico dell’economia tra impegno civile e rigore scientifico, Atti del Convegno di studi, Venedig, 5.–6. November 2004, hgg. von Paola Lanaro: Ateneo Veneto 192, terza s., 4/I (2005).
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