Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus

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Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Pseudomonadota
Class: Alphaproteobacteria
Order: Rhodospirillales
Family: Acetobacteraceae
Genus: Gluconacetobacter
Species:
G. diazotrophicus
Binomial name
Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus
(Gillis et al. 1989) Yamada et al. 1998

Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus is a bacterium with a rod-like shape, has rounded ends and belongs to Gram-negative bacteria. [1] [2] The bacterium is known for stimulating plant growth and being tolerant to acetic acid. [1] [2] With one to three lateral flagella, and known to be found on sugarcane, Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus was discovered in Brazil by Vladimir A. Cavalcante and Johanna Dobereiner. [2] [3]

Contents

Characteristics

Originally found in Alagoas, Brazil, Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus is a bacterium that has several interesting features and aspects which are important to note. [2] The bacterium was first discovered by Vladimir A. Cavalcante and Johanna Dobereiner while analyzing sugarcane in Brazil. [3] Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus is a part of the Acetobacteraceae family and started out with the name, Saccharibacter nitrocaptans, however, the bacterium is renamed as Acetobacter diazotrophicus because the bacterium is found to belong with bacteria that are able to tolerate acetic acid. [2] [3] Again, the bacterium’s name was changed to Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus when its taxonomic position was resolved using 16s ribosomal RNA analysis. [2] In addition to being a part of the Acetobacter family, Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus belongs to the Pseudomonadota phylum, the Alphaproteobacteria class, and the Gluconacetobacter genus while being a part of the Rhodosprillales order. [2] Other nitrogen-fixing species in this same genus include Gluconacetobacter azotocaptans and Gluconacetobacter johannae [4] Muthukumarasamy et al., reported that this bacterium was found to be associated with sugarcane and paddy and mitigating 50 % of N requirement in sugarcane and paddy. Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus cells are shaped like rods, have ends that are circular or round, and have anyom one to three flagella that are lateral. [1] [2] Based on these descriptions of the cell, Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus was first classified as a proposed new genus and species named Saccharobacter nitrocaptans.. [3] The cells be viewed as darkish brown or orange colonies under a microscope. [1] In addition, the cells are aerobic which describes their need of oxygen. [2] Because the bacterium is found on sugar cane when first discovered, as explained prior, and reacts strongly to high amounts of sugar, Gram Negative is the correct classification for Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus. [1] [2] In addition to sugarcane, G. diazotrophicus has been found in different plants like coffee tree and pineapple. [5] [6] Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus is also known for nitrogen fixation. [2] This feature allows the bacteria to work on nitrogen in the air in order for the correct amount of nitrogen can be received by plants. [2] Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus is a notable microbe because studies have shown that the bacteria can help tomatoes and other crops grow. [7] Besides to be a nitrogen-fixing bacterium, G. diazotrophicus synthesizes Indole-3-acid acetic, that could contribute to promote the growth of the associated plant. [8] This microbe fights off Xanthomonas albilineans which is a pathogen found in sugar cane. [9] In regard to the ecology of this microorganisms, the numbers of G. diazotrophicus that colonize sugarcane decrease when the plant is grown under high nitrogen fertilization doses. [10] Overall, Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus, through the research restated, plays a significant role in the environment for plants specifically sugar cane, helps to grow crops, and can be found in areas that are acidic and contain oxygen.

Genome

The genome that was found to be closely sequenced with Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus was the Pal5 genome. [2] This genome has one circular chromosome and two plasmids. [2] The two plasmids found in the genome are pGD01 and pGD02 which contain 38,818 and 16,610 base pairs respectively. [2] The G-C content for Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus could be calculated at 66.19%. [2] The Pal5 genome was found to have 583 proteins that can be used to depict the possible “metabolic pathways” in Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus. [2] The bacterium has been studied to move from different crops and also helpful in growing corn. [1] Because they create phytohormones, Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus has proven to stimulate other plant’s growth. [1]

Related Research Articles

Acetic acid bacteria (AAB) are a group of Gram-negative bacteria which oxidize sugars or ethanol and produce acetic acid during fermentation. The acetic acid bacteria consist of 10 genera in the family Acetobacteraceae. Several species of acetic acid bacteria are used in industry for production of certain foods and chemicals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mother of vinegar</span> Biofilm formed on fermenting alcoholic liquids

Mother of vinegar is a biofilm composed of a form of cellulose, yeast, and bacteria that sometimes develops on fermenting alcoholic liquids during the process that turns alcohol into acetic acid with the help of oxygen from the air and acetic acid bacteria (AAB). It is similar to the symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY) mostly known from production of kombucha, but develops to a much lesser extent due to lesser availability of yeast, which is often no longer present in wine/cider at this stage, and a different population of bacteria. Mother of vinegar is often added to wine, cider, or other alcoholic liquids to produce vinegar at home, although only the bacteria is required, but historically has also been used in large scale production.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Green sulfur bacteria</span> Family of bacteria

The green sulfur bacteria are a phylum, Chlorobiota, of obligately anaerobic photoautotrophic bacteria that metabolize sulfur.

Acetobacteraceae is a family of Gram-negative bacteria, belonging to the order Rhodospirillales, class Alphaproteobacteria. Two distinct clades are recognized. The acetic acid bacteria and a more heterogeneous group including acidophilic and phototrophic bacteria. The type genus is Acetobacter. Ten genera from Acetobacteraceae make up the acetic acid bacteria.

Acidophiles or acidophilic organisms are those that thrive under highly acidic conditions. These organisms can be found in different branches of the tree of life, including Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sugarcane</span> Several species of grass cultivated for sugar production

Sugarcane or sugar cane is a species of tall, perennial grass that is used for sugar production. The plants are 2–6 m (6–20 ft) tall with stout, jointed, fibrous stalks that are rich in sucrose, which accumulates in the stalk internodes. Sugarcanes belong to the grass family, Poaceae, an economically important flowering plant family that includes maize, wheat, rice, and sorghum, and many forage crops. It is native to the warm temperate and tropical regions of India, Southeast Asia, and New Guinea. Grown in tropical and subtropical regions, sugarcane is the world's largest crop by production quantity, totaling 1.9 billion tonnes in 2020, with Brazil accounting for 40% of the world total. Sugarcane accounts for 79% of sugar produced globally. About 70% of the sugar produced comes from Saccharum officinarum and its hybrids. All sugarcane species can interbreed, and the major commercial cultivars are complex hybrids.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bacterial cellulose</span> Organic compound

Bacterial cellulose is an organic compound with the formula (C
6H
10O
5)
n produced by certain types of bacteria. While cellulose is a basic structural material of most plants, it is also produced by bacteria, principally of the genera Acetobacter, Sarcina ventriculi and Agrobacterium. Bacterial, or microbial, cellulose has different properties from plant cellulose and is characterized by high purity, strength, moldability and increased water holding ability. In natural habitats, the majority of bacteria synthesize extracellular polysaccharides, such as cellulose, which form protective envelopes around the cells. While bacterial cellulose is produced in nature, many methods are currently being investigated to enhance cellulose growth from cultures in laboratories as a large-scale process. By controlling synthesis methods, the resulting microbial cellulose can be tailored to have specific desirable properties. For example, attention has been given to the bacteria Komagataeibacter xylinum due to its cellulose's unique mechanical properties and applications to biotechnology, microbiology, and materials science. Historically, bacterial cellulose has been limited to the manufacture of Nata de coco, a South-East Asian food product. With advances in the ability to synthesize and characterize bacterial cellulose, the material is being used for a wide variety of commercial applications including textiles, cosmetics, and food products, as well as medical applications. Many patents have been issued in microbial cellulose applications and several active areas of research are attempting to better characterize microbial cellulose and utilize it in new areas.

Alcohol dehydrogenase (quinone) (EC 1.1.5.5, type III ADH, membrane associated quinohaemoprotein alcohol dehydrogenase) is an enzyme with systematic name alcohol:quinone oxidoreductase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction

<i>Acetobacter aceti</i> Species of bacterium

Acetobacter aceti is a Gram-negative bacterium that moves using its peritrichous flagella. Louis Pasteur proved it to be the cause of conversion of ethanol to acetic acid in 1864. It is a benign microorganism which is present everywhere in the environment, existing in alcoholic ecological niches which include flowers, fruits, and honey bees, as well as in water and soil. It lives wherever sugar fermentation occurs. It grows best in temperatures that range from 25 to 30 degrees Celsius and in pH that ranges from 5.4 to 6.3. For a long time it has been used in the fermentation industry to produce acetic acid from alcohol. Acetobacter aceti is an obligate aerobe, which means that it requires oxygen to grow.

Gluconacetobacter sacchari is a species of acetic acid bacteria first isolated from the leaf sheath of sugar cane and from the pink sugar-cane mealy bug on sugar cane growing in Queensland and northern New South Wales. The type strain of this species is strain SRI 1794T. It is notable for its production of bacterial cellulose and for being an endophyte in sugar cane.

<i>Azospirillum brasilense</i> Species of bacterium

Azospirillum brasilense is a well studied, nitrogen-fixing (diazotroph), genetically tractable, Gram-negative, alpha-proteobacterium bacterium, first described in Brazil by the group of Johanna Döbereiner and then receiving the name "brasilense". A. brasilense is able to fix nitrogen in the presence of low oxygen levels, making it a microaerobic diazotroph. An isolate from the genus Azospirillum was isolated from nitrogen poor soils in the Netherlands in 1925, however the species A. brasilense was first described in 1978 in Brazil, since this genus is widely found in the rhizospheres of grasses around the world where it confers plant growth promotion. Whether growth promotion occurs through direct nitrogen flux from the bacteria to the plant or through hormone regulation is debated. The two most commonly studied strains are Sp7 and Sp245, both are Brazilian isolates isolated from Tropical grasses from Seropedica, Brazil.

Acetobacter malorum is a bacterium. Its type strain is LMG 1746T.

Gluconacetobacter is a genus in the phylum Pseudomonadota (Bacteria). In 2012, several species previously classified in the genus Gluconacetobacter were reclassified under the new genus Komagataeibacter, including the cellulose producing species Komagataeibacter xylinus.

Gluconacetobacter johannae is a species of acetic acid bacteria first isolated from rhizospheres and rhizoplanes of coffee plants. Its type strain is CFN-Cf55T.

Gluconacetobacter azotocaptans is a species of acetic acid bacteria first isolated from rhizospheres and rhizoplanes of coffee plants. Its type strain is CFN-Ca54T.

A nitrogen fixation package is a piece of research equipment for studying nitrogen fixation in plants. One product of this kind, the Q-Box NF1LP made by Qubit Systems, operates by measuring the hydrogen (H2) given off in the nitrogen-fixing chemical reaction enabled by nitrogenase enzymes.

<i>Azotobacter chroococcum</i> Species of bacterium

Azotobacter chroococcum is a bacterium that has the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen. It was discovered by Martinus Beijerinck in 1901, and was the first aerobic, free-living nitrogen fixer discovered. A. chroococcum could be useful for nitrogen fixation in crops as a biofertilizer, fungicide, and nutrient indicator, and in bioremediation.

Azospirillum is a Gram-negative, microaerophilic, non-fermentative and nitrogen-fixing bacterial genus from the family of Rhodospirillaceae. Azospirillum bacteria can promote plant growth.

Komagataeibacter xylinus is a species of bacteria best known for its ability to produce cellulose, specifically bacterial cellulose.

Azospirillum lipoferum is a species of microaerophilic, gram-negative, rod-shaped, nitrogen-fixing bacteria. They are currently most notable for the ability to enhance the success of certain agricultural plant products such as maize, rice, and wheat.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Chawla, Niti; Phour, Manisha; Suneja, Sunita; Sangwaan, Seema; Goyal, Sneh (2014-02-01). "Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus: An overview". Res. Environ. Life Sci.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Eskin, N.; Vessey, K.; Tian, L. (2014). "Research Progress and Perspectives of Nitrogen Fixing Bacterium, Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus, in Monocot Plants". International Journal of Agronomy. 2014: 1–13. doi: 10.1155/2014/208383 . ISSN   1687-8159.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Cavalcante, Vladimir A.; Dobereiner, J. (1988-05-01). "A new acid-tolerant nitrogen-fixing bacterium associated with sugarcane" (PDF). Plant and Soil. 108 (1): 23–31. doi:10.1007/bf02370096. ISSN   0032-079X. S2CID   32974659.
  4. ↑ Fuentes-Ramirez, L.E.; Bustillos-Cristales, R.; Tapia-Hernández, A.; Jiménez-Salgado, T.; Wang, E.-T.; Martínez-Romero, E.; Caballero-Mellado, J. (2001). "Novel nitrogen-fixing acetic bacteria, Gluconacetobacter johannae sp. nov., and Gluconacetobacter azotocaptans sp. nov., associated with coffee plants". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 51 (4): 1305–1314. doi: 10.1099/00207713-51-4-1305 . ISSN   1466-5034. PMID   11491326.
  5. ↑ Jimenez-Salgado, T.; Fuentes-Ramirez, L.E.; Tapia-Hernandez, A.; Mascarua-Esparza, M.A.; Caballero-Mellado, J. (1997). "Coffea arabica L., a new host plant for Acetobacter diazotrophicus, and isolation of other nitrogen-fixing acetobacteria". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 63 (9): 3676–3683. doi:10.1128/AEM.63.9.3676-3683.1997. ISSN   1098-5336. PMC   168673 . PMID   9293018.
  6. ↑ Tapia-Hernandez, A.; Bustillos-Cristales, R.; Jimenez-Salgado, T.; Caballero-Mellado, J.; Fuentes-Ramirez, L.E. (2000). "Natural endophytic occurrence of Acetobacter diazotrophicus in pineapple plants". Microbial Ecology. 39 (1): 49–55. doi:10.1007/s002489900190. ISSN   1432-184X. PMID   10790517. S2CID   8635722.
  7. ↑ Luna, María Flavia; Aprea, Julieta; Crespo, Juan Manuel; Boiardi, José Luis (2012-10-01). "Colonization and yield promotion of tomato by Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus". Applied Soil Ecology. 61: 225–229. doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2011.09.002. hdl: 11336/75564 . ISSN   0929-1393.
  8. ↑ Fuentes-Ramirez, L.E.; Abarca-Ocampo, I.; Jimenez-Salgado, T.; Caballero-Mellado, J. (1993). "Acetobacter diazotrophicus, an indole-acetic acid producing bacterium isolated from sugarcane cultivars of México". Plant and Soil. 154 (2): 145–150. doi:10.1007/BF00012519. ISSN   1573-5036. S2CID   20121110.
  9. ↑ Piñón, Dolores; Casas, Mario; Blanch, Marı́a; Fontaniella, Blanca; Blanco, Yolanda; Vicente, Carlos; Solas, Marı́a-Teresa; Legaz, Marı́a-Estrella (2002-07-01). "Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus, a sugar cane endosymbiont, produces a bacteriocin against Xanthomonas albilineans, a sugar cane pathogen". Research in Microbiology. 153 (6): 345–351. doi: 10.1016/S0923-2508(02)01336-0 . ISSN   0923-2508. PMID   12234008.
  10. ↑ Fuentes-Ramirez, L.E.; Caballero‐Mellado, J.; Sepúlveda, J.; Martínez‐Romero, E. (1999). "Colonization of sugarcane by Acetobacter diazotrophicus is inhibited by high N‐fertilization". FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 29 (2): 117–128. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.1999.tb00603.x . ISSN   1574-6941.
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