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Gong was a title of ancient and imperial Chinese nobility roughly equivalent to and usually translated as duke. It was also historically used within Chinese fiefs as a respectful term of address to any living liege (similar to the English "lord") and is still used in modern Chinese as a respectful term of address for any man of high status (similar to "sir"),particularly for the honored deceased as with formal reference to Chiang Kai-shek as Jiǎng Gōng ( 蔣 公 ) on Taiwan.
Within Chinese,the same character 公 (gōng) is used as a noun in the terms for respected male relatives (e.g. 老公 ,lǎogōng,"husband",and 外公 ,wàigōng,"maternal grandfather") and as an adjective in the terms for various male animals (e.g. 公牛 ,gōngniú,"bull",and 公羊 ,gōngyáng,"ram" or "billy goat"). Paul R. Goldin has argued for its etymological relationship with 翁 (wēng),with their shared original term having meant "respected elder". [1]
The typical English translation within aristocratic ancient and imperial Chinese contexts is "duke",although Creel has proposed translating it under the Western Zhou as "lord"[ why? ] and as "duke" only beginning with the Eastern Zhou. [2]
By the time of the Zhou dynasty,the title gong was used alongside other familial titles for important members of the royal Ji family outside the immediate line of succession. The regents of the Cheng King —his uncles Dan and Shi and the important vassal LüShang—were known to history as Zhou Gong,Shao Gong,and Jiang Ziya. His uncles Xian,Du,and Chu who acted as the "Three Guards" of the eastern territories before their rebellion against the regency were likewise known by the somewhat lower rank of shū ( 叔 ),now used for younger paternal uncles or male friends of the family.
Subsequently,the Three Excellencies,the highest Zhou government ministers,bore the title gong, [3] as did the highest ranking rulers of the kingdom's fiefs even when—like the Shang rulers of Song —they came from outside the royal family. [4] The Xiang Duke of Song (r. 650–637 BC) even became one of the Five Hegemons of the Spring and Autumn period,before such lords began to use the title of king. During the rites of ancestral veneration,any ancestor of great antiquity could be accorded the title gong regardless of their proper title in life; [4] [3] [5] this was sometimes a formal upgrade,as when Jiang Ziya's fief of Qi became a duchy and he was posthumously promoted to the title of gong himself. The name was also used by courtiers and others to address ruling nobles of any formal rank within their own states. [4]
Under the Han and subsequent dynasties,wang —previously the royal title of the Xia,Shang,and Zhou sovereigns —came to be used for senior princes and vassal rulers who controlled the more important primary divisions of the empire. At this time,gong came into use for nominal or actual lords of its more important secondary divisions.
With the rise of notional titles,some of the dukedoms acquired literary rather than territorial designations. The primary example is how,under the Northern Song,the emperor Renzong made the title Duke Yansheng —"Overflowing with Wisdom"— hereditary within the line of direct descent from Confucius. This was converted to a cabinet-level political office of the Republic of China in 1935 and an uncompensated honorary title on Taiwan in 2008.
The Zhou dynasty was a royal dynasty of China that existed for 789 years from c. 1046 BC until 256 BC,the longest of all dynasties in Chinese history. During the Western Zhou period,the royal house,surnamed Ji,had military control over ancient China. Even as Zhou suzerainty became increasingly ceremonial over the following Eastern Zhou period (771–256 BC),the political system created by the Zhou royal house survived in some form for several additional centuries. A date of 1046 BC for the Zhou's establishment is supported by the Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project and David Pankenier,but David Nivison and Edward L. Shaughnessy date the establishment to 1045 BC.
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The nobility of China represented the upper strata of aristocracy in premodern China,acting as the ruling class until c. 1000 CE,and remaining a significant feature of the traditional social structure until the end of the imperial period.
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Jiang Ziya,also known by several other names,also known by his posthumous name as the Duke Tai of Qi,was the founding monarch of the Qi state.
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King Wen of Zhou was the posthumous title given to Ji Chang,the patriarch of the Zhou state during the final years of Shang dynasty in ancient China. Ji Chang himself died before the end of the Zhou-Shang War,and his second son Ji Fa completed the conquest of Shang following the Battle of Muye,and posthumously honored him as the founder of the Zhou dynasty. Many of the hymns of the Classic of Poetry are praises to the legacy of King Wen. Some consider him the first epic hero of Chinese history.
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