Grace Bank

Last updated

Grace Bank
Barcadares
Hamlet
Sparks from the camp fire - thrilling stories of heroism, adventure, daring and sufferng (1889) (14762335072).jpg
Illustration from 1889 Sparks from the camp fire by C. S. Greene.
Etymology: embarcadero
Belize location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Grace Bank
Caribbean location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Grace Bank
Coordinates: 17°39′04″N88°23′59″W / 17.651079886603995°N 88.39969159699486°W / 17.651079886603995; -88.39969159699486
CountryBelize
DistrictBelize
Settled1650s (as capital)
Relocated1760 (to St. George's Caye)
Resettled1763 (as hamlet)
Renamed19th cent. (Grace Bank)
Named for an embarcadero(former)
resident named Grace(current)
Government
 • Type Town meeting (to 1760)
Unincorporated hamlet (1763–present)
 • Body Public meeting (to 1760)
None (1763–present)
Area
 • Total1 sq mi (3 km2)
 • Land0.4 sq mi (1 km2)
 • Water0.6 sq mi (2 km2)
Elevation
15 ft (5 m)
Population
 (2010)
 • Total49
 • Density49/sq mi (19/km2)
Demonym Baymen (formerly)
Time zone UTC−6 (GMT−6)

Grace Bank, formerly Barcadares, is an unincorporated hamlet 33 miles up the Belize River. It was the second settlement founded by the first English settlers of present-day Belize. It was settled in the 1650s, relocated in 1760, and resettled in 1853.

Contents

History

Prior to English settlement

Pre-Columbian

Grace Bank's immediate surroundings were likely first settled by nomadic Paleo-Indians prior to the 8th millennium BC, during the Lithic period in Mesoamerica. [1] [2] [3] [note 1] Mayan farmers founded permanent settlements in the area by the 2nd millennium BC, during the Archaic period in Mesoamerica. [4] [5] By the 16th century, the region formed part of Dzuluinicob, a Postclassic Mayan state. [6]

Columbian

Rise of Spanish dominion, 1528–1544

Sixteenth century residents of the area first became aware of Spaniards in 1502, with the 30 July landing of Christopher Columbus in Guanaja. [note 2] On 8 December 1526, Francisco de Montejo was named adelantado of the Yucatán Peninsula (including the territory of Dzuluinicob). [7] [8] The Spanish conquest reached the area in the third quarter of 1528, during Montejo's southern entrada. [9] [10] Said conquest lasted until the first or second quarter of 1544, upon Melchor and Alonso Pacheco's defeat of Chetumal and Dzuluinicob, and their subsequent founding of Bacalar. [11] [12] [13] Some or most of the area's surviving residents were (forcibly) relocated to reducción towns closer to Bacalar, and (forcibly) converted to Roman Catholicism. [note 3]

A secular parish was (belatedly) established at Bacalar in 1565 by Pedro de la Costa. [14] In the latter three quarters of 1568, an entrada and reducción by Juan de Garzón and the vecinos of Bacalar resulted in the further disintegration of Postclassic Mayan society in the area, thereby cementing Spanish dominion from Bacalar. [15] [16] [note 4]

Fall of Spanish dominion, 1638–1642

Bacalar began to lose control over its district in c. 1615, as alcaldes ordinarios were forced to re-establish reducción towns near Tipu in 1615, to conduct a visita in 1620. [17] [note 5] In 1638, Tipu lead the area into general revolt against Bacalar, resulting in the collapse of Spanish power over the region by 1642, and the relocation of a majority of the area's residents to Tipu. [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [note 6]

English settlement

Anglo-Dutch piracy, 1617–1650s

Pirates are first thought to have arrived near Grace Bank in 1617, during a raid of Bacalar by English pirates or privateers. [24] [note 7] In the 1630s, pirates were further attracted to the region by the increasing willingness of Spanish residents to trade with non-Spaniards, and the possibility of abducting Mayan residents for impressment or sale at non-Spanish slave markets. [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [note 8] Belize City is thought to have been settled in 1638, by a crew of shipwrecked buccaneers. [31] [32] [33] [34] [note 9]

English logging, 1650s–1763

In the 1540s, Marcos de Ayala Trujeque, a vecino of Merida, is thought to have pioneered the use of logwood dyes in the Old World. [35] The early buccaneer settlers (now Baymen) turned to logging logwood in the 1650s, when they are thought to have settled Grace Bank (then Barcadares). [36] [note 10]

Anglo-Spanish hostilities, 1650s–1763

Barcadares's settlers opened conflict against Bacalar on 29 May 1652, when they are thought to have lead or been involved in that villa's sacking. [37] [38] [note 11] Spanish Yucatan retaliated during 16 November 1694 – 28 February 1695 with a paramilitary campaign against the Baymen's camps and settlements, thereby presaging over a century of Anglo-Spanish conflict that would eventually lead to the relocation of Barcadares. [39] [40] This campaign lead to the first (of many) evacuations of the Baymen's settlements. [39] [40] [note 12] Spanish Yucatan also tightened its control of the waters off the Belize River beginning on 2 November 1705 with the arrival of privateers or guardacostas Archibaldo Magdonel de Narión and Francisco Joseph Jiménez with 30 men aboard two goletas. [41]

The final campaign against Barcadares occurred on 25 December 1759, when 150 Spaniards aboard a 'great number' of periaguas landed in the port of Belize. This coup de grâce resulted in the imprisonment of a number of Baymen, the seizure of several loaded flats, the burning of Barcadares and nearby logging camps, and a nearly three-year evacuation of all settlements (in favour of the safer Mosquito Shore). [42] [43] [note 13]

Geography

Political

Grace Bank is not known to have been settled by Mayans. [44] [note 14] The area is thought to have formed part of Dzuluinicob from the 10th or 12th century to c. 1544. [45] [46] [47] [note 15] It was a de jure part of the municipio or district of Bacalar, in Yucatan, a province of New Spain, until 15 September 1821. [note 16] It was a de facto part of the English settlement in the Bay of Honduras from the 1650s to 11 February 1862, and thereafter a de jure and de facto part of British Honduras. It is presently part of the Belize District of Belize.

Physical

Grace Bank lies on the northern bank of the Belize River, near its confluence with Francisco Creek, some eight or nine miles inland (as the crow flies) from the Caribbean Sea. It is 33 miles up the river, past Davis Bank, just before Lime Walk. It lies just south of Jones Lagoon, and west of Potts Creek Lagoon. [48]

Climate

Grace Bank has a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification Am), with a May – November wet and a December – April dry season.

Demographics

Government

Grace Bank is currently part of the Belize Rural South constituency, and is represented in Parliament by Marconi Leal MP.

Economy

Society

Legacy

Notes

  1. ↑ Paleo-indian projectile points have been recovered from Lowe Ranch, Sandhill, and Burrell Boom, all within seven miles of Grace Bank (Stemp, Awe & Helmke 2016 , p. 72, Stemp et al. 2016 , p. 282, Kelly 1993 , p. 206, Google 2022).
  2. ↑ During 30 July–14 August of 1502, Columbus surveyed the coast of present-day Honduras from Guanaja to Trujillo. Alternatively, residents may have become aware of Spaniards after
    1. the 1508 (start of July–end of December) arrival of Juan Díaz de Solís and Vicente Yáñez Pinzón to Lake Izabal (Varela Marcos 2018a , para. 8–16, Varela Marcos 2018b , para. 33–41, Arranz Márquez 2018 , para. 12–20),
    2. the 1511 (s.d. –s.d.) arrival of Gonzalo Guerrero and his marooned shipmates to Cozumel ( González Hernández 2018 , para. 4–5).
  3. ↑ These reducción towns were held in encomiendas by Melchor Pacheco, Martín Rodríguez, Alonso Pacheco, Pedro de Avila, Alonso Hernández, Juan Farfán, and possibly Juan Pérez de Castañeda ( Jones 1989 , pp. 44, 59). A visita church was built in Tipu in 1543–1550 ( Graham 2011 , p. 224). A second was built in Lamanai in c. 1544, 1544–1550, or in c. 1568 (Graham 2011 , pp. 231–232, 236–238, Rushton 2014 , p. 48, Mayfield 2015 , p. 20, Pendergast 1993 , pp. 120–122), and a third (in Lamanai) in the 1560s or in c. 1568 (Graham 2011 , pp. 231–232, 236–238, Rushton 2014 , p. 48, Mayfield 2015 , p. 20). A Spanish plaza was erected in Tipu in 1568 ( Graham 2011 , p. 228).
  4. ↑ Franciscan frays Francisco de Benavides, Martín de Barrientos and Alonso Toral possibly accompanied the Garzón entrada (Graham 2011 , p. 160, Jones 1989 , p. 85).
  5. ↑ Juan Sánchez de Aguilar lead the 1615 reducciones( Jones 1989 , pp. 132, 192–193), Juan Alonso Díaz de Aguilar the 1620 visita( Jones 1989 , p. 193).
  6. ↑ Tipu's efforts were likely aided by the Peten Itza kingdom, and by repeated piratical raids of the Bacalar district (Jones 1989 , p. 191, Sharer & Traxler 2006 , p. 774). Spanish dominion over the (nominal) district of Bacalar was not re-established until the second or third quarter of 1695, during a visita by Francisco de Hariza y Arruyo (Sharer & Traxler 2006 , p. 774, Jones 1989 , pp. 259–267, Molina Solís 1910 , p. 350, Graham 2011 , pp. 251–252).
  7. ↑ The raiders further abducted Pedro Rojo, Antonio Gómez, and three other vecinos of Bacalar ( Jones 1989 , p. 320). Bacalar was thrice more raided on 22 November 1642 (Molina Solís 1910 , p. 138, Jones 1989 , pp. 226–227, Vazquez Barke 2012 , p. 112, footnote no. 382), in June 1648 (López de Cogolludo 1688 , pp. 714–717, Molina Solís 1910 , pp. 176, 211–212), and on 29 May 1652 (López de Cogolludo 1688 , pp. 749–752, Vazquez Barke 2012 , p. 114, footnote no. 390, Reichert 2017 , p. 27, Conover Blancas 2013 , pp. 50–51), resulting in its relocation first to Pacha, then to Chunhuhub ( Gerhard 1979 , p. 70), until 1729, when it was resettled as a military outpost (Gerhard 1979 , pp. 15, 71, Vazquez Barke 2016 , p. 188, Reichert 2017 , p. 29).
  8. ↑ Pirates' enslavement of Amerindians is thought to have lasted until c. 1665( Bialuschewski 2020 , p. 239).
  9. ↑ These buccaneers are further thought to have been led by Peter Wallace (Craig 1969 , p. 55, Curry 1956 , p. 32, Donohoe 1964 , pp. 27–28, Gibbs 1883 , pp. 21–22, Griffith, Alford & Bolland 2022 , third para, Kinsbruner & Langer 2008 , first para, Waight 2022 , second to fourth para). The details of this story are debated (see eg Carillo y Ancona 1878 , pp. 260–261, Asturias 1925 , pp. 8–9, Finamore 1994 , pp. 21–24, Ancona 1877 , pp. 5–8, Ancona 1878 , p. 373-374, Bulmer-Thomas & Bulmer-Thomas 2016, Humphreys 1961 , p. 1).
  10. ↑ The use of logwood dyes in England was prohibited sometime during 21 March 1580 –20 March 1581, per 23 Eliz. 1 ch. 9 ( Raithby 1819a , p. 671). The prohibition was strengthened in 1597, per 39 Eliz. 1 ch. 11 ( Raithby 1819a , pp. 911–912). It was loosened on 29 February 1620 ( Green 1858 , vol. 112), and finally lifted sometime during 7 January 1662 –3 May 1662, per 14 Chas. 2 ch. 11 (Raithby 1819b , pp. 393–400, Green 1861 , vol. 54 no. 12).
  11. ↑ In addition to –
    1. the November 1652 raids of Mayan reducción settlements on the New River (Jones 1989 , p. 231, footnotes nos. 38-40, Reichert 2017 , p. 27, Conover Blancas 2013 , pp. 50–51),
    2. the 23 October 1654 interruption of an entrada by Francisco Pérez of Bacalar ( Jones 1989 , p. 231, footnotes nos. 38-40),
    3. the 1660s sacking of Bacalar-in-Pacha (Gerhard 1979 , p. 70, Jones 1989 , p. 334, item no. 10),
    4. (possibly) the August 1677 interruption (by Bartholomew Sharpe) of a misión by Franciscan fray Joseph Delgado (Bialuschewski 2017 , pp. 52–53, García Paláez 1852 , pp. 127–129).
  12. ↑ With similar evacuations occurring in –
    1. start of January 1700 – end of June 1703, occasioned by three paramilitary campaigns by Spanish Yucatan (anon. 1701, Calderón Quijano 1944 , p. 69, footnote no. 1, Molina Solís 1910 , pp. 9–10, Jones 1989 , p. 334, item no. 8, Vazquez Barke 2016 , pp. 145, 171),
    2. start of May 1729 – 20 October 1735, occasioned by an infantry campaign by Spanish Yucatan (anon. 1732b, anon. 1732d, anon. 1732a, anon. 1732e, Vazquez Barke 2012 , p. 124),
    3. 3 June 1747 – prior to end of January 1748, occasioned by a Spanish campaign ( Burdon 1931 , p. 74),
    4. 9 January 1752 – prior to mid-February 1752, occasioned by Spanish privateers or guardacostas (anon. 1752a, anon. 1752b, Burdon 1931 , p. 78),
    5. start of May 1753 – end of May 1753, occasioned by Spanish privateers or guardacostas( anon. 1753 ),
    6. 18 June 1754 – 12 April 1755, occasioned (first) by a Spanish infantry campaign and (later) by a Spanish naval campaign (anon. 1754a, anon. 1754b, anon. 1754c, anon. 1754d, anon. 1754e, anon. 1755a, anon. 1755b, anon. 1755c, Burdon 1931 , pp. 80–84, Vazquez Barke 2016 , pp. 151, 178, 187),
    7. c. 10 November 1758 – prior to 20 July 1759, occasioned by Spanish privateers or guardacostas (anon. 1759a, anon. 1759b, anon. 1759c),
    8. start of May 1760 – end of April 1763, occasioned by a naval campaign by Spanish Yucatan (Calderón Quijano 1944 , pp. 193, 200, anon. 1760c).
  13. ↑ Though in 1759, Baymen and the merchant shipping had been repeatedly harassed by Spanish privateers or guardacostas (anon. 1760a, anon. 1759d, anon. 1759e, anon. 1760b).
  14. ↑ The closest (known) Mayan settlements are New Boston (four miles due east) and Boom (six miles due south) (Hausman 2013, Google 2022). The closest Classic Mayan city-states are Altun Ha (eight miles northeast), Lamanai (18 miles northwest), and Camalote (39 miles southwest) (Hausman 2013, Google 2022).
  15. ↑ Based in Tipu, 60 miles southwest (Hausman 2013, Google 2022).
  16. ↑ Based in Bacalar, 71 miles due north ( Google 2022 ).

Citations

  1. ↑ Stemp, Awe & Helmke 2016, pp. 71–72, 153–154.
  2. ↑ Sharer & Traxler 2006, p. 98.
  3. ↑ Adams & Macleod 2000a, pp. 45–46.
  4. ↑ Sharer & Traxler 2006, pp. 98, 154, 160.
  5. ↑ Adams & Macleod 2000a, p. 46.
  6. ↑ Graham 2011, pp. 32–33.
  7. ↑ Chamberlain 1948, p. 19.
  8. ↑ García Bernal 2018, thirteenth to fourteenth para.
  9. ↑ Chamberlain 1948, pp. 60–65.
  10. ↑ Jones 1989, pp. 26–28.
  11. ↑ Chamberlain 1948, pp. 232–236.
  12. ↑ Vazquez Barke 2012, p. 5.
  13. ↑ Jones 1989, pp. 5–6, 42, 45.
  14. ↑ Jones 1989, p. 85.
  15. ↑ Jones 1989, pp. 47, 50–51.
  16. ↑ Vazquez Barke 2012, p. 58.
  17. ↑ Jones 1989, pp. 132, 192–193.
  18. ↑ Jones 1989, pp. 189–191, 204–210.
  19. ↑ López de Cogolludo 1688, lib. 11 cap. 12.
  20. ↑ Vazquez Barke 2012, p. 50.
  21. ↑ Cárdenas Valencia 1937, p. 97.
  22. ↑ Gerhard 1979, p. 72.
  23. ↑ Sharer & Traxler 2006, p. 774.
  24. ↑ Jones 1989, p. 320, item no. 19.
  25. ↑ MacLeod 1973, pp. 358–359, 462.
  26. ↑ Zahedieh 1986, pp. 216–217.
  27. ↑ Obando Andrade 2016, pp. 12–16.
  28. ↑ García Paláez 1852, pp. 122–126.
  29. ↑ Bialuschewski 2017.
  30. ↑ Bialuschewski 2020, p. 239.
  31. ↑ anon. 1829, p. 40.
  32. ↑ Avery 1900, p. 333.
  33. ↑ Bristowe & Wright 1888, p. 23.
  34. ↑ Swayne 1917, p. 162.
  35. ↑ McJunkin 1991, pp. 88–90, 104–107.
  36. ↑ Finamore 1994, p. 21; Molina Solís 1910, pp. 249–250, 265–267; Calderón Quijano 1944, pp. 42, 45, 64; Gerhard 1979, pp. 50–53; Dampier 1700, pp. 45–47, 53, in second part; Zahedieh 1986, pp. 215–216; Aliphat Fernández & Caso Barrera 2013, pp. 858–861; Vazquez Barke 2016, pp. 118, 145; Zahedieh 1990; Joseph 1980; Botella-Ordinas 2010, p. 144; anon. 1732d, pp. lxxxii–lxxxiii; Sloane 1707; Sainsbury 1889, items nos. 823-826; Ancona 1878, p. 371; Sainsbury & Fortescue 1896, item no. 129.
  37. ↑ López de Cogolludo 1688, pp. 749–752.
  38. ↑ Vazquez Barke 2012, p. 114, footnote no. 390.
  39. 1 2 Molina Solís 1910, p. 356.
  40. 1 2 Vazquez Barke 2012, p. 107, footnote no. 367.
  41. ↑ Vazquez Barke 2016, p. 173.
  42. ↑ Calderón Quijano 1944, pp. 193, 200.
  43. ↑ anon. 1760c.
  44. ↑ Hausman 2013.
  45. ↑ Sharer & Traxler 2006, pp. 98, 569, 613.
  46. ↑ Roys 1957, p. 3.
  47. ↑ Demarest, Rice & Rice 2004, pp. 531–533, 537–542.
  48. ↑ Google 2022.

Related Research Articles

Bacalar is the municipal seat and largest city in Bacalar Municipality in the Mexican state of Quintana Roo, about 40 kilometres (25 mi) north of Chetumal, at 18° 40' 37" N, 88° 23' 43" W. In the 2010 census the city had a population of 11,084 people. At that time it was still a part of Othón P. Blanco, and was its second-largest city (locality), after Chetumal.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maya peoples</span> People of southern Mexico and northern Central America

The Maya are an ethnolinguistic group of indigenous peoples of Mesoamerica. The ancient Maya civilization was formed by members of this group, and today's Maya are generally descended from people who lived within that historical region. Today they inhabit southern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Honduras. "Maya" is a modern collective term for the peoples of the region; however, the term was not historically used by the indigenous populations themselves. There was no common sense of identity or political unity among the distinct populations, societies and ethnic groups because they each had their own particular traditions, cultures and historical identity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yucatec Maya language</span> Mayan language spoken in Mexico and Belize

Yucatec Maya is a Mayan language spoken in the Yucatán Peninsula and northern Belize. There is also a significant diasporic community of Yucatec Maya speakers in San Francisco, though most Mayan Americans are speakers of other Mayan languages from Guatemala and Chiapas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Burnaby's Code</span> Early governing document of colonial Belize

Burnaby's Code or Laws, originally entitled Laws and Regulations for the better Government of his Majesty's Subjects in the Bay of Honduras, are an early written codification of the 17th and 18th century constitution and common law of the Baymen's settlement in the Bay of Honduras. It was drafted by Sir William Burnaby or Joseph Maud, a Bayman, signed on 9 April 1765 at St. George's Caye, and subsequently confirmed by Sir William Lyttelton, governor of Jamaica.

Belize, on the east coast of Central America, southeast of Mexico, was inhabited by the indigenous peoples who fought off the Spaniards in an attempt to preserve their heritage and to avoid the fate of their neighbors who were conquered and under Spanish rule. While this was going on, British pirates would rob Spanish merchant ships and navigate through the shallow waters and small islands even going up river later to hide their bounty. The indigenous people of Belize did not resist the British like they did the Spanish. In the 17th century, however, the British settlement became a formal British crown colony from 1862 through 1964, where they first achieved self government and later in 1981 became an independent country recognized globally with all its territory intact. The British brought along with them slaves taken from Congo and Angola during the eighteenth century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Captaincy General of Yucatán</span> 1527–1821 administrative division of New Spain

The Province of Yucatan, or the Captaincy General, Governorate, Intendancy, or Kingdom of Yucatan, was a first-order administrative district of the Viceroyalty of New Spain in the Yucatan peninsula.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nohmul</span>

Nohmul is a pre-Columbian Maya archaeological site located on the eastern Yucatán Peninsula, in what is today northern Belize. The name Nohmul may be translated as "great mound" in Yucatec Maya. It is the most important Maya site in northern Belize. The site included a large pyramid, about 17 meters (56 ft) tall, built around 250 BC. Most of the pyramid was destroyed in May 2013 by contractors tearing it apart for rocks and gravel to use to fill roads, leaving only the core of the pyramid behind.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spanish conquest of Petén</span> Final stage of the conquest of Guatemala

The Spanish conquest of Petén was the last stage of the conquest of Guatemala, a prolonged conflict during the Spanish colonisation of the Americas. A wide lowland plain covered with dense rainforest, Petén contains a central drainage basin with a series of lakes and areas of savannah. It is crossed by several ranges of low karstic hills and rises to the south as it nears the Guatemalan Highlands. The conquest of Petén, a region now incorporated into the modern republic of Guatemala, climaxed in 1697 with the capture of Nojpetén, the island capital of the Itza kingdom, by Martín de Ursúa y Arizmendi. With the defeat of the Itza, the last independent and unconquered native kingdom in the Americas fell to European colonisers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hispanic and Latin American Belizean</span>

Hispanic and Latin American Belizeans are Belizeans of full or partial Hispanic and Latin American descent. Currently, they comprise around 52.9% of Belize's population.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of the Catholic Church in Belize</span>

This history of the Catholic church in Belize has three parts: the historical periods of the Catholic presence in Belize, religious congregations laboring in Belize, and apostolic works undertaken.

Belizean Spanish is the dialect of Spanish spoken in Belize. It is similar to Caribbean Spanish, Andalusian Spanish, and Canarian Spanish. While English is the only official language of Belize, Spanish is the common language of majority (62.8%), wherein 174,000 speak some variety of Spanish as a native language. Belizeans of Guatemalan, Honduran, Mexican, Nicaraguan, Salvadoran, and even Cuban descent may speak different dialects of Spanish, but since they grow up in Belize, they adopt the local accent.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chetumal Province</span> Maya province in Yucatan from c. 950 to 1544

Chetumal, or the Province of Chetumal, was a Postclassic Maya state of the Yucatan Peninsula, in the Maya Lowlands.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Peter Wallace (buccaneer)</span> English or Scotch buccaneer active during 1630s

Peter Wallace is commonly held to have been an English or Scottish buccaneer who, in 1638 aboard the Swallow, founded the first English settlement in present-day Belize. Wallace's historicity is debated, first emerging in the 1829 Honduras Almanack; however, several scholars deem him a legendary protagonist of the country's founding myth, rather than an actual historical figure.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dzuluinicob</span> Postclassic Maya state

Dzuluinicob, or the Province of Dzuluinicob or Ts'ulwinikob, was a Postclassic Maya state in the Yucatan Peninsula.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of piracy in the Bay of Honduras</span>

<span class="mw-page-title-main">English settlement of Belize</span>

The Anglo-Saxon, English, or Baymen's settlement of Belize is traditionally thought to have been effected upon Peter Wallace's 1638 landing at the mouth of Haulover Creek. As this account lacks clear primary sources, however, scholarly discourse has tended to qualify, amend, or completely eschew said theory, giving rise to a myriad competing narratives of the English settling of Belize. Though none of the aforementioned have garnered widespread consensus, historical literature has tended to favour a circumspect account of a landing near Haulover sometime during the 1630s and 1660s, effected by logwood-seeking, haven-seeking, or shipwrecked buccaneers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1638 Tipu rebellion</span> 1638 Maya revolt in colonial Yucatan

The 1638 Tipu rebellion was a widespread revolt of Maya residents in the municipio or district of Bacalar in the second half of 1638. Led by Tipu, a pre-Columbian town and the most significant reducción or encomienda settlement in the district, it resulted in the removal of Bacalar and subsequent collapse of Spanish power in the region, leading to a 57-year revival of the Postclassic state of Dzuluinicob, of which Tipu had been capital.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1543–1544 Pachecos entrada</span> 1543-1544 Spanish military campaign in southeastern Yucatan

The 1543‍–‍1544 Pachecos entrada was the final military campaign in the Spanish conquest of Yucatán, which brought three Postclassic Maya states and several Amerindian settlements in the southeastern quarter of the Yucatán Peninsula under the jurisdiction of Salamanca de Bacalar, a villa of colonial Yucatán, in New Spain. It is commonly deemed one of bloodiest and cruelest entradas in the peninsula's conquest, resulting in the deaths of hundreds or thousands, and the displacement of tens of thousands, of Maya residents.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Preclassic Period in Belize</span> Pre-Columbian period in Mesoamerican history

The Preclassic or Formative Period of Belizean, Maya, and Mesoamerican history began with the Maya development of ceramics during 2000 BC – 900 BC, and ended with the advent of Mayan monumental inscriptions in 250 AD.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Periodisation of the history of Belize</span>

The periodisation of the history of Belize is the division of Belizean, Maya, and Mesoamerican history into named blocks of time, spanning the arrival of Palaeoindians to the present time. The pre-Columbian era is most often periodised by Mayanists, who often employ four or five periods to discuss history prior to the arrival of Spaniards. The Columbian era is most often periodised by historians, and less often by Mayanists, who often employ at least four periods to discuss history up to the present time.

References

News

  1. anon. (27 May 1701). "Hague, June 1" . Flying Post. No. 944. London: Printed by A. Snowden, in Great Carter-Lane, near Doctors-Commons. p. 1.
  2. anon. (15 May 1732a). "JAMAICA, ff" . New-England Weekly Journal. No. 269. Boston, MA: Printed by S. Kneeland, & T. Green, at the Printing-House in Queen-Street. p. 1.
  3. anon. (19 May 1732b). "LONDON" . Daily Journal. No. 3548. London: Printed for J. Purser in Salisbury-Court, Fleet-Street. p. 3.
  4. anon. (27 May 1732c). "Extract of a Letter from Campeche in the Province of Yucatan, dated Nov. 24" . Read's Weekly Journal or British Gazetteer. No. 375. London: Printed for E. Nunneley, at the Printing Office the Corner House in White Friars, Fleet-Street. p. 3.
  5. anon. (22 July 1732d). "By a Dutch Ship lately arrived at Amsterdam from the Bay ..." . Universal Spectator and Weekly Journal. No. 198. London: Printed by S. Nevill, in the Old Baily near Ludgate; and Sold by J. Roberts in Warwick-Lane. p. 3.
  6. anon. (21 September 1732e). "London, June 20" . Boston News-Letter. No. 1495. Boston, MA: Printed and Sold by B. Green, at his Printing-House in Newbury Street. p. 1.
  7. anon. (9 March 1752a). "Charles-Town, in South-Carolina, February 22" . New-York Gazette or Weekly Post-Boy. No. 477. New York: Printed by James Parker, at the New Printing Office in Beaver-Street. p. 2.
  8. anon. (10 August 1752b). "New York, Aug. 3" . Boston Evening-Post. No. 886. Boston, MA: Printed by T. Fleet, at the Heart and Crown in Cornhill. p. 1.
  9. anon. (11 June 1753). "Captain Ramsey in 32 Days from the Bay of Honduras, informs us, ..." . New-York Mercury. No. 44. New York: Printed by Hugh Gaine at the Bible & Crown in Hanover-Square. p. 3.
  10. anon. (14 October 1754a). "New-York, October 7" . Boston Evening-Post. No. 998. Boston, MA: Printed by T. Fleet, at the Heart and Crown in Cornhill. p. 2.
  11. anon. (4 November 1754b). "New-York, October 23" . Boston Post-Boy. No. 1024. Boston, MA: Printed for E. Huske, Post-Master. p. 2.
  12. anon. (11 November 1754c). "New-York, November 4" . Boston Evening-Post. No. 1002. Boston, MA: Printed by T. Fleet, at the Heart and Crown in Cornhill. p. 4.
  13. anon. (25 November 1754d). "New-York, November 18" . Boston Evening-Post. No. 1004. Boston, MA: Printed by T. Fleet, at the Heart and Crown in Cornhill. p. 4.
  14. anon. (31 December 1754e). "PLANTATION NEWS" . London Evening Post. No. 4234. London: Printed by J. Meres, in the Old Baily. p. 1.
  15. anon. (1 February 1755a). "LONDON" . London Evening Post. No. 4248. London: Printed by J. Meres, in the Old Baily. p. 4.
  16. anon. (11 February 1755b). "Charles-Town, (in South-Carolina,) December 12" . Boston Gazette. No. 111. Boston, MA: Printed for S. Kneeland opposite to the Prison in Queen-Street. p. 1.
  17. anon. (31 March 1755c). "New-York, March 24" . Boston Evening-Post. No. 1022. Boston, MA: Printed by T. Fleet, at the Heart and Crown in Cornhill. p. 4.
  18. anon. (22 January 1759a). "Extract of a Letter from the Bay of Honduras, Nov. 19" . Boston Evening-Post. No. 1221. Boston, MA: Printed by T. Fleet, at the Heart and Crown in Cornhill. p. 2.
  19. anon. (16 April 1759b). "New-York, April 9. 1759" . Boston Evening-Post. No. 1233. Boston, MA: Printed by T. Fleet, at the Heart and Crown in Cornhill. p. 1.
  20. anon. (11 June 1759c). "Extract of a Letter from the Bay of Honduras, April 23" . Boston Evening-Post. No. 1241. Boston, MA: Printed by T. Fleet, at the Heart and Crown in Cornhill. p. 2.
  21. anon. (13 August 1759d). "New-York, August 13" . New-York Mercury. No. 365. New York: Printed by Hugh Gaine at the Bible & Crown in Hanover-Square. p. 3.
  22. anon. (1 October 1759e). "New-York, October 1" . New-York Mercury. No. 372. New York: Printed by Hugh Gaine at the Bible & Crown in Hanover-Square. p. 3.
  23. anon. (11 February 1760a). "Extract of a Letter from an Inhabitant at the Bay of Honduras, to His Friend at Jamaica" . Boston Evening-Post. No. 1276. Boston, MA: Printed by T. Fleet, at the Heart and Crown in Cornhill. p. 3.
  24. anon. (25 February 1760b). "Boston" . Boston Evening-Post. No. 1278. Boston, MA: Printed by T. Fleet, at the Heart and Crown in Cornhill. p. 4.
  25. anon. (3 March 1760c). "Boston, February 25" . New-York Mercury. No. 394. New York: Printed by Hugh Gaine at the Bible & Crown in Hanover-Square. p. 3.

Journals

  1. Aliphat Fernández, Mario M.; Caso Barrera, Laura (2013). "La construcción histórica de las Tierras Bajas Mayas del Sur por medio de mapas esquemáticos". Historia Mexicana. 63 (2): 839–875.
  2. Avery, W. L. (1900). "British Honduras". Journal of the American Geographical Society of New York. 32 (4): 331–333. doi:10.2307/197063. JSTOR   197063.
  3. Bialuschewski, Arne (2017). "Slaves of the Buccaneers: Mayas in Captivity in the Second Half of the Seventeenth Century". Ethnohistory. 64 (1): 41–63. doi:10.1215/00141801-3688359.
  4. Bialuschewski, Arne (2020). "Juan Gallardo: A Native American Buccaneer". Hispanic American Historical Review. 100 (2): 233–256. doi:10.1215/00182168-8178200. S2CID   218799883.
  5. Botella-Ordinas, E. (2010). "DEBATING EMPIRES, INVENTING EMPIRES: British Territorial Claims Against the Spaniards in America, 1670—1714". Journal for Early Modern Cultural Studies. 10 (1): 142–168. JSTOR   23267356.
  6. Bulmer-Thomas, Victor; Bulmer-Thomas, Barbara (19 November 2016). "The Origins of the Belize Settlement". Tempus (4): 137–160. ISSN   2422-2178.
  7. Carillo y Ancona, Crescencio (9 November 1878). "El orígen de Belice". Boletín de la Sociedad de Geografía y Estadística de la República Mexicana. 3. 4: 254–264. hdl:2027/mdp.39015008360342.
  8. Craig, Alan K. (April 1969). "Logwood as a Factor in the Settlement of British Honduras" . Caribbean Studies. 9 (1): 53–62. JSTOR   25612108.
  9. Curry, Herbert F. Jr. (July 1956). "British Honduras: From Public Meeting to Crown Colony" . The Americas. 13 (1): 31–42. doi:10.2307/979212. JSTOR   979212. S2CID   143843148.
  10. Joseph, Gilbert M. (1980). "John Coxxx and the Role of Buccaneering in the Settlement of the Yucatan Colonial Frontier". Terrae Incognitae. 12 (1): 65–84. doi:10.1179/tin.1980.12.1.65. OCLC   5525852552.
  11. Kelly, Thomas C. (1993). "Preceramic Projectile-Point Typology in Belize" . Ancient Mesoamerica. 4 (2): 205–227. doi:10.1017/S0956536100000900. JSTOR   26307126. S2CID   161869542.
  12. Obando Andrade, Rafael (2016). "Zambos y negros de La Taguzgalpa: actores claves en el contrabando centroamericano. 1642-1715". Revista cuadernos del Caribe. 13 (21): 7–20.
  13. Pendergast, David M. (1993). "Worlds in Collision: The Maya/Spanish Encounter in Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century Belize". Proceedings of the British Academy. 81 (1): 105–143.
  14. Reichert, Rafal (2017). "El golfo de Honduras: estrategias geopolíticas y militares de una frontera imperial, siglos XVI-XVIII". Tzintzun revista de estudios históricos. 65: 9–40.
  15. Stemp, W. James; Awe, Jaime J.; Helmke, Christophe G. B. (7 April 2016). "A Possible Paleoindian/Early Archaic Point from Ladyville, Belize, Central America" . PaleoAmerica. 2 (1): 70–73. doi:10.1179/2055557115Y.0000000009. S2CID   130966757.
  16. Stemp, W. James; Awe, Jaime J.; Prufer, Keith M.; Helmke, Christophe G. B. (September 2016). "Design and Function of Lowe and Sawmill Points from the Preceramic Period of Belize" . Latin American Antiquity. 27 (3): 279–299. doi:10.7183/1045-6635.27.3.279. S2CID   163979743.
  17. Stemp, W. James; Awe, Jaime J.; Brown, M. Kathryn; Harrison-Buck, Eleanor; Helmke, Christophe G. B.; Wrobel, Gabriel D.; Yaeger, Jason (June 2018). "FOUR PRECERAMIC POINTS NEWLY DISCOVERED IN BELIZE: A COMMENT ON STEMP ET AL. (2016:279–299)" . Latin American Antiquity. 29 (2): 394–397. doi:10.1017/laq.2017.82. S2CID   165847523.
  18. Swayne, Eric (September 1917). "British Honduras" . The Geographical Journal. 50 (3): 161–175. doi:10.2307/1779904. JSTOR   1779904.
  19. Zahedieh, Nuala (1986). "Trade, Plunder, and Economic Development in Early English Jamaica, 1655-89" . Economic History Review. 39 (2): 205–222. doi:10.2307/2596150. JSTOR   2596150.
  20. Zahedieh, Nuala (1990). "A Frugal, Prudential and Hopeful Trade'. Privateering in Jamaica, 1655–89". Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 18 (2): 145–168. doi:10.1080/03086539008582813. OCLC   5652203548.

Theses

  1. Antczak, Konrad Andrzej (2017). Entangled by Salt: Historical Archaeology of Seafarers and Things in the Venezuelan Caribbean, 1624-1880 (PhD). Williamsburg, Virg.: College of William and Mary. ProQuest   1927470821.
  2. Bolland, Orlando Nigel (1975). The formation of a colonial society : Belize, from conquest to Crown Colony (PhD). Kingston upon Hull, Eng.: University of Hull.
  3. Breuer, Kimberley Henke (1993). Colonies of happenstance: The english settlements in central america, 1525-1787 (MA). Arlington, Tex.: University of Texas. OCLC   35313362. ProQuest   230667983.
  4. Coakley, John A. (2014). Agents of Colony And Crown: The Politics of Sea Raiding in English Jamaica, 1655-1701 (PhD). Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin. ProQuest   2075580540.
  5. Conover Blancas, Carlos (2013). Llave y custodia de esta provincia : el presidio de San Felipe Bacalar ante los asentamientos británicos del sur - oriente de la Península de Yucatán (1779 - 1798) (MA). Mexico City: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.
  6. Finamore, Daniel Robert (1994). Sailors and slaves on the wood-cutting frontier: archaeology of the British Bay settlement, Belize (PhD). Boston, Mass.: University of Boston. OCLC   33382653. ProQuest   304114781.
  7. Genkins, Daniel (10 August 2018). Entangled Empires: Anglo-Spanish Competition in the Seventeenth-Century Caribbean (PhD). Nashville, Tenn.: Vanderbilt University. OCLC   1103506045.
  8. Marcus, Linda C. (1990). English influence on Belize and the Peten region of northern Guatemala, 1630 to 1763 (PhD). University Park, Tex.: Southern Methodist University. ProQuest   303887067.
  9. Mayfield, Tracie D. (2015). The nineteenth-century British plantation settlement at Lamanai, Belize (1837-1868) (PhD). Tucson, Ariz.: University of Arizona. ProQuest   1734464295.
  10. McJunkin, David Morgan (1991). Logwood: An inquiry into the historical biogeography of Haematoxylum campechianum L. and related dyewoods of the neotropics (PhD). Los Angeles, Cal.: University of California. OCLC   24057056. ProQuest   303932948.
  11. Morandi, Steven J. (2010). Xibun Maya: The archaeology of an early Spanish colonial frontier in southeastern Yucatán (PhD). Boston, Mass.: Boston University. ProQuest   305184024.
  12. Pitt, Steven John James (2015). City upon the Atlantic tides: Merchants, pirates, and the seafaring community of Boston, 1689-1748 (PhD). Pittsburgh, Penn.: University of Pittsburgh. ProQuest   1749035480.
  13. Rushton, Elizabeth A. C. (2014). 'Under the shade I flourish' : an environmental history of northern Belize over the last three thousand five hundred years (PhD). Nottingham, Eng.: University of Nottingham.
  14. Vazquez Barke, Gabriela (August 2012). BACALAR EN EL SIGLO XVII: colonización y resistencia (MA). Merida, Yuc.: Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social.
  15. Vazquez Barke, Gabriela (2016). Los poderes y los hombres (PhD). Merida, Yuc.: Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social.

Print

  1. anon. (1829). The Honduras almanack, for the year of our Lord 1829 ... : Calculated to the meridian of Belize (1st ed.). Belize: Published by Authority of the Legislative Assembly. hdl:2027/nnc1.cu56617763. OCLC   682190774.
  2. Adams, Richard E. W.; Macleod, Murdo J., eds. (2000a). Mesoamerica . The Cambridge history of the native peoples of the Americas. Vol. 2 Pt. 1 (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521351652. ISBN   9781139053778. S2CID   163512332.
  3. Adams, Richard E. W.; Macleod, Murdo J., eds. (2000b). Mesoamerica . The Cambridge history of the native peoples of the Americas. Vol. 2 Pt. 2 (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521652049. ISBN   9781139053464.
  4. Ancona, Eligio (1877). Belice, estudio sobre el origen de ese nombre (1st ed.). Mexico: Imprenta de Gonzalo A. Esteva.
  5. Ancona, Eligio (1878). Historia de Yucatan, desde la època más remota hasta nuestros dias. Vol. 2 (1st ed.). Merida, Yuc.: Impr. de M. Heredia Argüelles.
  6. Arranz Márquez, Luis (2018). "Pedro de Ledesma". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
  7. Asturias, Francisco (1925). Belice (1st ed.). Guatemala: Sociedad de Geografía é Historia de Guatemala. hdl:2027/txu.059173022907279.
  8. Bristowe, Lindsay W.; Wright, Philip (1888). The Handbook of British Honduras for 1888-89 : Comprising Historical, Statistical, and General Information Concerning the Colony, Compiled from Official and Other Reliable Records (1st ed.). Edinburgh & London: William Blackwood & Sons.
  9. Burdon, John Alder (1931). Archives of British Honduras. Vol. 1 (1st ed.). London: Sifton, Praed & Co. OCLC   3046003.
  10. Cárdenas Valencia, Francisco de (1937). Relación historial eclesiástica de la provincia de Yucatán de la Nueva España, escrita el año de 1639. Biblioteca histórica mexicana de obras inéditas. Vol. 3 (1st ed.). Mexico City: Antigua Librería Robredo, J. Porrúa e Hijos. OCLC   4660610.
  11. Calderón Quijano, José Antonio (1944). Belice 1663 (?)-1821. Publicaciones de la Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos de la Universidad de Sevilla. Vol. 5 (1st ed.). Seville: Escuela de Estudios Hispano-Americanos. OCLC   2481064.
  12. Chamberlain, Robert Stoner (1948). The conquest and colonization of Yucatan, 1517–1550. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 582 (1st ed.). Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington. hdl:2027/txu.059173008409431.
  1. Dampier, William (1700) [First published 1699]. Voyages and descriptions, in three parts : to which is added a general index to both volumes . Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Printed for James Knapton, at the Crown in St Paul's Church-yard. ProQuest   2264207852.
  2. Demarest, Arthur A.; Rice, Prudence M.; Rice, Don S., eds. (2004). The Terminal Classic in the Maya Lowlands: Collapse, Transition and Transformation. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado. ISBN   0870817396.
  3. Donohoe, William Arlington (1964). A History of British Honduras (1st ed.). Montreal: Provincial Publishing Co.
  4. García Bernal, Manuela Cristina (2018). "Francisco de Montejo". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Retrieved 10 August 2021.
  5. García Paláez, Francisco de Paula (1852). Memorias para la historia del antiguo reyno de Guatemala. Vol. 2 (1st ed.). Guatemala City: Establecimiento tip. de L. Luna.
  6. Gerhard, Peter (1979). The Southeast Frontier of New Spain (1st ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. OCLC   4529742.
  7. Gibbs, Archibald Robertson (1883). British Honduras: an historical and descriptive account of the colony from its settlement, 1670 (1st ed.). London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington.
  8. González Hernández, Cristina (2018). "Gonzalo Guerrero". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
  9. Google (20 April 2022). "Grace Bank, Belize" (Map). Google Maps . Google. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  10. Graham, Elizabeth A. (2011). Maya Christians and Their Churches in Sixteenth-Century Belize . Maya Studies (1st ed.). Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida. ISBN   9780813040721. OCLC   751694131.
  11. Green, Mary Anne Everett, ed. (1858). Calendar of State Papers Domestic: James I, 1619-23 (1st ed.). London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
  12. Green, Mary Anne Everett, ed. (1861). Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Charles II, 1661-2 (1st ed.). London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
  13. Griffith, William J.; Alford, Alfred E.; Bolland, Orlando N. (10 January 2022). "Belize". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  14. Hausman, Heidi (22 February 2013). "Mayan Sites/ Ruinas Maya" (Map). Data Basin. Corvallis, Oreg.: Conservation Biology Institute. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  15. Humphreys, R. A. (1961). The Diplomatic History of British Honduras, 1638-1901 (1st ed.). London: Oxford University Press.
  16. Jones, Grant D. (1989). Maya resistance to Spanish rule: time and history on a colonial frontier (1st ed.). Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press. ISBN   082631161X. OCLC   20012099.
  17. Kinsbruner, Jay; Langer, Erick Detlef, eds. (2008). "Wallace, Peter". Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. Vol. 6 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Cengage. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  18. López de Cogolludo, Diego (1688). Historia de Yucathan (1st ed.). Madrid: Por Jvan Garcia Infanzen. OCLC   85799316.
  19. MacLeod, Murdo J. (1973). Spanish Central America: A Socioeconomic History, 1520–1720 . Campus. Vol. 119 (1st ed.). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. ISBN   0520021371. OCLC   762163.
  20. Molina Solís, Juan Francisco (1910). Historia de Yucatán durante la dominación española. Vol. 2 (1st ed.). Merida, Yuc.: Impr. de la Loteria del estado. OCLC   13381125.
  21. Raithby, John, ed. (1819a). Statutes of the Realm . Vol. 4. s.l.: s.n.
  22. Raithby, John, ed. (1819b). Statutes of the Realm. Vol. 5. s.l.: Great Britain Record Commission.
  23. Roys, Ralph L. (1957). The Political Geography of the Yucatan Maya. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication. Vol. 613 (1st ed.). Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington.
  24. Sainsbury, W. Noel, ed. (1889). Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies. Vol. 7 (1st ed.). London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
  25. Sainsbury, W. Noel; Fortescue, J. W., eds. (1896). Calendar of State Papers Colonial, America and West Indies. Vol. 10 (1st ed.). London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
  26. Sharer, Robert J.; Traxler, Loa P., eds. (2006). The Ancient Maya (6th ed.). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. ISBN   0804748160. OCLC   535215.
  27. Sloane, H. (1707). A voyage to the islands Madera, Barbados, Nieves, S. Christophers and Jamaica, with the natural history of the Herbs and Trees, Four-Footed Beasts, Fishes, Birds, Insects, Reptiles, &c. of the last of those islands; to which is prefix'd an introduction, wherein is an account of the inhabitants, air, waters, diseases, trade, &c. of that Place, with some Relations concerning the Neighbouring Continent, and Islands of America. Illustrated with the figures of the things describ'd, which have not been heretofore engraved; In large Copper-Plates as big as the Life . Vol. 1 (1st ed.). London: Printed by B.M. for the author.
  28. Varela Marcos, Jesús (2018a). "Juan Díaz de Solís". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
  29. Varela Marcos, Jesús (2018b). "Vicente Yáñez Pinzón". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico. Real Academia de la Historia. Retrieved 3 August 2021.
  30. Waight, Larry (2022). "Peter Wallace : "To Be, Or Not To Be"". Belize Hub. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.