The Gravikord is a 24 string electric double bridge-harp invented by Robert Grawi in 1984,[1] which is closely related to both the West Africankora and the mbira. It was designed to employ a separated double tonal array structure making it possible to easily play cross-rhythms in a polyrhythmic musical style in a modern electro-acoustic instrument. The Gravi-kora is a similar instrument, also developed by Grawi, which is tuned identically to a traditional 21 string kora.
The Gravikord is based on the West African kora. It is made of welded stainless steel tubing, with 24 nylon strings but no resonating gourd or skin. The bridge is made from a machined synthetic material with an integral piezo-electric sensor. There are two handles located in elevation near the middle of the bridge. The bridge is curved to follow the arc of a strum from the hands which hold the shortened raised handles directly in the palms.[clarification needed] A metal crossbar at the top of the bridge functions as a mechanical tone control and bridge stabilizer. The instrument connects to an amplifier like an electric guitar.
The playing technique is similar to that of the kora: the player plucks the strings with the thumb and index finger of each hand. Because each hand can play "with" or "against" each other, simple techniques can produce music of great rhythmic complexity. However, the tuning of the Gravikord is not the same as a kora, and playing techniques are not directly compatible.
African roots
Because of the deep cultural significance of cross-rhythms to sub-Saharan African music, several instruments from there have been designed to more easily generate cross-rhythms. Instruments such as the kora, donso ngoni, and mbira organize the notes in a uniquely divided alternate array, rather than the linear bass to treble structure common to many western instruments.
On these instruments, both hands can play freely across the entire tonal range of the instrument, rather than one hand being primarily in the bass and the other in the treble. Also, the fingers of each hand can play independent rhythmic patterns, which can easily cross over from treble to bass and back, either smoothly or with varying amounts of syncopation. This can all be done within the same tight tonal range, without the left and right hand fingers ever physically encountering each other. These simple rhythms will produce complex cross-rhythms including repeating on beat/off beat pattern shifts that would be very difficult to create by any other means. This characteristically African structure allows simple playing techniques to combine, producing polyrhythmic music of great beauty and complexity.
History
Hands playing position on Gravikord.
Grawi originally desired an instrument on which he could play polyrhythms more easily than on the guitar, and he refined the Gravikord's design over several years to meet this goal. The first prototype, made in 1974, was acoustic, and had a bamboo and fiberglass basket resonator with an animal skin head and a large bamboo neck. These first Gravikords already differed from the kora by having the tuning mechanisms removed from the neck and placed at the base, and an extensively re-designed bridge which also incorporated a kalimba that could be played simultaneously with the strings. Their tuning also differed, as they had 25 strings that were tuned symmetrically using a variation of the Hugh Tracey kalimba tuning system. Grawi made several unique prototypes during this period using wood, aluminum, and other materials, with features including stereo output and variable pitch,[2] and finally patented the Gravikord in 1984.[1] In the finished Gravikord, the body is made entirely of weldedstainless steel tubing. There is no resonator; the tones of the twenty-four strings are amplified by a piezo-electric pickup in the bridge, and the instrument is made for natural and comfortable playing in a sitting or standing position.[3]
Tuning
The Gravikord is tuned to a diatonic scale. Its standard scale is in the key of G major/E minor. It has 24 strings, 12 on each side, and is structured like an extended Hugh Tracey kalimba, an already westernized African instrument. The range of notes on both sides are the same and tuning is strictly in an alternate arrangement (except for the lowest bass note), so that the playing is equivalent between the left and right hands. This is reflected in the way the holes are drilled in the neck and the choice of string lengths and weights. A constant finger picking pattern will produce a constant musical pattern throughout the instrument's range.
Throughout the playing range the notes of a scale rise strictly alternately and symmetrically, making all the intervals of adjacent strings on each side of the bridge in thirds. Directly opposite strings are consecutive notes in a scale. Octaves switch sides and are always in a constant spacing. Like the kora, the player tunes the instrument to the desired scale before playing.
Right: G, B, D, F#, A, (middle)C, E, G, B, D, F#, A.
The Gravi-kora
The Gravi-kora
Although the Gravikord is closely related to the kora, the musical knowledge of griots and traditional kora players does not directly transfer to Gravikord playing. The notes are not where they expect them to be and the bridge and hand playing positions are also different. Grawi developed the Gravi-kora for these musicians.[4]
The Gravi-kora is set up tonally just like traditional koras. It has 21 strings, 11 on the left hand side, and 10 on the right. The instrument is held by hooking the little fingers around the handles, which are positioned below the straight sided bridge. The hand placement enables easy string muting while playing with the hand pads. However, the range of notes is not the same on both sides of the bridge. The left side is shifted more to the bass register starting with a cluster of the four lowest notes together. The right side is skewed more to the treble, ending with a cluster of the three highest notes. This is reflected in the way the holes for the strings are drilled in the neck, and the length and weight of strings used, which results in an asymmetric layout of tones where most of the strings directly opposite each other in the middle section of the bridge are tuned in octaves. This is a popular kora tuning.
Bob Grawi and Chief Xian aTunde Adjuah with Gravikord model "Chief Adjuah's Bow"
This is a new model of the Gravikord which Bob Grawi designed[citation needed] in collaboration with jazz musician Chief Xian aTunde Adjuah aka Christian Scott. It is a 20 stringed instrument with a taller variation of the Gravi-kora's bridge resulting in wider inter-string spacing, with redesigned raised handles shorter than on the Gravi-kora, more like the Gravikord, allowing mid-string hand positioning, and holding the instrument in a natural manner.[citation needed] In addition it has a third small handle welded across the lower neck as a hand rest for playing one rank of strings with both hands. Since the taller bridge is less stable it also incorporates a back stay from the top of the bridge to the tuner block.
Playing
Although both instruments are normally tuned to a diatonic scale, on slower pieces, accidentals can be created by sharping individual notes. This is accomplished by pushing and tensioning the section of the string behind the bridge with one finger while playing the string normally. This is similar to a technique used in Japanese koto playing. For faster chromatic pieces a pitch shifter can be used to make the instrument fully chromatic. This can be set to momentarily jump shift the entire instrument's tuning one-half step up or down, or it can be set on continuous pitch shift change which enables playing the instrument in dobro, slide guitar, or pedal steel guitar styles.
Since the Gravikord and the Gravi-kora produce no conflicting acoustic sound, they can be played with guitar effects such as delay, distortion, reverb units, or wah-wah pedals.
Musical notation
Gravikord
Music for the Gravikord can be written in the grand staff, and people who cannot read music can play standard music scores. Because of its double structure and symmetric tuning system, all the notes on one side of the bridge correspond to the lines of the musical staff and all the notes on the other side correspond to the spaces. So, whatever key the music is written in, determine where the root note is, and let this be the position of the instrument's root note. If it is on a line, the other strings on that side of the bridge will correspond to the other staff lines, and all the notes on the opposite side of the bridge will correspond to the spaces. If the written musical root lies in a space then the opposite is true. The player can then read the music as if it were written in a tablature designed for the Gravikord.
Gravi-kora score by Jacques Burtin
Gravi-kora
Music for Gravi-kora can also be written in the grand staff, but Gravi-kora scores can also be written on a single G clef, following the Keur Moussa system. This system was created for the kora by Brother Dominique Catta of the Keur Moussa Monastery in Senegal. The seven low notes that should be written on the F clef are replaced by Arabic or Roman numerals and written on the G clef. More than 200 scores already written for kora solo or kora and Western instruments can therefore be played on the Gravi-kora.
Reception
Robert Grawi (right), with Ken Moore (left), Curator of the Metropolitan Museum of Art show "Enduring Rhythms" (New York City, October 3, 1996 – August 3, 1997)
In 1988, Guitar Player Magazine published an article on the Gravikord, saying that "even though the Gravikord has a high-tech, modern-sculpture look, it actually has its roots in the African kora, a double strung harp... polyrhythmic music, plus the sound of the Japanesekoto, African kalimba (thumb piano) and the African kora...[Grawi] began experimenting with bamboo double-strung harps that would allow him to perform separate melodies or accompaniments with each hand. Influences range from jazz, Dixieland, to Balinese gamelan and American folk music." This article also included a technical description of the instrument as well as a patent drawing of the Gravikord.[5]
The Metropolitan Museum of Art included the Gravikord in the show "Enduring Rhythms" (New York City, October 3, 1996 – August 3, 1997). In an article about this exhibition in The New York Times, Rita Reif wrote "The show stoppers include a Gravikord, an electronically amplified stringed instrument that sounds like an earthy harp. In their shapes and sounds, Mr. Moore (curator of the show) said, these instruments also represent a kind of continuity in 'the layered rhythms, the mixed timbres, and all that movement which is so African.'"[6] In March 2018, the Gravikord became a permanent exhibit in the museum's Andre Mertens Galleries for Musical Instruments.[7]
In 2000, Elvis Costello listed Gravikords, Whirlies and Pyrophones, a collection of recordings of experimental musical instruments, in a list of the finest 500 albums of all time.[8]
Performers
Gravikord
Robert Grawi has recorded several CDs, as a solo player and with the Gravikord Duo and the Gravikord Ensemble. The Gravikord Duo consists of Grawi on Gravikord and percussion, and Pip Klein on flute; the Gravikord Ensemble adds David Dachinger on bassoon. Peter Pringle of Canada has recorded an improvisation for Gravikord & theremin,[9] and Ziko Hart of Australia has recorded original solo music on the Gravikord. In 2024 a new album featuring the Gravikord on many cuts, was released - "New Modern Strings" – by Blake Leyh (Xenotone)
The Gravikord has an entry in the Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments. Other articles describing or referencing the Gravikord have appeared in the following publications: Curio Magazine,[15]Daily News,[16]Dirty Linen,[17]Experimental Musical Instruments,[2]Folk Harp Journal,[18]Gravikords Whirlies & Pyrophones,[3]Guitar Player Magazine,[5] Metropolitan Museum of Art,[19]New Sounds,[20]Science News,[21]Smithsonian Magazine,[22]The New York Times,[6][23]The Washington Post,[24] and Vanity Fair,[8] among others.
The guitar is a stringed musical instrument that is usually fretted and typically has six or twelve strings. It is usually held flat against the player's body and played by strumming or plucking the strings with the dominant hand, while simultaneously pressing selected strings against frets with the fingers of the opposite hand. A guitar pick may also be used to strike the strings. The sound of the guitar is projected either acoustically, by means of a resonant hollow chamber on the guitar, or amplified by an electronic pickup and an amplifier.
The harp is a stringed musical instrument that has individual strings running at an angle to its soundboard; the strings are plucked with the fingers. Harps can be made and played in various ways, standing or sitting, and in orchestras or concerts. Its most common form is triangular in shape and made of wood. Some have multiple rows of strings and pedal attachments.
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In musical instrument classification, string instruments or chordophones, are musical instruments that produce sound from vibrating strings when a performer plays or sounds the strings in some manner.
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Polyrhythm is the simultaneous use of two or more rhythms that are not readily perceived as deriving from one another, or as simple manifestations of the same meter. The rhythmic layers may be the basis of an entire piece of music (cross-rhythm), or a momentary section. Polyrhythms can be distinguished from irrational rhythms, which can occur within the context of a single part; polyrhythms require at least two rhythms to be played concurrently, one of which is typically an irrational rhythm. Concurrently in this context means within the same rhythmic cycle. The underlying pulse, whether explicit or implicit can be considered one of the concurrent rhythms. For example, the son clave is poly-rhythmic because its 3 section suggests a different meter from the pulse of the entire pattern.
In music, inharmonicity is the degree to which the frequencies of overtones depart from whole multiples of the fundamental frequency.
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The tar is a long-necked, waisted lute family instrument, used by many cultures and countries including Iran, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Georgia, Tajikistan, Turkey, and others near the Caucasus and Central Asia regions. The older and more complete name of the tār is čahārtār or čārtār, meaning in Persian "four string",. This is in accordance with a practice common in Persian-speaking areas of distinguishing lutes on the basis of the number of strings originally employed. Beside the čārtār, these include the dotār, setār, pančtār, and šaštār or šeštār.
In music, a guitar chord is a set of notes played on a guitar. A chord's notes are often played simultaneously, but they can be played sequentially in an arpeggio. The implementation of guitar chords depends on the guitar tuning. Most guitars used in popular music have six strings with the "standard" tuning of the Spanish classical guitar, namely E–A–D–G–B–E' ; in standard tuning, the intervals present among adjacent strings are perfect fourths except for the major third (G,B). Standard tuning requires four chord-shapes for the major triads.
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The electric harp is an instrument based on its acoustic original. There are both solid-body and hollow body electro-acoustic models available. True electric harps have a solid body versus a hollow body electro-acoustic harp, which can be played either acoustically or electronically. A true electric solid-body harp cannot be played acoustically since it has no hollow soundbox, and must be amplified when played.
A variety of methods are used to tune different stringed instruments. Most change the pitch produced when the string is played by adjusting the tension of the strings.
The sintir, also known as the guembri (الكمبري), gimbri, hejhouj in Hausa language, is a three stringed skin-covered bass plucked lute used by the Gnawa people. It is approximately the size of a guitar, with a body carved from a log and covered on the playing side with camel skin. The camel skin has the same acoustic function as the membrane on a banjo. The neck is a simple stick with one short and two long goat strings that produce a percussive sound similar to a pizzicato cello or double bass.
The Adungu, also called the Endongo or Ennanga or Bow harp in English, is a stringed musical instrument of the Acholi people of Northern Uganda and the Alur people of northwestern Uganda. It is an arched harp of varying dimensions, ranging from seven to ten strings or more. The physical form of the a'dungu African harp derives from uniquely African origins. The instrument is made of a hollowed-out slab of wood, which is covered by two pieces of leather, woven together in the center. The upper piece of leather functions as a soundboard, and a wooden rib supports it, serving also as a structure to secure the strings to the soundboard. A curved wooden neck, containing a tuning peg for each note, is inserted into the end of the instrument's body. The strings run diagonally from the tuning pegs in the neck to the rib in the center of the body.
The Paraguayan harp is the national instrument of Paraguay, the result of the confluence of European and Guarani musical cultures. Derived from the classical angular harp, introduced during the Spanish colonization in the Jesuit Guarani Missions.
The yatga (Mongolian: ᠶᠠᠲᠤᠭᠠ, romanized: yatug-a, Khalkha dialect: ятга, yatga; pronounced[ˈjɑtʰəq]; is a traditional plucked zither of Mongolia.
African Harps, particularly arched or "bow" harps, are found in several Sub-Saharan African music traditions, particularly in the north-east. Used from early times in Africa, they resemble the form of harps in ancient Egypt with a vaulted body of wood, parchment faced, and a neck, perpendicular to the resonant face, on which the strings are wound.
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References
1 2 "Gravikord". The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
1 2 Experimental Musical Instruments, April 1988, Volume III, Number 6, pp. 4-7.
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